Optical Burst Switching Networks Research Articles

Link Fault Tolerant Algorithms to Optimize the Blocking in Optical Burst Switching Networks

Abstract In this paper, link fault tolerant algorithms (LFTAs) are employed for optimization of blocking performance in optical burst switching (OBS) networks for dynamic establishment of wavelength-routed lightpaths. This paper presents two algorithms: link fault tolerance algorithm for least congestion (LFTALC) and link fault tolerance algorithm for optimized blocking (LFTAOB). In former algorithm, the path with least congestion is selected and in the latter algorithm the path with least blocking probability is selected and then both the algorithms check for the availability of fault on the links present in the selected path. The findings indicate that methods of developing link based fault tolerant algorithms keep good performance and fairness among all the connections. The key advantage of these proposed algorithms as compared to routing and wavelength assignment algorithm is that these are very simple in nature and require less service disruption time.

Bufferless Transmission in Complex Networks

Complex bufferless networks such as on-chip networks and optical burst switching networks have not been paid enough attention in network science. In complex bufferless networks, the store and forward mechanism is not applicable, since the network nodes are not allowed to buffer data packets. In this brief, we study the data transmission process in complex bufferless networks from the perspective of network science. Specifically, we use the Price model to generate the underlying network topological structures. We propose a delivery queue based deflection mechanism, which accompanies the efficient routing protocol, to transmit data packets in bufferless networks. We investigate the average deflection times, packets loss rate, average arrival time, and how the network topological structure and some other factors affect these transmission performances. This brief provides some clues for the architecture and routing design of bufferless networks.

Decision tree rule learning approach to counter burst header packet flooding attack in Optical Burst Switching network

An Optical Bust Switching (OBS) network is vulnerable to a range of issues. One of the most significant issues is Burst Header Packet (BHP) flooding attacks, which can negatively impact on the Quality of Service (QoS) and create more urgent issues such as Denial of Service (DoS). Existing techniques for countering BHP flood attacks usually display a low accuracy in detecting misbehaving nodes leading to BHP attacks. By contrast, Machine Learning (ML) is a widely adopted and powerful data analysis technique which has showed a high degree of predictive performance in multiple application domains due to its ability to discover beneficial knowledge for decision-making. This study investigates the use of predictive ML to counter the risk of BHP flooding attacks experienced in OBS networks, proposing a decision tree-based architecture as an appropriate solution. This contains a learning algorithm that extracts novel rules from tree models using data processed from several simulation runs. The results show that the rules derived from our learning algorithm will accurately classify 93% of the BHP flooding attacks into either Behaving (B) or Misbehaving (M) classes. Moreover, the rules can further classify the Misbehaving edge nodes into four sub-class labels with 87% accuracy, including: Misbehaving-Block (Block), Behaving-No Block (No Block), Misbehaving-No Block (M-No Block), and Misbehaving-Wait (M-Wait). The results clearly show that our proposed decision tree model is a viable solution compared to decisions undertaken by expert domains or human network administrators.

Review of contemporary literature on burst assembling and routing strategies in OBS networks

In the course of recent years, a lot of research has been directed in the ranges of optical packet switching and optical burst switching (OBS). This examination has been inspired by the requirement for procedures that are equipped for supporting the requesting prerequisites of developing dynamic high-transfer speed applications in an adaptable and effective way. In this paper we have undertaken the critical and mandatory factors of OBS such as (1) assembling the bursts, (2) routing (3) resource (such as transmission channels) scheduling and (4) burst segmenting for optimal transmission). Consequently the current research is focusing on these both of dissimilar variables of OBS and putting endeavors to contribute ideal ways to assemble, route, schedule or segment. This manuscript reviewed the nomenclature of the Optical Burst Switching Networks where fundamental ideas are examined and the aim is to identify the difficulties and strengths for optical packet and burst switching systems. This audit has been inspired by the requirement for methods that are equipped for supporting the future data transmission necessity of cutting edge applications and administrations of Internet Protocol systems. The authors have examined the fundamental ideas of OBS worldview and laid out issues identified with OBS systems. The future challenges that are still limiting the performance of the present contributions are told subsequently evincing the scope for future research.

Burst Header Packet Flood Detection in Optical Burst Switching Network Using Deep Learning Model

The Optical Burst Switching (OBS) network is mostly victimized to the Denial of Service (DOS) attack, referred as Burst Header Packet (BHP) flooding attack can prevent reasonable traffics from keeping the necessary resources at transitional core nodes. The attack scenario is to flood the malicious BHP without acknowledging Data Bursts (DB) which can affect low bandwidth utilization, degrade network performance, high data loss rate and ultimately DOS. Therefore, machine predicted analysis has become very promising in recent decades that can effectually identify the attack in the optical switching network. However, due to a very small number of samples of the datasets, traditional machine learning approaches such as Naïve Bayes, K-Nearest Neighbour’s (KNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) cannot analyse the data efficiently. In this regard, we intend a Deep Convolution Neural Network (DCNN) model to automatically detect the edge nodes at an early stage. Finally, presented that proposed deep model is working enhanced rather than any other traditional model (e.g. Naïve Bayes, SVM and KNN).

Performance evaluation of TCP over software-defined optical burst-switched data centre network

In this paper, we consider the performance of TCP when used in data centre networks (DCNs) featuring optical burst switching (OBS) using two-way reservation. The two-way reservation is not suitable in wide-area OBS networks due to high bandwidth-delay product (BDP). The burst loss using traditional methods of one-way reservation can be mistakenly interpreted by the TCP layer as congestion instead of contention in OBS network, leading to serious degradation of the TCP performance. The reduced BDP in DCNs allows the use of two-way reservation that results in zero burst loss. The modelled architecture features fast optical switches in a single hop topology. We apply different workloads with various burst assembly parameters to evaluate the performance of TCP. Our results show significant improvement in TCP performance as compared to traditional methods of OBS as well as to a conventional electronic packet switching DCN.

A partial-success-rate-based resource reservation scheme for slotted OBS networks

Optical burst switching (OBS) is a promising technology for next-generation optical networks. Slotted OBS is an improved version of OBS to reduce burst loss rate, in which wavelength channels are divided into time slots. Slotted OBS has an implicit and under-used property that resources for two bursts with the same source and the same destination are interchangeable. The property further means that resource for a long-distance burst can be partially used by a short-distance burst. In this paper, we utilize the property to design a resource reservation scheme for slotted OBS networks. The scheme reserves a batch of slots every time; the specific number of slots is calculated according to number of arrived bursts and partial success rate (a newly introduced conception in this paper) at each node. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can get lower burst loss rate, comparing with the well-performing two-way signaling scheme.

Performance Evaluation of Priority Based OBS Networks with Negative Bursts

Performance Evaluation of Priority Based OBS Networks with Negative Bursts

QoS aware routing and wavelength allocation in optical burst switching networks using differential evolution optimization

The issue of burst losses imposes a constraint on the development of Optical Burst Switching (OBS) networks. Heavy burst losses strongly affect the Quality of Service (QoS) intended by end users. This article presents a QoS aware Routing and Wavelength Allocation (RWA) technique for burst switching in OBS networks. The RWA problem is modeled as a bi-objective Integer Linear Programming (ILP) problem, where objective functions are based on minimizing the number of wavelengths used and the number of hops traversed to fulfill the burst transmission requests for a given set of node pairs. The ILP model is solved using a novel approach based on a Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. Analytical results show that the DE algorithm provides a better performance compared to shortest path routing, which is a widely accepted routing strategy for OBS networks.

Single-wavelength optical buffers with general burst size distribution: Blocking probability and mean delay

As an emerging novel technology, optical buffering via fiber delay lines (FDLs) is adopted in optical burst switching (OBS) networks for contention resolution. In this paper, we study the blocking probability and the mean delay of an asynchronous single-wavelength optical buffer, where the burst arrival process is Poisson and burst-length distribution is general. With the aid of Level Crossing (LC) method, we first derive the integral equations to model the dynamics of the buffer. We then propose a method to solve these equations. Finally we present the mathematical expressions of blocking probabilities and the mean delays for the optical buffer with general burst size distribution. Numerical examples are provided to validate our results, and some interesting observations from the numerical examples are highlighted.

An enhanced burst assembly scheme over optical burst switching networks

Recently, real-time traffic occupied a large portion of the internet's traffic, which has strict quality of service (QoS) requirements in terms of delay. Thus, guaranteeing the network end-to-end delay is one of the main important factors to guarantee the QoS for the real time traffic over the internet. Constant bit rate (CBR) traffic is one of the real time traffic forms that have been proposed as a solution for reducing the size of transmission and storage. In optical burst switching (OBS) network, the entire delay is calculated based on the collection of the burst assembly time, the offset time, and the propagation delay. Thus, the OBS must be able to guarantee the delay requirements of CBR traffic as real time traffic. This paper introduces a novel OBS burst assembly scheme called burst assembly with CBR traffic delay requirements (BACDR) scheme that guarantees the delay requirements of CBR traffic over OBS networks. The results showed that the BACDR scheme can guarantee the delay requirements of CBR traffic under various conditions such traffic load, the value of maximum packet transfer delay, or the design of the network topology.

An enhanced burst assembly scheme over optical burst switching networks

An enhanced burst assembly scheme over optical burst switching networks

Study of Qos Performance in Optical Burst Switched Networks (OBS)

One of the main challengers of the future Internet is to ensure QoS for various types of traffic characteristics with differentiated service requirements. It has been highlighted that OBS can provide high bandwidth data transmission in alloptical Internet network. However, the provisioning of QoS in OBS network is still an issue. The focused of this study is to develop QoS provisioning mechanism at the ingress and core node of OBS network. The proposed QoS provisioning ensures that the differentiated traffic is able to achieve their respective demands. This study proposed a DiffServ-aware ingress node with priority queueing (PQ) and burst assembly mechanisms. In addition, a core node with contention resolution scheme using FDL_WA_WPremp is developed as part of the integration of the proposed OBS network.

Priority based Burst Assembly for Optical Burst Switched Network

Objective: In this paper, burst is aggregated on the basis of priority of the packets coming from different networks at the edge node of the optical network to enhance the QoS parameters such as burst drop, delay, packet delivery ratio and packet error. Methods: To reduce traffic related problems in optical switched network different algorithms are used to assemble the bursts and their scheduling in the core network. Bursts are assembled on the basis of time, length and hybrid technique which are scheduled in the core network to reach the edge node and then to their actual or true destinations.In this study, bursts are aggregated on the basis of priority of packets coming from different networks to enhance the network parameters. High and low priority packets are aggregated separately into ht bursts on the basis of which bursts of high priority packets followed by bursts of low priority packets are scheduled in the network. After reaching at edge node, bursts are dissembled into packets and then sent to their actual destinations. Findings: The proposed algorithm is simulated in MATLAB with dynamic number of nodes (50-60 for better results) on area of 2000 * 2000 units. Priority based burst assembly algorithm is used for aggregation of bursts and it has been analyzed in terms of network parameters such as delay, packet error, burst drop and burst delivery ratio. Applications: the main application of OBS network is at the backbone of Internet due to which the usage of Internet is easy and faster because data is sent on different bandwidths at the same time.

Mô hình phân tích kết hợp chuyển đổi bước sóng và FDL tại nút lõi mạng OBS với lưu lượng tổng quát GI

Optical Burst Switching networks are considered as an important candidate for the future transport networks. Many analysis models of OBS node with wavelength conversion and FDLs have been proposed recently. In this paper, we propose an approximate analytic model at OBS core node architecture SPL – FF (Share-Per-Link - Feed-Forward) for generally distributed arrivals (GI), including Poisson flow, specifically treating IPP distributed interarrival times. Blocking probability will be calculated based on Markov multi-dimensional models and approximation model. Numerical solution values from the proposed analysis method are compared with simulation, as well as between these models.

Resource Reservation Schemes for Optical Burst Switching Networks

Since the current optical communication networks are based on internet protocol and demands for transmission capacity and speed are growing, the optical burst switching presents the solution for future high-speed wavelength division multiplexing optical networks. In order to successfully transmit bursts over optical burst switching network, resource reservation schemes have to be implemented. According to the way of resource reservation, reservation schemes use one-way reservation or two-way reservation. The schemes with one-way reservation are used mainly for optical burst switching networks. The survey of one-way resource reservation schemes is presented. The basic operations and properties of one-way resource reservation schemes are described.

Prevention of DDOS in Optical Burst Switching using Genetic Algorithm

Objective: The work is undertaken to study the effect of DDoS attack on the Optical Burst Switching environment. Burst switching being the future generation of the optical technology is analyzed for different possibilities and counter measures. In this paper, Genetic Algorithm is applied to overcome the attack. Statistical Analysis: The environment is simulated on MATLAB to get a real time environment response. The number of nodes can be any depending upon criterion. The parameters taken are packet delivery, network error and energy. Findings: It has been observed that during attack value of parameters are packet delivery is 1.1 network error is 3800 and energy is 6500 and after applying Genetic Algorithm the performance of network is improved by packet delivery 9.3 network error 3600 and energy consumption lowered to 6300. Applications: Optical Burst Switching can be used as backbone of the future internet. The tremendously increasing demand of internet users need a strong and fast backbone for data to travel and burst switching satisfies this. In various assessments of potential intrusions in modern networks, the flooding-based DDoS attack takes center stage. Denial of Service (DoS) attacks poses a big threat to any electronic society. But, the main purpose of this paper has been to detect and prevent the DDoS flooding attacks in Optical Burst Switching networks using Genetic Algorithm (GA) and analyze their impact using various metrics like packet deliver, network error and energy consumption. In the end countermeasures against the intrusion have been showed up with and without applying an optimization method.

On the Highly Stable Performance of Loss-Free Optical Burst Switching Networks

Increase of bandwidth demand in data networks, driven by the continuous growth of the Internet and the increase of bandwidth greedy applications, raise the issue of how to support all the bandwidth requirements in the near future. Three optical switching paradigms have been defined and are being investigated: Optical Circuit Switching (OCS); Optical Packet Switching (OPS); and Optical Burst Switching (OBS). Among these paradigms, OBS is seen as the most appropriate solution today. However, OBS suffers from high burst loss as a result of contention in the bufferless mode of operation. This issue was investigated by Coutelen et al., 2009 who proposed the loss-free CAROBS framework whereby signal convertors of the optical signal to the electrical domain ensure electrical buffering. Convertors increase the network price which must be minimized to reduce the installation and operating costs of the CAROBS framework. An analysis capturing convertor requirements, with respect to the number of merging flows and CAROBS node offered load, was carried out. We demonstrated the convertor location significance, which led to an additional investigation of the shared wavelength convertors scenario. Shared wavelength convertors significantly decrease the number of required convertors and show great promise for CAROBS. Based on this study we can design a CAROBS network to contain a combination of simple and complex nodes that include none or some convertors respectively, a vital feature of network throughput efficiency and cost.

Analysis of wavelength reservation based quality of service differentiation in optical burst switching networks using Markov model

With the increased usage of time-critical applications, the need for differentiation among service classes has become a major goal in research communities. Optical burst switching (OBS) is one of the most promising switching technologies to cope with heavy traffic diversity. To satisfy the bandwidth requirement in OBS networks, the recent literature suggests two efficient techniques: one is based on offset time and the other is on wavelength reservation. In this paper, we analyze the wavelength reservation based technique to support a given number of service classes. We describe a Markov model to estimate the blocking probabilities of various service classes. Simulation is conducted at one of the output ports of a core node to validate the model.

Enhancing the Quality of Service for Real Time Traffic over Optical Burst Switching (OBS) Networks with Ensuring the Fairness for Other Traffics.

Optical burst switching (OBS) networks have been attracting much consideration as a promising approach to build the next generation optical Internet. A solution for enhancing the Quality of Service (QoS) for high priority real time traffic over OBS with the fairness among the traffic types is absent in current OBS’ QoS schemes. In this paper we present a novel Real Time Quality of Service with Fairness Ratio (RT-QoSFR) scheme that can adapt the burst assembly parameters according to the traffic QoS needs in order to enhance the real time traffic QoS requirements and to ensure the fairness for other traffic. The results show that RT-QoSFR scheme is able to fulfill the real time traffic requirements (end to end delay, and loss rate) ensuring the fairness for other traffics under various conditions such as the type of real time traffic and traffic load. RT-QoSFR can guarantee that the delay of the real time traffic packets does not exceed the maximum packets transfer delay value. Furthermore, it can reduce the real time traffic packets loss, at the same time guarantee the fairness for non real time traffic packets by determining the ratio of real time traffic inside the burst to be 50–60%, 30–40%, and 10–20% for high, normal, and low traffic loads respectively.