Oblique Columns Research Articles

Mid Rise Building having Oblique Column with and without Damper: A Review

Abstract: As the modern culture of living develops, conventional regular shaped buildings are getting outdated with new designs of complex irregular shaped structures. That irregularity became the new mode of measuring the modernity and development of that society. The complex shapes demands the need of designing irregular shaped structural elements too. One of that structural elements is oblique columns. The Oblique columns are inclined or slanted or rotated at an angle to reference line. Oblique columns are stiffer and the initial stiffness of the reinforced concrete frames largely depends upon the stiffness of oblique column. For oblique column of below 90°, there will be a decrease in plan dimensions and for above 90°, there will be increase in plan dimensions as we reach upper floors. It affects the lateral stiffness of these buildings. Compared to standard columns, oblique columns of below 90° have lesser storey shear values and oblique columns of above 90° have higher storey shear values. Stiffness of reinforced concrete frames with oblique columns depends on the distribution of oblique columns. The lateral loads are resisted by structure with oblique columns of below 90°, the highest storey displacement is less in oblique structure as compared to the easy RC Frame building. The building is analyzed with and without viscous dampers. In this review paper, attempts are made to review the previous studies related to buildings with oblique columns and dampers. It aims at consolidating the outcomes of several attempted kinds of research to improve the overall stability of the buildings with oblique column.

Shaking table test and seismic behavior of Ningbo Hengda Tower

SummaryA super tall building named Ningbo Hengda Tower is located in Ningbo City, China. It has 91 stories with a total height of 450 m. The structure system of the building consists of three parts, that is, the reinforced concrete core, the outer frame system, and the outrigger trusses connecting the core wall and outer frame. The unique outer frame system is spindle shaped with oblique columns. The outrigger trusses are located at three different levels above the ground, thus strengthening the building and creating irregularities in the stiffness of the structure along the building height. Great challenges are existed in seismic design and analysis of the building. Shaking table test was carried out for a 1/40 scaled model of the building under a series of different base excitations with increasing amplitudes. The dynamic properties, seismic responses, and failure mechanism of the structure are investigated. Test results show that the structure behaved well under designed level earthquakes. The weak points of the structure are identified based on visible damage of the tested model, and some suggestions are made for the improvement of the seismic behavior of the building. It is suggested that measures be taken to improve the ductility of the building from floor 71 to floor 79 and the adjacent floors.

Study of High-Rise Building with Oblique Column using ETABS

Now a days we are facing everywhere a large number of new type structural system. The oblique column is used to give an aesthetic appearance to the structure and also to determine, the effects of oblique column to the structure. It is possible with the software ETABS (Extended 3-Dimensional Analysis of Building System) to modelled and analyse the high-rise structure with oblique column. In the present study, linear static and Response Spectrum Analysis were conducted, by applying outer columns of the structure as oblique column. The plan is prepared in the software AutoCAD and modelled in the software ETABS. After Analysing, the results of the Analysis parameters such as Time period, Base shear, Storey Displacement and Storey Drift of normal column or 00 inclined column are compared with the 30, 60 and 90 inclinations of oblique column. The variation of the Results of different models are shown by the graphs.

Seismic performance of a high-rise building by using linear and nonlinear methods

In this paper, the seismic behavior of the existing reinforced concrete tall building is investigated by using the linear and nonlinear dynamic methods. The selected existing reinforced concrete structure was designed according to Turkey Seismic Code-2007. The performance analysis according to the Turkey Building Earthquake Code-2019 is realized in a 41-story reinforced concrete shear wall-framed structure in Istanbul where active fault lines are located. For high-rise building, firstly, spectrum analysis according to mode superposition methods of linear computational methods used within the scope of strength-based design is performed. Turkey Building Earthquake Code-2019 advises a nonlinear deformation-based design approach to determine more accurately the behavior of high-rise building, as in the earthquake regulations of other developed countries. In addition, the nonlinear time history analyses of building were performed. At the end of the study, torsional irregularity is seen on the normal floors and intermediate floor; stiffness irregularity was found on second floors. In addition, it has been observed in some of the oblique columns of the building that load bearing capacities were exceeded due to creep, axial compressive loads and severe damages occurred. According to the Turkey Building Earthquake Code-2019, the high-rise reinforced concrete shear wall building is not expected to satisfy life safety performance levels under design earthquake.

2,5-Thiophenedicarboxylate: An Interpenetration-Inducing Ligand in Uranyl Chemistry.

Seven uranyl ion complexes have been crystallized under solvo-hydrothermal conditions from 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid (tdcH2) and diverse additional, structure-directing species. [UO2(tdc)(DMF)] (1) is a two-stranded monoperiodic coordination polymer, while [PPh3Me][UO2(tdc)(HCOO)] (2) is a simple chain with terminal formate coligands. Although it is also monoperiodic, [C(NH2)3][H2NMe2]2[(UO2)3(tdc)4(HCOO)] (3) displays an alternation of tetra- and hexanuclear rings. Two-stranded subunits are bridged by oxo-coordinated NiII cations to form a diperiodic network in [UO2(tdc)2Ni(cyclam)] (4), but a homometallic sql diperiodic assembly is built in [Cu(R,S-Me6cyclam)(H2O)][UO2(tdc)2]·H2O (5), to which the counterion is hydrogen bonded only. Diperiodic networks with the hcb topology are formed in both [Zn(phen)3][(UO2)2(tdc)3]·2H2O·3CH3CN (6) and [PPh4]2[(UO2)2(tdc)3]·2H2O (7). The slightly undulating layers in 6 are crossed by oblique columns of weakly interacting counterions in polythreading-like fashion. In contrast, the larger curvature in 7 allows for three-fold, parallel 2D interpenetration to occur. These results are compared with previously reported cases of interpenetration and polycatenation in the uranyl-tdc2- system.

A LATTICE-BOLTZMANN METHOD SIMULATION OF THE HORIZONTAL OFFSET IN OBLIQUE COLUMN DEPOSITION OF ALUMINUM DROPLETS

The metal droplet deposition manufacturing technology adopts a point-by-point stacking method, which provide an unsupported manufacturing method for oblique column deposition with high flexibility. In this paper, a lattice Boltzmann model is established for simulating the continuous deposition process of the oblique column, and the horizontal displacement of the droplet on the solidification surface is studied. According to the charging and discharging process of surface energy, the deposition process is divided into four stages: falling, rapid expansion, slow expansion, and rebound. The forces on the deposited droplet are analyzed by the trend of surface energy, the gravitational potential energy, the kinetic energy, and the viscous dissipation. The internal flow of droplet is sliding in the expansion stage and rolling in the rebound stage. The internal flow of the droplet shows sliding state in the expansion stage and rolling state in the rebound stage. The acceleration of the deviation mainly occurs in the expansion stage, while the deviation distance occurs in the rebound stage. Combined with the forces in the expansion stage, it is concluded that the main driving forces of displacement are gravity and capillary force. With the increase of the droplet axial distance, the acceleration in expansion stage is shortened, and the peak of velocity is increased, so that the horizontal deviation is first increased and then decreased. This staged feature stems from the competitive relationship between the acceleration period and the maximum speed in the deviate motion. Under different deposition heights and solid-liquid wettability, the deviation distance maintains the same trend. Under a certain axial distance, the deviate distance decreases with the increasing solid-liquid wettability, or the increasing deposition height. The evolution tendency of the horizontal deviation distance is fitted, and the scanning step is optimized to realize the uniform deposition of the inclined column whose inclination angle is consistent with the theoretical result.

The assessment and strengthening proposal of building structure after the Pidie Jaya earthquake in December 2016

A case study of the steel–concrete composite structure in the Pidie Jaya Regency Multipurpose Hall, which experienced substantial permanent lateral deformation due to the effect of an earthquake, is presented in this study. Therefore, it is important to assess the response of the structure to earthquake load and propose strengthening strategies to make the buildings useful again. The purpose was to evaluate the causes of large deformations and the behavior of the structure in resisting earthquake loads. The building structure model used in this study is a space frame with two-column base support conditions, which are fixed and hinged supports, after which a nonlinear time history analysis was conducted. The time history analysis was conducted using five ground motion acceleration data recorded during earthquakes to determine the deformation, and it was found that the large structure’s permanent deformation was due to the small structure stiffness in the direction of the deformation due to the use of only one column row in front of the building. Moreover, hinged support was observed to have caused a greater deformation than fixed support but was found not to be the main cause of large permanent deformation of the structure. The building structure was further strengthened by adding four columns while the oblique columns remained in a sloping condition. Meanwhile, the response spectrum analysis showed the strengthening structure was able to withstand earthquake loads with less deformation than the required standard.

Study of Multistoried Buildings with Oblique Columns

Study of Multistoried Buildings with Oblique Columns

Elastic phononic plates with first-order and second-order topological phases

Topologically protected 1D edge states and the 2D surface states have been observed in variant classical wave systems. By extending the quantized polarization, Berry phase, to higher multipole moments, the higher-order topological phases, expressed as 0D corner states, have been theoretically predicted and recently experimentally observed in electric, electromagnetic and acoustic systems. In this paper, we design an elastic phononic plate consisting of a bi-layered hexagonal lattice. The valley-polarized gapless 1D edge state is observed in the elastic phononic plate, by lifting the Dirac cones at the Brillouin zone (BZ) corners. When the bi-layered phononic plates are stacked one by one, the chirality of the oblique columns along the z axis guarantees this 2D elastic phononic plate to be a 3D chiral phononic system. Weyl cones and topologically protected gapless 2D surface states are yielded in this 3D chiral phononic system. The above topological phases are first-order ones with gapless (d-1)-dimensional edge/surface states. By defining a composite cell consisting of three-unit cells and modulating the intra- and inter-coupling within/among the composite cells, the folded double Dirac cone at the BZ center will be gapped and the topological phase of the elastic phononic plate will evolve to a second-order one, expressed as the robust 0D corner state, instead of the gapless 1D edge state. The realization of the first-order edge/surface states and second-order corner states in a unified elastic phononic platform opens up a new path for the design of on-chip topological devices for advanced elastic wave manipulation among the bulk, edge/surface and corner modes.

Theoretical Analysis and Finite Element Simulation of the Flat Compressive Stiffness of Oblique Column Reinforced Foam Sandwich Composites

In this paper, the finite element analysis of Ansys software and theoretical analysis was used to study the variation of the flat compression stiffness of the oblique column reinforced sandwich structure with the inclination of the rod and the radius of the rod. The results showed that the inclination angle of the rod increased from 45°. At 90°, the equivalent flat modulus increases by 2 times. When the tilt angle increases from 45° to 70°, as the angle increases, the equivalent flat modulus increases and the rate of change also increases, when the angle of inclination increases. When the angle is greater than 70°, the angle continues to increase, and the rate of change of the equivalent flat compressive modulus gradually becomes slower. The increase in the slanting column radius increases the flat compressive modulus, but increases the upper limit, and at the same time, the increase in radius causes an increase in mass, resulting in a decrease in the specific rigidity. The functional equivalent relationship between the modulus of elasticity and the structural parameters was deduced using the theory of mechanical equivalence. The functional relationship was used to predict the modulus of elasticity. The predicted results were in good agreement with the results of the finite element simulation. The configuration parameter selection provides reference guidance, and the functional relationship can also easily predict the influence of other structural parameters on the Z-stiffness of the sandwich structure.

Seismic Performance Study of Multistoried Buildings with Oblique Columns by using ETABS

Facing a large number of new-type complex structural system and progressively consummate earthquake-resistant theories, the conventional software can no longer meet the needs of calculation and analysis. Meanwhile, some international finite element programs, such as ETABS, were updating themselves but remained respective limitations. China has Circum-Pacific seismic belt and Europe-Asia seismic zone. These two are the largest seismic belts in the world. Densely populated and low seismic capacity buildings, in which the earthquake can be simply summarized as high frequency, wide distribution, high intensity and shallow focal depth was described as the world’s most earthquake disaster area. The seismic performance analysis and research of building structures look more indispensable. The Oblique Columns are neither parallel nor at right angles to a specified line means they are slanted or Rotated at an angle. In this present work, concerns with the elastic flexural buckling of doubly symmetric columns with oblique restraints under concentric loading. Oblique restraints cause coupling between the principal axis deflections and rotations, and the flexural buckling mode involves simultaneous bending about both principal axes. The present work deals with a study on the Oblique columns of different angles in high rise building. In this work, a high rise building with Normal Columns & at different locations of Oblique columns is considered for analysis. In this paper, response spectrum analysis was executed, which were also compared following the analysis results. The results of the analysis on the Story shear, Story stiffness, Storey drift and Displacements are compared. The results are presented in the tabular and graphical form.

A sign of mobility and cultural exchange? The ceramics with scribble line ornamentation from Lysa Hora cemetery

the fourth type after D.Y. Telegin typology has been found in the Lysa Gora cemetery. This type is represented by biconical vessels with the flat bottom and straight «collar» rim. Inside of this type, we are able to identify subtypes by their size, type and ornament disposition on the body of a vessel. The vessels with the flat bottom, straight vertical walls and cut to the middle rim are most common. In the second period biconical vessels with the big flat “collar” rim became more popular. The plot of the composition and ornaments that decorated the body of the vessel in the first and second period also was changed. The ornament in the first period is the imprints of the comb punches forming the horizontal rows, the fir-tree, the zigzag, the ribbons, limited by the scratched lines, the comb marks. The ornament in the first period is the imprints of the comb punches forming the horizontal rows, the fir-tree, the zigzag, the ribbons, limited by the scratched lines, the comb marks. In the second period – the ornament of the triangular stroked decoration and the shaded horizontal lines, which form plots: geometric compositions, fir trees, nets, extends. A linear ornament consists of cut, screwed or flattened lines. Often, it is a straight line, in some cases there are curvilinear compositions, sometimes wavy ornament. In different periods of culture, there are certain differences in the motifs of patterns, the ways of their placement, the degree of coverage of the ornament of the surface of vessels. In the first period of culture, the pattern on vessels did not adhere to a clear horizontal zonation. Pots of the second period are ornamented from the rim to bottom. Sometimes the pattern enters the inside of the neck and rim of the vessel, as well as the bottom. The style of geometric rectilinear ornament prevails, which most often includes horizontal rows and stripes. Rows consist of impressions of the comb, the triangular short stroked decoration. Impressions of the comb, the triangular short stroked decoration in individual rows have a slope to the right or to the left, resulting in a pattern having a kind of fir tree. Less often, the ornamental field consisted of several horizontal stripes, separated by the triangular stroked decoration of the necks or flattened lines. The entire strip is covered with lines from the stroked decoration or impressions of the comb. Sometimes the entire strip filled with “broken” rows, which in general creates a motive of short vertical columns. However, curvilinear pattern of ornament did not common for this period. The feature of ceramics is its ornamented bottom. Patterns consist of concentric circles, elongated-oval circles, radial lines. At the end of the second – at the beginning of the third period of the Dnieper-Donetsk culture region a tendency is to create a pattern with a predominance of vertical or oblique columns and stripes, more often there is a pattern of ornament in the form of individual figures (triangles, lozenges, which sparsely cover the surface of the vessel). The development and change of the disposition of ornament on ceramics is one of the keys to understand socio-cultural connections on the territory of the Dnieper-Donetsk cultural region.

Research on Architectural Pattern of Residential Quarter Based on Atmospheric Pollutant Diffusion of Point Source

In the process of rapid urbanization, many pollution problems arise in developing cities. In particular, industrial point source air pollution is one of the main causes that detract from urban development and destroy ecological harmony. Gas pollution directly affects people's physical health when a source of industrial emissions is close to residential areas. In the planning and design of sustainable architecture, it becomes increasingly important to avoid industrial atmospheric diffusion pollution in the broadest sense through studying the layout of urban residential architecture group. This paper establishes the database of atmospheric pollution diffusion based on the ArcGIS platform. Through simulating the spatial distribution state of the atmospheric point source pollution concentration in Nanjing Chemical Industrial Park, the spatial information of urban atmospheric environmental quality can be provided for the layout and planning of the neighboring residential quarter. Combining with CFD wind field simulation of different architectural layouts, this paper studies the adaptive layout of residential architecture on surrounding environment. The results show that the pollutants’ concentration in summer is slightly lower than in winter; the pollutant concentration of determinantal layout is lower than the oblique column type and alternate layout in Shanpan Community. It explores the relationships among urban residential architecture, people and natural environment, and the results are very important in conducting the pattern planning and design of urban architecture, improvement of living environmental quality and energy conservation and environmental protection.

Reflectance and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of sculptured silver films deposited at various vapor incident angles

By using e-beam evaporation at various oblique angles, silver nanorod arrays were produced on silicon and fused silica substrates. Reflectance of P and S polarizations was measured at an incident angle of 30°, with the data analyzed by using the appropriate optical dispersive model. The surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was investigated using trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethene (BPE) as a probe molecule at an excitation wavelength of 633 nm. The Ag-coated surface become rougher as the vapor incident angle is increased. Only the sample deposited at 85° shows clear oblique column structure. Reflectance fitting confirmed the positive rexlation between roughness and deposition angle and showed an increase of porosity in the film with increasing deposition angle. The reflectance measurements also indicate that the sample deposited at 85° has a very high anisotropic effect due to the inclined column structure. In the RS scans, only the 85° samples on Si and silica substrates gave strong SERS with a similar enhancement factor, with a higher background level and noise signal from the silica substrate.

Study on High-rise Structure with Oblique Columns by ETABS, SAP2000, MIDAS/GEN and SATWE

Facing a large number of new-type complex structural system and progressively consummate earthquake-resistant theories, the conventional software can no longer meet the needs of calculation and analysis. Meanwhile, some international finite element programs, such as ETABS, SAP2000, MIDAS/gen and SATWE, were updating themselves but remained respective limitations. In this paper, response spectrum, time history and linking slab in-plan stresses analysis were executed combined with a practical project by these programs, which were also compared following the analysis results.

Grover Disease: A Reappraisal of Histopathological Diagnostic Criteria in 120 Cases

Grover disease (GD) is a rather common papular pruritic dermatosis that can be transient, persistent, or asymptomatic. The microscopic diagnosis of clinically suspected lesions can be challenging because GD can adopt different patterns, and involved areas are generally admitted to be mostly focal. The histopathologic hallmark of the disease is acantholysis, frequently combined with dyskeratosis, which confers the lesions an appearance similar to Darier disease, Hailey-Hailey disease, or pemphigus. Eczematous features can be observed as well. In this study of 120 consecutive cases of GD, we have found a sex and age incidence similar to what has been previously described, with no obvious seasonal influence, but careful evaluation of their microscopic features suggests that the histopathological diagnostic criteria of GD should be expanded. Specifically, in addition to the commonly described GD findings, we have detected cases with porokeratosis-like oblique columns of parakeratosis, lesions showing a nevoid or lentiginous silhouette, intraepidermal vesicular lesions, lichenoid changes with basal vacuolization and dyskeratosis, and dysmaturative foci with keratinocyte atypia. Moreover, quite often the dermal infiltrate was composed not only of lymphocytes intermingled with eosinophils, but also of neutrophils. In many cases, the capillary vessels showed hints of vascular damage including endothelial tumefaction due to cytoplasmatic edema and erythrocyte extravasation. Finally, because involved areas were larger than 2 mm in more than 50% of our cases, we should assume that GD lesions are not always as small as commonly claimed. Awareness of the patterns newly described herein may be important to avoid underdiagnosis of GD and may contribute to understand the pathogenesis of this acantholytic disease.

Investigation of substrate rotation at glancing incidence on thin-film morphology

Films deposited by evaporation at glancing angles form structures dependent on the speed of substrate rotation. If the substrate is held stationary, oblique columns are grown. For slow substrate rotation, helices are formed while faster rotation yields pillars. Silicon and silicon dioxide films grown under similar conditions were found to follow the typical morphological trend. In contrast, aluminum films formed by glancing angle deposition (GLAD) were found to be facetted structures which were peaked and isolated at high rotation speeds (dφ/dt>42 rpm), and flat for dφ/dt∼1.5 rpm. The results suggest that the primary limiting factor controlling GLAD microstructure growth may be a combination of both material temperature and crystal structure of the resulting film.

Functional organization in the cat's pulvinar complex

The responses of 192 single units in the cat's pulvinar-complex, comprising the inferior, medial and lateral pulvinar nuclei, were studied in paralysed cats, lightly anaesthetized with N2O/O2 supplemented with pentobarbitone. About 60% of the cells were visually driven and their receptive fields classified as either diffuse, concentric, movement sensitive, direction sensitive or orientation sensitive. The response fields of such cells were commonly large. Response field maps for the movement and direction sensitive cells formed a heterogenous population with uniform on-off fields to more complex arrangements with on- or off-centres, often with only partial surrounds; other cells responded exclusively to moving stimuli. A dual representation of the visual field was found in the pulvinar-complex corresponding to the striate and tectal recipient zones described anatomically by others. The representation in the striate recipient zone comprised an oblique column running medio-laterally and rostro-caudally through the inferior pulvinar and lateral margin of the medial pulvinar. The peripheral visual field was represented laterally and the vertical meridian medially; the upper visual field was represented dorso-laterally in the medial pulvinar and the lower visual field caudo-ventrally within the inferior pulvinar. That this visuotopic organization corresponded to the striate recipient zone was established by tracing the retrograde transport of HRP. Medial to the striate zone evidence for a second visual field representation was found, apparently more randomly organized than the striate zone, corresponding to the presumed tectal recipient zone. These results support the assertion that cytoarchitectural boundaries do not necessarily delineate functional (visuotopically organized) regions. These observations suggest caution when comparing cytoarchitecturally defined regions between species; rather, 'functionally equivalent' regions should be compared.

Les colonnes cylindriques transparentes unicolores et bicolores

By unrolling the surface of a cylinder into a double-faced plane, the cylindrical, double-faced columns, with single-coloured (\cal j) or two-coloured (\cal j2) patterns and their symmetries, are studied. A symmetry is the isometric mapping of the column and its pattern set onto themselves, and is characterized by the retention or change of the patterns between the two faces, or by the colour-retention or colour-change of the patterns. All possible classes of these discontinuous columns are derived for the cases with and without translation. As extreme cases, the columns with an infinite-fold cylinder axis and those with an infinite screw pitch are given. For particular values of m, the rotational component order of the fundamental rototranslation, the 945 types of proper crystallographic, two-coloured, transparent, columns \cal j2 2c are deduced. Illustrations are given for the unrolling into a double-faced plane of some types of \cal j2 2c columns, of the two-coloured, biracial columns without translation, {\bar \cal j}2 2, and of the two-coloured, semicontinuous oblique columns.

2116 水平力を受けるラーメンの弾塑性(その2) : くけいおよび台形ラーメンの実験(構造)

2116 水平力を受けるラーメンの弾塑性(その2) : くけいおよび台形ラーメンの実験(構造)