Obligatory Activities Research Articles

Experience from radon in soil gas comparison measurements held in Czech Republic and in other countries, 1992–2022

Radon 222Rn, an inert natural radioactive gas, a daughter product in the 238U natural decay series, a source of alpha radiation, together with its short-lived decay products is a dominant source of absorbed radiation doses in the population. Rocks and building materials are fundamental sources of radon in dwellings. Elevated indoor radon activity concentration in houses and workplaces, surpassing recommended reference levels, is not desirable. Since radon penetrates into the houses from the geological basement, various technical aids for protection of houses have been developed. Their individual application derives from the radon potential of a building site. Radon risk mapping of building sites became a standard procedure for gauging the local radon potential. Various instruments and techniques of measurements of radon activity concentration in soil gas (Bq/m3) at building sites are available. Since radon in soil gas and radon measurement techniques are affected by several natural and technical conditions, resultant values of radon risk mapping by individual organizations vary, sometimes fundamentally. Radon comparison measurements at selected reference sites are an important tool for single organizations to verify their radon measuring procedures and reliability of their reported results. Based on legislative regulations, comparison measurements at established radon reference sites are a part of the obligatory activities for radon risk mapping at building sites in the Czech Republic. Experience and analyses of 30-year radon in soil gas comparison measurements in the Czech Republic show the dispersion of values reported by participating organizations and indicate that more than 10% of participants do not fulfill the established local criteria. This paper introduces requirements for the establishment of radon reference sites, documents their natural variability, recommends the procedure of radon comparison measurement, and analyses its results. A long-term experience was gained by testing organizations from the Czech Republic (1992–2022) as well as from the international comparison measurements organized in the Czech Republic and in several other countries (2010–2021).

Negotiating Choice in Leisure Pursuits of Women: A Sociological Investigation

Women are loaded with double-burden of official chores and household chores. It is crucial to identify the amount of time they are getting for leisure pursuits and also to fathom whether they are being coerced to negotiate with their leisure time. Scholars of Sociology have identified, leisure time is when one is free from obligatory activities. It is important to understand whether women who are doubly burdened at all have time away from obligatory activities and whether they can exercise their choice during leisure time. The present study is mainly based on secondary data including journal articles, book chapters, newspapers and so on. The objectives of the present study are, firstly, to find out whether working women, unmarried or married who have to take care of their families get sufficient leisure time, secondly, to find out how far does their leisure time and activity is manifested according to their own choice. Some studies have identified, even during their leisure time they usually cater to the needs of their family, either they stitch clothes for their children or spouse or they organize house parties for their husband and his friends and so on. The concern of ‘choice’ has to be addressed in this case and whether ‘choice’ too can be socially constructed. Satisfaction during leisure time creates sense of fulfilment and is an absolute necessity for well-being.

An Intelligent Framework Based on Deep Learning for Online Quran Learning during Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic influenced the whole world and changed social life globally. Social distancing is an effective strategy adopted by all countries to prevent humans from being infected. Al-Quran is the holy book of Muslims and its listening and reading is one of the obligatory activities. Close contact is essential in traditional learning system; however, most of the Al-Quran learning schools were locked down to minimize the spread of COVID-19 infection. To address this limitation, in this paper, we propose a novel system using deep learning to identify the correct recitation of individual alphabets, words from a recited verse and a complete verse of Al-Quran to assist the reciter. Moreover, in the proposed approach, if the user recites correctly, his/her voice is also added to the existing dataset to leverage proposed approach effectiveness. We employ mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) to extract voice features and long short-term memory (LSTM), a recurrent neural network (RNN) for classification. The said approach is validated using the Al-Quran dataset. The results demonstrate that the proposed system outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches with an accuracy rate of 97.7%. This system will help the Muslim community all over the world to recite the Al-Quran in the right way in the absence of human help due to similar future pandemics.

Trickle-down policies: Utilizing strategic plans to facilitate local public health work

Abstract Background The main weight of health promotion strategies are outlined internationally, but carried out locally. More knowledge is needed about how municipalities and communities can be supported in building capacity for carrying out systematic, local Public Health Work. This study explores how strategic recommendations from national/international levels can contribute to the facilitation of systematic, local health promotion work through conscious utilization of juridical and strategic municipal documents. Methods An in-depth hierarchical document analysis was carried out in selected municipalities. A contextual content analysis of central terms was conducted the aim to understand how these were addressed across document-type and municipality. Findings Central aims and strategies from health promotion have “trickled-down” into national and municipal documents. Variations in how intentions are anchored and implemented in the municipal context occur: if and how they were addressed, linked to higher-level aims and operationalized in ways that enabled collaborative action (including the allocation of resources). Obligatory activities (e.g. establishing a local knowledge-base) were more likely to be implemented locally; however, variations occured regarding how these were followed-up subsequently. Discussion Global health promotion aims and strategies can contribute to facilitate for local public health work. Differences in how the planning literature was utilized might facilitate for different outcomes. To enable coherent approaches across sectors and actors, top-down approaches have to be combined with local competence-building and enable collaborative action. Framing spatial tasks in ways that highlight their contribution to achieve overarching goals can built competence across stakeholders, and enable systematic approaches over time. Key messages • Utilizing local strategic documents can facilitate for the realization of global and national health promotion intentions. • To enable coherent approaches across sectors and actors, top-down approaches have to be combined with local competence-building and enable collaborative action.

Strategies used by people with systemic sclerosis to perform valued occupations

Introduction: This study explored the strategies used by people with systemic sclerosis to perform valued obligatory (self-care), committed (home management, care of others, productivity), and discretionary (leisure and socialization) activities. Method: This cross-sectional study included a convenience sample of 92 people with systemic sclerosis who completed the Valued Life Activities Scale (VLA). The VLA categorizes activities into three main domains: obligatory, committed, and discretionary. Participants indicated the type of adaptive strategy used for each activity (assistive devices, personal assistance, limited frequency, and taking more time). Participants also completed a demographic questionnaire and measures of pain, fatigue, depression, and daily activity performance. Frequency counts were calculated for strategies used for each activity. One-way analyses of variance compared the mean use of strategies across the three domains (obligatory, committed, and discretionary). Pearson correlation coefficients calculated relationships between strategy use and pain, fatigue, depression, and daily activity performance. Results: Significantly, more strategies were used for committed activities compared to obligatory activities. Limiting the frequency of performing an activity was used significantly more for committed and discretionary activities than for obligatory activities. The least used strategies were assistive devices and assistance from another person. Fatigue and depression were related to strategy use, whereas pain and daily activity performance were not. Conclusion: People with systemic sclerosis use adaptive strategies to perform VLA. However, the strategies, most frequently used, such as taking more time or limiting the frequency of performing some activities, may result in relinquishing other valued activities.

Individual aerobic performance and anaerobic compensation in a temperate fish during a simulated marine heatwave

Marine heatwaves (MHWs) are becoming more frequent and intense due to climate change and have strong negative effects on ecosystem. Few studies have reproduced the complex nature of temperature changes of a MHW, while it is suggested that ectotherms may be more vulnerable to rapid changes such as during MHWs. Effects of an experimental MHW were investigated in the golden grey mullet Chelon auratus. Juveniles acclimated to 20 °C were exposed to a rapid 5 °C increase in temperature, followed by a five-day period at 25 °C, before quickly returning to 20°C. Metabolic variables (SMR-standard, MMR-maximum rate, AS-aerobic scope, EPOC-excess post‑oxygen consumption) and critical swimming speed (Ucrit) were measured at different phases of this MHW and after a thermally stable recovery phase.Although the pattern was only significant for the SMR, the aerobic three variables describing aerobic metabolism (SMR, MMR and AS) immediately increased in fish exposed to the acute elevation of temperature, and remained elevated when fish stayed at 25 °C for five days. A similar increase of these metabolic variables was observed for fish that were progressively acclimated to 25 °C. This suggests that temperature increases contribute to increases in metabolism; however, the acute nature of the MHW had no influence. At the end of the MHW, the SMR remained elevated, suggesting an additional cost of obligatory activities due to the extreme event. In parallel, Ucrit did not vary regardless of the thermal conditions. Concerning EPOC, it significantly increased only when fish were acutely exposed to 25 °C. This strongly suggests that fish may buffer the effects of acute changes in temperature by shifting to anaerobic metabolism.Globally, this species appears able to cope with this MHW, but that's without taking into consideration future projections describing an increase in both intensity and frequency of such events, as well as other stressors like pollution or hypoxia.

Effect of travel satisfaction and heterogeneity of activity-travel patterns of other persons in the household on social and mental health: The case of Bandung Metropolitan area

Travel satisfaction (TS) is used in this study as a proxy for subjective well-being in the travel domain, which is hypothesised to mediate the relationship between the activity–travel pattern and health variables. Moreover, multilevel modelling with instrumental variables is used, so that the heterogeneity of other household members’ activity–travel patterns can be included. Considering the heterogeneity effects of other household members, this study shows that TS has a positive correlation with both social health (SH) and mental health (MH). The model shows that those who stay at home and work or study longer tend to have a high TS, and in turn high SH and MH. It can be understood that people who have longer time commitments to obligatory activities appreciate their trips more because they are observed to have the lowest MH conditions. Longer times spent on studying and working and in-home activities are indicated to limit people’s participation with other household members, which in turn correlates with low MH. Any efforts to undertake more travel for those who have more commitments at home and in the workplace can result in better TS and in turn SH and MH. This study confirms that more regular daily activity–travel patterns with regular breaks from obligatory activities are observed to correspond to better MH. More regular daily activity–travel patterns of other household members can make individuals organise their own more regular activity–travel patterns, which correlates with better SH and MH.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Iranian Psychiatric Trainees' and Early Career Psychiatrists' Well-being, Work Conditions, and Education.

ObjectivesThis study was conducted to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on psychiatric trainees and early career psychiatrists in Iran.MethodsIn this cross-sectional survey, the authors used a 24-item questionnaire inquiring about the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, their views on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their professional careers, methods of education, workplace environment, well-being and mental health, and the use of telepsychiatry in Iran.ResultsA total of 159 responses were received. The majority (n=124, 78.0%) reported that “some but not all obligatory activities have been converted to online activities.” Most of the participants (n=103, 64.8%) stated that the pandemic had not affected the duration of their training. Less than half (n=61, 38.4%) reported that their well-being had been affected rather negatively. Some (n=59, 37.1%) reported that their supervisors or coworkers had no significant impact on their well-being, whereas others (n=53, 33.3%) reported a rather positive impact. Almost half of the participants (n=78, 49.0%) did not have access to free psychological counseling. In addition, more than half (n=89, 56.0%) reported that there were no recommendations on how to proceed with telepsychiatry.ConclusionsThis study calls for improvements in the education and well-being of psychiatric trainees and early career psychiatrists in Iran amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Additional research should be carried out to maximize learning, provide mental health care, and use telepsychiatry.

Importance and difficulty with valued life activities for people with systemic sclerosis

Purpose To identify the importance of and difficulty with valued activities in persons with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and to examine relationships between disease symptoms and difficulty with valued activities using the Valued Activities Scale (VLA). A secondary purpose was to examine the internal consistency of the Short-VLA Scale (S-VLA). Methods A cross-sectional convenience sample of 99 people with SSc completed questionnaires regarding demographics, symptom severity, Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), and the VLA. Results Obligatory activities were rated as most important; committed activities were significantly more difficult than obligatory and discretionary. Less fatigue (p < 0.01) and lower HAQ (p < 0.001) and CES-D (p < 0.01) scores were associated with higher total VLA scores. Internal consistency of the S-VLA was excellent (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92; p < 0.0001). The correlation between the S-VLA and the VLA was excellent (r = 0.96; p < 0.001). There were moderate correlations between the S-VLA and the HAQ (r = 0.73; p < 0.0001); the correlation with the CES-D was only fair (r = 0.35; p < 0.001). Conclusions Committed and discretionary activities were more difficult for people with SSc to perform. Results are similar to findings with people with rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATION Home management/caregiving (committed) and leisure and social participation (discretionary) activities are more difficult to perform by people with SSc compared to self-care (obligatory) activities. Our findings that difficulty scores on the VLA were associated with more fatigue and depression suggest the need for rehabilitation to reduce disability in people with SSc. The S-VLA may be a useful screening and monitoring tool for SSc and other chronic conditions.

Parents' perception of their children's process of reintegration after childhood cancer treatment.

Our objective was to further the understanding of the process of reintegration of childhood cancer patients after treatment and to identify factors influencing that process. Using a qualitative approach, we conducted 49 interviews with parents (n = 29 mothers, n = 20 fathers) from 31 families with a child (<18 years) with leukemia or CNS tumor. Interviews were conducted about 16 to 24 months after the end of the treatment. We used a semi-structured interview guideline and analyzed the data using content analysis. Average age of pediatric cancer patients was 5.5 years at the time of diagnosis; mean time since diagnosis was 3.5 years. Parents reported immediate impact of the disease on their children. Reintegration had gone along with delayed nursery/school enrollment or social challenges. In most cases reintegration was organized with a gradual increase of attendance. Due to exhaustion by obligatory activities, reintegration in leisure time activities was demanding and parents reported a gradual increase of activity level for their children. Parents described several barriers and facilitators influencing the reintegration process into nursery/school and leisure time activities (structural support, social support, health status, intrapersonal aspects). Although many children reintegrate well, the process takes lots of effort from parents and children. Childhood cancer survivors and their families should be supported after the end of intensive treatment to facilitate reintegration.

Measures of Participation in Persons With Musculoskeletal Conditions.

Measures of Participation in Persons With Musculoskeletal Conditions.

0412 Parents Sleep Longer When School is Out for the Summer: Associations Among Parenthood, Gender, and Season

Abstract Introduction Seasonal effects in sleep are often attributed to day length; however, change in obligatory daily activities might also have an impact on sleep behavior. Longitudinal measurement using consumer sleep technology enables the observation of patterns in sleep behavior in the home environment. We analyzed the impact of parenthood and gender on total sleep time (TST) over the summer break period using data collected in the home. Methods Sleep data were collected using the SleepScore mobile application from October 2018 through October 2019, with the summer break period defined as June 25th - August 5th. U.S. age and gender matched samples of parents and non-parents were selected using Mahalanobis distance from a pool of users more likely to have school-aged children. The final samples included n=345 parents (38.7 +/- 4.5 years) and n=345 non-parents (37.8 +/- 4.7 years); both groups were 46% female. Only weeknights (n=34,323) were analyzed to maximize impact of school schedule. Linear regression and independent t-tests were used to analyze main and interaction effects for gender, parenthood, and summer break. Results Male gender, parenthood, and summer break were associated with decreased sleep duration (ps &amp;lt; .01). However, during summer break, parents exhibited an increase in TST, with mothers (+5.6 mins) having a greater increase than fathers (+1.1 mins). In contrast, adults without children showed a decrease in TST during summer break, with males having a greater reduction (-8.8 mins) than females (-6.5 mins). Conclusion These results suggest that parental status may play a part in seasonal sleep patterns. Contrary to the typical trend of shorter TST during summer, being a parent is associated with longer TST during summer break, with a greater increase for females. This change may be attributed to parents following a less rigid schedule when their children are not in school. Support N/A

Women's Football within the Physical Education and Sports Hours

The use of the football game in the physical education lesson offers particularly favorable conditions for the complex development of the students' motor skills and qualities. Playing the football game contributes to the formation and improvement of coordinated movements, to the capacity of rapid engagement in the timing and rhythm of social activities, through the accumulation of positive influences and effects of sanotrophic and educational character. Due to its valences, football is appreciated as a necessary and efficient means of physical school education, which is why we find it both in the physical education lessons or the obligatory activities of the students, as well as in the other sports-recreational activities in most schools in our country. By implementing in the process of preparation of dynamic games, sticks and competitions for students of 13-15 years we aim to consolidate and perfect the technique of football. By using these means during the training hours I suppose that the level of technical training of the students in the representative school football team for women will be improved. The importance of the different dynamic games, of the sticks and of the competitions in the acquisition of the football game technique lies in the fact that, in the modern game, performance cannot be achieved without a very good technique.

Administrative revocation of a firearms licence. Polemics on the basis of cases regulated by art. 18 of the Act on arms and ammunition

The article concerns the issue of administrative revocation of a firearms licence. This questionable issue was regulated in art. 18 of the Act on arms and ammunition. Its structure distinguishes between two thematic blocks: obligatory and optional activities of the Police authority in these cases. The article contains numerous references to the jurisprudence of the Supreme Administrative Court and the Provincial Administrative Court. The author presented the right legal solutions to this issue and presented discussion regulations and questions. The author ends polemical issues with de lege ferenda conclusions.

School absence in Poland ─ as a social and educational challenge

School absence is a problem with the consequences of which both pupils and their parents or legal guardians are confronted. It is also a challenge for the Polish educational system and, as a consequence of school failures, for the institutions of Polish social policy. The article consists of five points. It presents the understanding of the school absence concept as superior to various forms of student absence during classes and other obligatory activities proposed by the school. Attention is paid to the specific form of absence, which is the student's absence during physical education classes. The article presents selected legal acts that regulate the performance of the school obligation by parents or legal guardians and the procedure in the event of student absence at school. Attention is paid to the fact that school absence can be a serious threat to equal opportunities for children and youth.

Patterns of use of time by family caregivers of elderly persons with dementia

Abstract Objectives: to describe patterns of use of time in family caregivers of elderly people with dementia, considering the characteristics of the caregivers, the care recipients and the context. Method: Fifty family caregivers of elderly people with intermediate and high levels of physical and cognitive disability participated in an interview about time spent on obligatory care activities over four periods of six hours during a 24-hour period. In addition, a questionnaire about social activities, scales of physical and cognitive functionality of the elderly and an inventory of burden in the family caregivers were applied. Results: 88.0% of the caregivers were women, with a mean age of 57.9 (±11.2) years; 45.92% of the time of the caregivers was used in care activities, 36.92% in discretionary activities, 31.17% in recuperation, and 25.67% in the obligatory activities of the life of the caregiver. The greater the dependence, the longer the care, the less time for self-care and greater the caregivers’ subjective burden. Conclusion: The level of dependence of elderly persons affected by dementia results in an increase in caregiving time and competes with other activities performed by the caregiver. Reorganization of the use of time by family caregivers and provision of formal support can reduce the caregiving burden and benefit the well-being of caregivers.

Time use by family caregivers of elderly with dementia: an integrative review.

To describe the development of measures used between 1993 and 2016 to evaluate time use by family caregivers of elderly with dementia and to find out the patterns of time use identified in the literature. An integrative review of articles was performed, indexed by the following terms: time use management, family caregiver and elderly. A total of 17 articles were found, of which seven were methodological. Among these seven articles, five were psychometric. The most frequently used measures were self-reporting (matrices, questionnaires and inventories), validated through objective measures of occurrence and duration. Longitudinal, prospective, clinical and correlational studies showed that care time covaries with the receptors' dependence and that the caregivers' subjective well-being is more affected by the time restriction to free choice activities than the burden resulting from obligatory activities. Final considerations: Valid self-reporting measures are widely used nowadays and they are considered to be effective to assess the objective and subjective costs of health care for dementia.

Holiday travel, staycations, and subjective well-being

ABSTRACTThe tourism industry thrives on the notion that holiday travel improves well-being. However, scientific evidence that holiday travel is more beneficial than spending free time at home is lacking. Using the Effort-Recovery and the Limited Resources model as theoretical basis, this study investigates whether workers behave, think, and feel differently during travel than during leisure time spent at home. In a five-week longitudinal field study, we followed 24 workers during free evenings after work, a free weekend at home, and on a free weekend of domestic travel. Within-person differences were investigated between these three occasions in behavior, cognition, and emotions. During travel, employees slept more, engaged more in physical and social activities and less in obligatory activities than during free evenings after work. Hedonic well-being was higher and ruminative thinking lower during travel than during free evenings after work. Physical distance from home and work was related to engagement in resource-providing rather than resource-consuming activities and seems to translate into mental distance from everyday worries. Differences between holiday travel and weekends at home were small. Still, the findings suggest that travel may provide feelings of remoteness in places with novel and fascinating qualities, free of chores.

Модели и стратегии внедрения современных стандартов работы школьной психологической службы

The article analyzes the models and strategies, as well as&#x0D; the specifics of the implementation of Federal state educational&#x0D; standards in the practice of school psychological services. Paying&#x0D; particular attention to changes in the situation in the whole educational&#x0D; school, the authors define the place of the forms and types&#x0D; of application of psychological knowledge in the content and organization&#x0D; of the educational environment of the school, making&#x0D; it obligatory, specific and measurable activities educational psychologist&#x0D; as a full member of the educational process.

PENDIDIKAN AGAMA DALAM KELUARGA

In the context of the complexity of problems encountered by humans, education receives its significance, and faith-based education can become an option. From the Islamic perspective, education is capable of shaping the future of one’s humanity side. Therefore, in Islam education is one of the obligatory activities for all Muslim men and women that lasts a lifetime (Life-long education). Educational activities can in fact be delegated, but the parents are still responsible for the religious education of their own children. In Islam, religious education in the family should come first and foremost.