Objects Of Different Colors Research Articles

Design of a new sorting colors system based on PLC, TIA portal, and factory I/O programs

Abstract In the recent industry field, automation has become the most important role in production processes to improve efficiency, increase production, and reduce workers. Sorting the products based on their color is a common task in the industries, but using manual sorting may take a longer time and human error may occur, especially if the production quantities are very large. To contribute to improving the quality and speed of production, we have proposed a new system to automatically separate products based on their color. This article presents a new system for identifying and separating industrial products based on their colors. The implemented system consists of three sensors used to detect the colors of the products, four chutes, and two conveyor belts designed to guide objects along the manufacturing path, and three push mechanisms to place objects in their designated places. The system includes an emergency interface, a reset interface, a stop interface, as well as communication using the PN (PROFINET Process Field Net) protocol, a programmable logic controller, and a 1511-1 central processing unit. This system has been precisely programmed and simulated using FACTORY I/O software and TIA PORTAL software to control and monitor the system effectively. The Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system also includes a Human–Machine Interface user interface for maximum control. The performance of this system was tested by sorting 250 objects of different colors. These tests resulted in the successful separation of a total of 85 blue objects, 89 green objects, and 86 gray (metallic) objects within a time period of 20 min. This system shows wide applicability in various industries including diamond mining, recycling, and grain manufacturing sectors.

Who said it? Native and non-native listeners' source memory for object-speaker associations

Memory for who said what can help native and non-native listeners identify critical information for use in conversations. In two experiments, source memory for object-speaker associations was tested for listeners varying in language proficiency. Native and non-native participants of English first heard speakers name objects with prototypical color (e.g., broccoli) before they had to indicate who had previously named each object. Speakers either consistently named objects of one color, or they randomly named objects of different colors. While both listener groups associated objects with speakers successfully, in Experiment 1, with black and white images, native listeners showed an advantage in source memory in the color consistent condition over the random condition, while non-native listeners had no such advantage. The finding for non-native listeners was replicated in Experiment 2 with color images. The results confirm the role of source memory representations in communication, but also suggest that encoding object-speaker association in L2 may be less sensitive to consistent patterns in the input.

Assessment of stimulus distance during driving

We make about 1,400 decisions in one hour of the day, which makes about 35,000 decisions in 24 hours. The driver's task in traffic is to assess traffic situations and act in accordance with their decisions in traffic. One of the most common causes of traffic accidents is "misjudgment of road users". The perception of space is one of the prerequisites for safe and successful driving. In order to investigate the mentioned issue, the authors of this paper conducted an experimental study with the aim of determining what affects the perception of the distance to the object. 164 respondents participated in the experiment. The research results show statistically significant differences in the perception of distance to objects of different colors. The respondents with the smallest error estimate the distance to the red object better, in the conditions when the driver sits in the driver's seat and observes the object through the camera in the vehicle (hereinafter via the camera), while the respondents in the situation when the driver sits and observes the object in the rearview mirror (hereinafter to the text by looking in the rearview mirror) and in the situation when the driver is sitting and looking at objects over his shoulder (direct observation) estimated the distance to the yellow object with the smallest error. Respondents with the highest error estimate the distance to the blue and green objects.

What we talk about when we talk about colors

Names for colors vary widely across languages, but color categories are remarkably consistent. Shared mechanisms of color perception help explain consistent partitions of visible light into discrete color vocabularies. But the mappings from colors to words are not identical across languages, which may reflect communicative needs-how often speakers must refer to objects of different color. Here we quantify the communicative needs of colors in 130 different languages by developing an inference algorithm for this problem. We find that communicative needs are not uniform: Some regions of color space exhibit 30-fold greater demand for communication than other regions. The regions of greatest demand correlate with the colors of salient objects, including ripe fruits in primate diets. Our analysis also reveals a hidden diversity in the communicative needs of colors across different languages, which is partly explained by differences in geographic location and the local biogeography of linguistic communities. Accounting for language-specific, nonuniform communicative needs improves predictions for how a language maps colors to words, and how these mappings vary across languages. Our account closes an important gap in the compression theory of color naming, while opening directions to study cross-cultural variation in the need to communicate different colors and its impact on the cultural evolution of color categories.

When Object Color Is a Red Herring: Extraneous Perceptual Information Hinders Word Learning via Referent Selection

Learning words from ambiguous naming events is difficult. In such situations, children struggle with not attending to task irrelevant information when learning object names. This paper reduces the problem space of learning names for object categories by holding color constant between the target and other extraneous objects. We examine how this influences two types of word learning (retention and generalization) in both 30-month-old children (Experiment 1) and the iCub humanoid robot (Experiment 2). Overall, all children and iCub performed well on the retention trials, but they were only able to generalize the novel names to new exemplars of the target categories if the objects were originally encountered in sets with objects of the same colors, not if the objects were originally encountered in sets with objects of different colors. These data demonstrate that less information presented during the learning phase narrows the problem space and leads to better word learning success for both children and iCub. Findings are discussed in terms of cognitive load and desirable difficulties.

Non-intrusive underwater measurement of mobile bottom surface

This paper reports a novel approach for underwater measurement of mobile bottom surface by using an inexpensive 3-D depth sensor – Kinect. The sensor is tested in controlled conditions for surface profiling of rigid objects of different colors placed under varying water depths, turbidity, illuminosity and sensor height. Measurements indicate random errors are present when the object is in air only and these errors can be eliminated by smoothing. However, systematic errors were observed in the presence of water and are attributed to refraction. A refractive correction equation is developed to remove those systematic errors. Validation of the sensor's performance, quantification of its limitations and a systematic procedure for its use in underwater profiling is presented. Finally, capabilities of the sensor as an underwater measurement device for laboratory applications are demonstrated by measuring erosion of cross-stream sand bar due to overtopping and evolution of mining-pit.

Visual Search in the Real World: Color Vision Deficiency Affects Peripheral Guidance, but Leaves Foveal Verification Largely Unaffected.

Background: People with color vision deficiencies report numerous limitations in daily life, restricting, for example, their access to some professions. However, they use basic color terms systematically and in a similar manner as people with normal color vision. We hypothesize that a possible explanation for this discrepancy between color perception and behavioral consequences might be found in the gaze behavior of people with color vision deficiency.Methods: A group of participants with color vision deficiencies and a control group performed several search tasks in a naturalistic setting on a lawn. All participants wore a mobile eye-tracking-driven camera with a high foveal image resolution (EyeSeeCam). Search performance as well as fixations of objects of different colors were examined.Results: Search performance was similar in both groups in a color-unrelated search task as well as in a search for yellow targets. While searching for red targets, participants with color vision deficiencies exhibited a strongly degraded performance. This was closely matched by the number of fixations on red objects shown by the two groups. Importantly, once they fixated a target, participants with color vision deficiencies exhibited only few identification errors.Conclusions: In contrast to controls, participants with color vision deficiencies are not able to enhance their search for red targets on a (green) lawn by an efficient guiding mechanism. The data indicate that the impaired guiding is the main influence on search performance, while foveal identification (verification) is largely unaffected by the color vision deficiency.

The role of consciousness in triggering intellectual habits.

The role of consciousness in triggering intellectual habits.

Object Detection by Estimation of the Spectral Attenuation Coefficient in the Submerged Medium

Underwater object detection has a considerable impact in the field of ocean technology. This paper presents a techniqueto detect a submerged object based on the medium's spectral attenuation coefficient by applying Beer-Lambert Law. The value of this coefficient is a function of the medium's composition, depth of the object,and wavelength of incident light. Experiments were performed in a swimming pool using objects of different colors at different depths to validate the mathematical model for object detection.

Logic-based interpretation of geometrically observable changes occurring in dynamic scenes

The work presented here is about employing a theory of updates to study geometrically observable changes that occur in spatial information about image sequences of a dynamic scene. The logical framework consists of a formalism for specifying the geometrical content of a scene, as well as the changes that occur in this geometry, and an algorithm for constructing a description for such changes from logical deductions. In this approach, a database state represents the available sensor data at a particular time instant. Transitions in sensor data are modeled by changes in the database and interpreted based on axioms encoding commonsense spatial reasoning. The main contribution of this work is that it provides the theoretical foundations for symbolically interpreting long sequences of sensor data transitions. For testing the framework and its implementation, the problem of interpreting rotational movements of objects in a sequence of images was used. Our experiments show that the system correctly interprets rotational movements for objects of different colors and provides satisfactory results for interpreting such movements from perceptually indistinguishable objects.

The fate of object features during perisaccadic mislocalization

Visual objects flashed before a saccade appear compressed toward the saccade target. Simultaneously flashed objects merge perceptually into one. To better understand cortical interactions in perisaccadic processing, we study the perception of features of mislocalized objects. We report four new findings: First, when multiple objects of different colors are compressed onto a single position, their color attributes remain distinguishable. Second, color attributes of objects compressed onto the same position compete for access to visual awareness. Third, objects presaccadically mislocalized onto a static background of identical color and luminance appear visible on top of that background. Object shape can be determined. Fourth, objects flashed during a saccade become invisible when a larger object is present at the mislocalized position. Thus, perisaccadic mislocalization affects the position of objects but retains other object features. Mislocalization must either occur in parallel to color and shape processing or at late stages of the visual pathway.

Study of intellectual activity at recognition of numerical multitudes of two-dimensional and three-dimensional stimuli of different color in lower monkeys

The capability of monkeys for recognition and comparison by identity of two-dimensional images and three-dimensional objects of different color and number (from 1 to 5) was studied at solution of tasks of the “selection by sample” type. The study was carried out on two species of the lower monkeys of different levels of phylogenetic development: rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and brown capuchins (Cebus apella). Representatives of the studied monkey species were established to able to differentiate two-dimensional stimuli (images of squares) and three-dimensional stimuli (objects of rounded shape) of red, yellow, and green color in different quantitative ratios (from 1 to 5) by selecting identical signs when solving modifications of the “selection by sample” tasks. The obtained data indicate the presence in primates of numerical notion and their ability to differentiate objects in the number from 1 to 5 regardless of the color of these objects. Speciesspecific differences in monkeys were revealed; rhesus macaques, as compared with capuchins, experienced difficulties at solution of complex combinatory tasks. The obtained experimental results give grounds to believe the presence in the lower monkeys the notion “quantity” as well as of the sufficiently high level of pre-verbal thinking.

Peculiarities of recognition and comparison by size of two-dimensional images and three-dimensional objects of different colors in the lower monkeys

The ability of monkeys to recognize and compare two-dimensional images and three-dimensional objects of different colors by size was studied. The study was carried out on two species of monkey of different level of phylogenetic development: rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) and brown capuchin (Cebus apella). The monkeys were established to be able to recognize and to compare by size the two-dimensional pictures and three-dimensional objects of red, yellow, and green colors with identification of the relative sign “more.” Solution of visual tasks of the “more-less” type was achieved at any combination of stimuli regardless of color. The age-and specie-related differences were revealed during the course of training. In all monkeys the “transfer of learning” and formation of generalization were traced. This indicates a sufficiently well developed level of elementary thinking in the lower monkeys.

Stomatopods

Stomatopods

Comparative-Physiological Study of Peculiarities of Recognition of Two-Dimensional Images and Three-Dimensional Objects of Different Color and Their Identification in Lower and Higher Monkeys

The ability of monkeys to recognize visual stimuli as well as to collate and identify two-dimensional images and three-dimensional objects of different color was studied at their solving tasks of different degree of complexity. The study was performed on three species of monkeys of different levels of phylogenetic development: rhesus macaques Macaca mulatta, black-capped capuchins Cebus apella, and chimpanzee Pan troglodites. It has been established that representatives of the studied monkey species are capable of recognizing two-dimensional images and three-dimensional objects of the green, red, and yellow colors, of their collating and identifying. The differentiation of signals and the correct selection by color have been shown to be performed at solution of visual tasks of different degree of complexity by using different methodical approaches. In the course of learning, in all monkeys the transfer of the “learning” and formation of generalization are observed. This indicates a sufficiently well-developed level of elementary thinking in primates.

Spatial structure and the perceived motion of ob jects of different colors

Spatial structure and the perceived motion of ob jects of different colors

BIOLOGY OF BIRDS OF PARADISE AND BOWERBIRDS

which include the most elabo­ rately decorated structures erected by any animal other than Homo sapiens. Darwin discussed both of these families because they furnish extreme ex­ amples of sexual selection. However, BOPs and BBs also pose other ques­ tions that have only recently attracted attention. BOPs provide a little-studied example of adaptive radiation in bills and diets which rivals that of Darwin's finches. Because of this range of diets, as well as of social systems, BOPs and BBs interest sociobiologists concerned with ecological determinants of social systems. Both families provide rich data for studying speciation. Male BBs decorating their bowers with objects of different colors are beginning to interest animal behaviorists.

Measurement of interpupillary distance with chromostereopsis.

Chromostereopsis is a perceived depth difference between coplanar objects of different color and can be used for highly accurate measurement of interocular separation (PD). A survey of PD measurement with chromostereopsis and with the PD rule on 83 subjects shows that these methods on average result in the same PD, indicating that chromostereopsis is a valid technique for PD measurement. Repeated PD measures by these 83 individuals on the authors, using the PD rule and chromostereopsis, shows that the chromostereopsis result is far more repeatable than the PD rule. Suggestions are made for the use of the chromostereopsis technique in optometric practice.

Natural Preferences of Chicks and Ducklings for Objects of Different Colors

A technique has been described whereby preferences of animals for a large number of stimuli can be studied simultaneously, and the responses automatically recorded. Groups of Ss are presented with a number of colored stimuli on the sides of an enclosure. Pecks are recorded on electrical counters. Data are presented showing that differential responses to colored objects do occur in chicks ( N=200) and ducklings ( N=100) that have had very limited visual experience and no opportunity for directed learning. It must therefore be supposed that these responses are innately organized. For the chicks there is a bimodal preference to color, with one peak occurring in the orange region of the spectrum and a second peak in the blue region. The ducklings, on the other hand, have a narrower range of preference with a single sharp peak within the green and yellowish-green region. The color preference curves of chicks and ducklings are obviously quite dissimilar. The dissimilarity suggests some functional determinant, but the nature of the determinant is as yet unknown.

Natural Preferences of the Chick for Objects of Different Colors

Natural Preferences of the Chick for Objects of Different Colors