Philosophical Objections Research Articles

The Etymological Path to Moral Meaning: Adam and the Names

Abstract This paper advances the claim that an investigation into the significance of Qurʾānic terms must consider the semantic etymology of the elements under investigation, especially terms that have developed into technical concepts in Islamic theology and philosophy like the ethical variety investigated in this volume. The present article will give some of the salient reason for this imperative and demonstrate the value of semantic etymology in understanding the anthropological dimensions of theological concepts. Semantic etymology, the practice of uncovering the ‘original’ imposition of a word-thing relation (aṣl al-waḍʿ) by deducing the meaning of a word from the meaning of other words sharing the same lexeme was more than a descriptive linguistic science in the Arab-Islamic tradition. In late antiquity the Greek and Latin science of etymologia, like the Arabic ishtiqāq al-maʿná (later ʿilm al-waḍʿ), was a fully-fledged instrument of conceptual analysis for the reader and a powerful tool of discursive authority for both author and reader. Semantic etymology offers an account, not only of the original word-thing relation, but also the essential nature of the object. In our current moment in the history of philosophy where ‘essences’ and ‘essential qualities’ have lost almost all currency, the article opens the door for a reconsideration of the worth of ‘etymologies’ as sound and useful anthropological and philosophical objects of analysis.

Acute Demyelinating Encephalomyelitis Following Measles Infection Due to Vaccine Failure: A Case Report

IntroductionLocal outbreaks of measles infection are primarily mediated by international travel of persons from endemic areas, with subsequent spread of the virus via undervaccinated populations. Recent resurgences of measles in communities where vaccination rates are non-ideal secondary to philosophical objections require the emergency physician to more routinely consider the diagnosis. In cases of measles complicated by acute encephalitis or encephalopathy, the diagnosis can be especially difficult to make due to lack of a reliable primary historian.Case reportHere we present a case of altered mental status and new-onset bilateral lower extremity weakness in a fully vaccinated young woman diagnosed with measles infection caused by acute disseminated encephalomyelitis in the setting of vaccine failure.ConclusionDespite a documented history of immunization, acute measles infection and its uncommon sequelae are possible. Recognizing vaccine failure and appropriately isolating patients are of paramount importance.

Kamusal Alanda Sanat ve Sanat Eserleri

İnsanın yaşadığı evreni yaratıcı bir bakış ile algılama ve tanımlama çabasının odak noktasında yer alan sanatsal eylemler, aynı zamanda bilgi alışverişine dayalı toplumsal bir iletişim ve sosyal bütünleşme alanı olarak toplumların kültürel gelişimlerini beslemektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, sanatın eserler aracılığıyla kamusal alanlar ve mekanlarda yer alması, yaygınlaşması ve alımlayıcı ile etkileşim içinde olması ile ortaya çıkan olumlu kültürel dönüşümün etkilerini orataya çıkarmayı hedeflemektedir. 21. yüzyıl ile kentsel gelişimin ivme kazanması, çağdaş düşün ve sanat biçimlerinin kamusal alanlarda toplumla buluşturulması ve izleyicisi ile etkileşime geçmesi toplumun gelişimi açısından önemli dinamikler oluşturmaktadır. Sanatın kitlelerle buluşturulması, sanatın toplumsal alanda yaygınlaştırılmasına katkı sağlamakta, bu katkı kent dokusunda gözlemlenen olumlu dönüşümler ile sosyal ilişkilerin yapısının iyileşmesinde ortaya çıkmaktadır. Sanatsal etkinlikler, sanatsal kaygıların ve aktarılan düşüncenin yanı sıra birey üzerindeki etkisi ve oynadığı rol bakımından da önemlidir. Bireyler bu etkileşim sürecine dahil olmaktadırlar. Kamusal sanat, kamusal diyaloğu ve farkındalığı artırmakta ayrıca demokratik bir paylaşım alanı yaratmaktadır. Bu kapsamda kentsel gelişim ivmesinde çağdaş düşün ve sanat biçimlerinin toplu kullanım mekanlarında toplumla buluşturulması çağsal dönüşümün eşiğinde büyük önem taşımaktadır. Ekonomik ve politik merkezler olma hedefini çizen yeni kentsel politikalar, nüfusun kentsel alanlarda yoğunlaşmasına neden olduğu gibi, kentlerin sanat etkinliklerine olan ilgisini artırmaktadır. Sanatsal etkinlikler, ulusal alanda olduğu kadar uluslararası arenada kente politik ve kültürel bir statü kazandırmaktadır.

ISLAMIC COUNSELING IN A PHILOSOPHY PERSPECTIVE

Abstract: this paper aims to describe Islamic counseling from a philosophical perspective. However, Islamic counseling cannot be separated from the philosophical foundation as a foundation in analyzing the ontology, epistemology and axiology of Islamic counseling. This paper uses a library research approach, where data is obtained and collected from literature studies. Analysis of the data in this paper requires the author's important role in interpreting the data. In the end, the material object of Islamic Counseling philosophy is the same as the object of philosophy in general, namely everything that exists. Islamic counseling study methods can be done by; Normative, Historical, Linguistic, Contextual, Traditional, Critical, Hermeneutic Approaches.
 

“When a Nation Has No Leader, Poets Become Its Leaders” (Ukrainian Indigenous Literature as Viewed by Yevhen Malaniuk through a Mythological Prism)

The article discusses the literary-critical and national political activity of the outstanding Ukrainian poet and states figure Yevhen Malaniuk, using a corpus of his literary-critical essays. The author analyzes the oeuvre of diasporic writers in comparison with that of indigenous Ukrainian poets and prosaists who lived under the yoke of ideological prejudices and persecutions of the Soviet era, a symbiosis of “socialist realism” with stillborn “modernism”. Yearning for their homeland, Ukrainian diasporic writers created images of Ukraine the Vision, Ukraine the Dream, Ukraine the Goal, and an ideological political myth of a nation state. Yevhen Malaniuk fulfilled this philosophical and political objective brilliantly. His mythological thinking generated the concept of Ukraine the Hellas as a phenomenon of global importance. From his perspective, only by the glorious heroics of patriots and passionaries is it possible to foster national awareness. However, even with titans such as Taras Shevchenko, Bohdan Khmelnytskyi, Ivan Mazepa, and Symon Petliura, Ukrainian society was nevertheless unable to grasp such heroic endeavors adequately. Outstanding Ukrainian cultural activists never succeeded in viewing reality from a critical perspective. The poet debunks Russian colonialism and castigates Russian pro-imperial literature, the “split” Hohol, the chauvinistic propaganda of Russian culture. Yevhen Malaniuk’s oeuvre is seen as occupying a unique role in our literature

PENERAPAN THRESHOLD DALAM PEMILU MENURUT PERSPEKTIF GUSTAV RADBRUCH DAN HANS KELSEN

This study tries to discuss the tensions that occur between legal experts in formulating basic values that become the right legal objectives. Figures that are used as a comparison in the perspective of this legal objective are Gustav Radbruch and Hans Kelsen. Through a conceptual and case approach, this study tries to examine the concept of law based on contextual cases that occur in society, namely the application of the threshold in elections. In this study, the application of the threshold in elections is used as a measuring tool to determine legal objectives as stated by Gustav Radbruch and Hans Kelsen. The results of this study indicate that Gustav Radbruch sees and tends to the value of justice as a legal goal, like what Hans Kelsen found. The difference between Gustav Radburch's justice and Hans Kelsen lies in how to measure and realize this justice. This research is expected to be able to help academics and legal practitioners to dig deeper into the philosophical objectives of law in order to create laws that can answer the needs of society.

Causal Time Loops and the Immaculate Conception

The doctrine of the immaculate conception, which is a dogma binding on all Roman Catholics and also held by members of some other Christian denominations, holds that Mary the mother of Jesus Christ was conceived without the stain of original sin as a result of the redeeming effects of Christ’s later life, passion, death, and resurrection. In this paper I argue first that, even on an orthodox reading of this doctrine, the immaculate conception seems to result in a kind of causal time loop. I then consider several common philosophical objections to causal time loops, showing how each is either not a serious problem for causal time loops in general or is not a serious problem for the immaculate conception time loop in particular because of some particular features of that particular loop. The upshot of this discussion is that it shows that anyone who is committed to the dogma of the immaculate conception is also committed to the possibility, and, indeed, the actuality, of at least one causal time loop, but also that this is no reason to reject the dogma, since all of the major worries for causal time loops can be resolved in one way or another.

PERAN ZAKAT DAN WAKAF DALAM PEMBANGUNAN EKONOMI UMAT PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM

This research aims to determine and comprehen about zakat and waqf role in the economic development of the Muslims (Ummah) in Islamic economic perspective. Research types is library research. Research approach using combination of a philosophical and phenomenological approach. A philosophical approach is used to look deeply at philosophical material objects such as values, principles, Islamic economic goals and zakat and wakaf role in Muslims (ummah) economic development. While the phenomenological approach is used to look at the economic development that is reflected in society through statistical data about poverty, as well as those contained in a literature work such as books, documents, scientific works and research. Study result: Islamic economic system aims is to improve society welfare and to realize maqasid as sharia, and uphold justice value, therefore the important base of zakat and waqf distribution is Allah guidance in Qur’an Surah (chapter) [59]: 7 .... " so that the wealth should not circulate among the rich people among you... "from these foundation spawned a great concept of zakat and waqf role in economic development. Zakat and waqf are economic development instruments. Empowerment and management of coordinatively between government and society make a positive contribution in Muslims economic development.

Confrontation and Its Problems: Can the History of Science Provide Evidence for the Philosophy of Science?

Abstract In this paper I am concerned with the relation between the history of science and the philosophy of science from the perspective of philosophy. In particular, I examine two philosophical objections against the idea that the history of science can provide evidences to the philosophy of science. The first objection is metaphysical and suggests that given Hume’s law, i.e. that norms cannot be derived from facts and given that the history of science is a descriptive enterprise while the philosophy of science is a normative endeavor, the former cannot be informative for the latter. The second is epistemological and is often called the ‘case studies dilemma’. According to this dilemma, we can neither deduce general philosophical theories from particular historical cases nor test the former through the latter. I argue that although those objections fail to be fatal for the idea that the historical data can provide evidence for the philosophical theories of science, they can help us draw a proper image of the relation between the history and the philosophy of science. I conclude that this picture presupposes the constant epistemic iteration between the two disciplines.

ROBOTIC AI, CRISPR, AND FREE WILL

ROBOTIC AI, CRISPR, AND FREE WILL

Exploring the Perspectives of Middle-class African American Parents Who Are Charter School Skeptics

The expansion of charter schools continues to be one of the most hotly debated topics in American K–12 education. Through the use of in-depth interviews, this article explores the perceptions of charter schools among middle-class African American parents in Albany, NY, who have largely chosen traditional, city public schools over city charter schools. Findings reveal that the majority of parents disliked charter schools in that they connected them with the corporate/business model of education visible in the trend toward neoliberalism. Their critiques centered on three broad categories: skepticism of their academic quality, political or philosophical objections to charter schools, and a dislike of charter schools’ policies. This article concludes with limitations of the data and suggestions for future research.

A randomised controlled trial of SMS messaging and calendar reminders to improve vaccination timeliness in infants

BackgroundThe effectiveness of SMS reminders in improving vaccination coverage has been assessed previously, with effectiveness varying between settings. However, there are very few studies on their effect on the timeliness of vaccination. DesignUnblinded, randomised controlled trial with blocked sampling. Methods1594 Australian infants and young children were recruited to assess the impact of (1) SMS reminders only, (2) a personalised calendar, (3) SMS reminder and personalised calendar and (4) no intervention, on receipt of vaccine within 30 days of the due date. Outcomes were measured for receipt of vaccines due at 2, 4, 6, 12 and 18 months of age. A post-hoc assessment was also conducted of the impact of a new national “No jab No Pay” policy introduced during the trial, which removed philosophical objections as an exemption for financial penalties for non-vaccination. ResultsThere was a statistically significant improvement in on-time vaccination only at the 12 month schedule point amongst infants who received SMS reminders alone (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.01–1.18) or in combination with a personalised calendar (1.11, CI 1.03–1.20) compared to controls. This impact was limited to participants who had received one or more previous doses late. No statistically significant impacts of calendar interventions alone were seen. There was a high rate of on-time compliance amongst control participants − 95%, 86%, 80%, 74% at the 4, 6, 12 and 18 month schedule points respectively, which increased more than 10 percentage points after implementation of the “No Jab, No Pay” policy. ConclusionsSMS reminders are more effective in improving timeliness where pre-existing compliance is lower, but the 18 month schedule point appeared to be less amenable to intervention. Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trial Registration No. ACTRN12614000970640.

A Literature Review: Positive Accounting Theory (PAT)

This paper reviews the positive accounting theory. The article also discusses development in accounting theory and research. The philosophical objective of positive accounting theory is to explain and predict current accounting practice. Positive accounting theory seeks to understand why accounting practices are employed by accountants in different circumstances and by different firms. Three hypotheses in positive accounting theory: bonus plan, debt covenant and political cost. Criticisms of positive accounting theory (1) methodology, philosophy and economics approach. This study will discuss PAT as seen from several perspectives, including the history of the rise of PAT, the shift from normative to positive approaches, then the development of PAT, research on PAT and criticism of PAT. The paper also describes the economic consequences related to the emergence of new accounting standards which of course will affect the selection of the method of accounting by management.

Campo de batalla de la filosofía: atomismo lacaniano y la apuesta en torno al objeto a

¿En qué momento surge el vacío en la filosofía? ¿Cuándo emerge como un objeto filosófico digno de reflexión? Bajo el telón de fondo de estas preguntas propongo una tesis inicial para comenzar este trabajo: en el principio, quizás ahora también, la filosofía intentó liberarse del problema del vacío. La afirmación filosófica es una afirmación política que da cuenta de un campo de batalla: el ser es un arma que se debe usar contra un enemigo insondable. El logos, como instrumento fundamental en esta batalla, debe ser afirmado constantemente para que no caiga en la trampa de la negatividad. El problema del clinamen es indicativo de esta batalla respecto al vacío, el ser y el materialismo: Hegel hablaba despreciativamente de él; por otro lado, Deleuze realizó una formulación formidable apoyado en la causa atomista de Lucrecio explicitando una política materialista. Por último, con Lacan observamos el invento de Demócrito del den: esta produce un nuevo objeto que, sin embargo, yace materialistamente bajo desde los albores de la filosofía. Este es quizás el lugar que puede ocupar el psicoanálisis en la discusión materialista: mostrar aquel objeto, objeto a, como nueva herramienta en la batalla.

Optimal Tax Theory as a Theory of Distributive Justice

The literature on taxation and transfers primarily relies on two theories of distributive justice: resource egalitarianism and welfarism, as elaborated through optimal tax theory.In recent years, optimal tax theory has garnered even greater prominence. But nonwelfarists argue it fails to address a number of serious philosophical objections. This article considers the primary critiques of optimal tax theory, especially by resource egalitarians. It argues the gap between these two theories is narrower than most appreciate. Indeed, once one focuses on egalitarian optimal tax theory and reads that literature broadly, the ideal policy design principles implied by each theory largely mimic the other. In addition, this article explores how both theories have dealt with concerns that they respond inadequately to preferences to help or harm others, hold individuals unduly responsible for their choices, or fail to account for real world social dynamics and human behavior. It argues that egalitarian optimal tax theory has responded—or, as laid out here, could respond—more effectively to these objections than resource egalitarianism.Specifically, optimal tax theory should adopt three innovations: (1) applying welfare-weighted Pigouvian taxes and subsidies to other-regarding preferences, (2) modeling the optimal endowment tax as one that is risk-neutral and only partially based on ex ante potential income, and (3) treating choices as providing less information about well-being when they are further in the past or relatively predictable. More explicitly and consistently adopting these assumptions and modeling approaches would clarify that egalitarian optimal tax theory does not entail the extreme limits on autonomy, and unrelenting responsibility for prior choices, that have troubled nonwelfarists.Instead, the focus of egalitarian optimal tax theory would move toward sequalizing outcomes, and away from equalizing ex ante endowments.

AI, Ethics, and Law: A Possible Way Forward

This Chapter offers a framework for analyzing the intersection of artificial intelligence (AI), ethics, and law. It does so, as Part 1 explains, by (1) suggesting potential limitations on AI consciousness and identifying the implications of those limitations for ethics and law, and (2) acknowledging three possible philosophical objections to this line of analysis and providing reasons to reject each of them. Part 2 explores the role that consciousness plays in forming objectives, including in making relevant moral and other value judgments. It suggests that as long as AI lacks consciousness we will have difficulty regulating it — our ethics and law often rely on intent in assigning, respectively, moral responsibility and legal liability — and difficulty using it to regulate ourselves — value judgments play an important role in resolving ethical and legal disputes. It also notes that conscious AI is likely to have very different first-person experiences than we do — and hence very different forms of intent and values than we have — giving rise to another set of difficulties for regulating it and for it regulating us. With this sketch of an argument in place, Part 3 addresses three potential philosophical objections to it: that consciousness as a matter of theory cannot have the sort of causal effect on behavior that Part 2 presumes; that consciousness as a matter of empirical fact does not have that sort of causal effect; and that Part 2 relies on a dubious understanding of free will. Part 3 contends that none of these objections is persuasive. The Chapter concludes that the analysis in Part 2 warrants further development.

OBJECTIVITY IN SOCIAL SCIENCE

The debate on the scientific status of the Social Sciences and their bid to achieve objectivity in their inquiries is an unending debate within and outside the Social Science family. The positivists are of the opinion that objectivity in Social Science is achievable and that scientific methods can be used in Social Science inquiry, just the same or similar way(s) the natural scientists do their scientific endeavor. To the positivists ‘value-free Social Science’ is possible. This position is however criticized even within the Social Sciences, let alone in the scientific world. All these debates centered on whether or not the Social Scientists are truly scientific in their quest for knowledge. No matter the outcome of the debate what is obvious is that there is a philosophical problem with scientific objectivity in general. Based on a historical review of the development of certain scientific theories, in his book, ‘the Structure of scientific revolutions’, a scientist and a historian Thomas Kuhn raised some philosophical objections to claims of the possibility of scientific understanding being truly objective. Against this backdrop, the paper seeks to unravel the varied theoretical debates on the subject.

Предметът на философията в презентационистката теория на Американския неореализъмПредметът на философията в презентационистката теория на Американския неореализъм

the article reveals the significant influence of philosophers such as Brentano and Meinong in forming major points of Neorealist theory in the United States. Emphasis is placed on the conceptual understanding of the nature of the subject of philosophy in the various scientific developments of thinkers of American Neorealist. Identical theoretical thesis are shown about the nature of the object of philosophy, its independence from consciousness, the correlation between that object and consciousness, and between the various objects in the world.

RUSSIAN EUROPEAN B.V. YAKOVENKO

The article analyzes the creativity of one of the most famous Russian neokantians Boris V. Yakovenko. Despite the fact that the work of Yakovenko becomes the subject of analysis of an increasing number of researchers both in Russia and abroad, it has not yet taken place in a systematic analysis. The article attempts to consider the philosophical creativity of the Russian philosopher systematically, revealing both the main directions of European thought that had the greatest influence on the position of Yakovenko and the main areas of philosophy to which the efforts of the national thinker were directed. These, according to the author, include the history of philosophy and the system of so-called transcendental pluralism. It is pointed out that the history of philosophy for Yakovenko is a single holistic process and therefore is the history of the development of philosophical ideas, and not the history of life and work of individual philosophers. According to Yakovenko, the general philosophical scheme of historical development looks like this: from Greek cosmism to German epistemology and the beginning ontological turn in modern philosophy. There is also the belief of B.V. Yakovenko that there is no national philosophy. In his opinion, philosophy, as well as science in General, can only be international. His second main thesis concerning the development of philosophy is that philosophy should be independent from other branches of human knowledge and knowledge. She must not be a servant of theology or science. The article also presents various stages of the Russian philosopher's development of his version of the concept of pluralistic philosophy. According to Yakovenko, only pluralistic philosophy is able to know the essence as the main object of philosophy.

KAYNAĞI VE İSLAM DÜŞÜNCESİNE KATKISI BAKIMINDAN NUR TEORİSİ VE İŞRAKİ FELSEFE

This article is written to determine ontological and epistemological analogies and dissimilarities between Gazali’s Theory of Light and Suhrawardi’s Ishraq Philosophy (Israqiyye); to reason source of knowledge and its contribution to Islamic Thought; and to reach an opinion about their worth with reference to their contributions. To analyse Ishraqiyye “Hikmat al-Ishraq (Wisdom of Overflow) is focused as done “Mishqat al-Anwar (The Niche of Lights)” and Maqasid al-Falasafah (Objectives of Philosophy) for the Theory of Light. Appraisals and findings in this work provides us to see intellectual atmosphere which makes secular and historicist philosophies spread out nowadays and their roots in history of Islamic Thought. Spread of these philosophies with technical and scientific knowledge imported during modernization and their effects on intellectual and cultural life were not analysed in this work. However intellectual atmosphere which eases these philosophies to be accepted was studied with reference to evaluation of works focused in this article. Because of the lack of reconciliation about sources of these works and their worth in Islamic Thought, a mentality dissociating realities of Islamic knowledge from scientific was triggered. Thus the worth of works, focused in this article, is taken into consideration with reference to secularization problem which is consequence of ignored philosophy of Ishraq and Light.