Objective Assessment Of Performance Research Articles

Subjective and Objective Assessment of Chewing Performance in Older Adults with Different Dental Occlusion

Objectives: Satisfactory masticatory function is a significant indicator of improved oral health-related quality of life in older adults, either with or without artificial teeth. The purpose of this study was to examine masticatory performance of older adults with different prosthodontic reconstructions and occlusion, as well as to compare subjective and objective assessment of chewing performance. Material and Methods: This study included 100 participants aged 65 and more. The chewing function questionnaire (CFQ) with answers on the Likert scale 0–4 (0 = no difficulties; 4 = maximum difficulties) was used as an indicator of subjective masticatory assessment. The two-color chewing gum test was used as objective assessment of masticatory function (mixing ability), based on the Z-score values. Dental occlusion was assessed using functional teeth units (FTU). Results: The results obtained using the CFQ and the clinical mixing ability test are in compliance with each other (r = 0.742). A decrease in the number of natural teeth, especially posterior teeth, progressively reduced chewing ability and increased difficulties in mastication. Participants with less FTUs, or with FTUs that are a part of removable denture, had greater reduction in masticatory function compared to those with FTUs composed of natural teeth or fixed partial dentures. Conclusion: This study revealed a strong positive correlation between the subjective masticatory assessment in older adults using the validated questionnaire and the objective clinical test of the mixing ability of two chewing gums. Our data on influence of the number and the type of FTU on masticatory performance will be valuable when planning prosthodontic therapy.

OGATE: A framework for autonomous controllers assessment

Autonomous robots can face a variety of applications integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques, for instance Planning & Scheduling (P&S). While robotics and planning systems are commonly well assessed through test benchs and metrics, in autonomous robots literature it is usual to present isolated case studies for evaluating such works. For instance, experiments are presented in very specific circumstances and often the data provided is not enough to enable a characterization of the autonomous features performance, providing only a demonstration of effectiveness. The main issue is the absence of a framework to assess autonomous controllers from a general perspective. We propose a research focused on a set of general applicable metrics to enable assessment of autonomous controllers. In this way, our objective is to analyse the deliberation and reaction capabilities of an autonomous robot in real operative scenarios. Such metrics are implemented in OGATE, a domain independent tool that automatically carries on with controllers’ testing, generating objective and reproducible performance assessments. To test this framework we have used two autonomous controllers that rely on different technologies for P&S. Results show that we are able to obtain relevant data, enabling the characterization of different P&S integration in robotics.

The Effect of ESG News on the Chinese Stock Market

The relation between corporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and firm value has received increasing attention. However, the recent literature on corporate ESG performance evaluation suffers from potentially biased data sources, incomplete coverage, and uncertainty among agencies. The objectivity, timeliness, and breadth of news allow the media to provide a good perspective on ESG instead. This study investigated the effects of ESG-related news on the stock market to confirm that news is a helpful complement to the assessment of ESG performance. The results show that 1) ESG news has a greater and more significant impact on the stock market than news unrelated to ESG. 2) Of the three fields of ESG news, environmental news has a greater and more significant impact, which varies widely by topic. 3) Environmental news has different impacts on listed firms in different regions. This study provides new ideas for a complete and objective assessment of corporate ESG performance and the management of a corporate media image from the use of ESG news.

The effect of the capacity-building program in primary and secondary education (external evaluation) on the level of performance evaluation of physical education teachers

Significant changes are occurring in the education system in Iraq. These changes aim to ensure the improvement of the quality of education in schools in cooperation with the British Council, as this council is one of the leading international organizations in the United Kingdom specialized in the field of education and cultural relations, as every school in central and southern Iraq received An external evaluation by a committee of three educational supervisors in the academic year ( 2018-2019 ) , and year( 2019-2020 ) where the evaluation process provided, for the first time, an objective assessment of each school's performance and effectiveness in accordance with the twenty-five standards for schools. The research aims to identify the degree of annual evaluation of the physical education teacher according to the form of performance evaluation after the application of the program. The researcher used the experimental method for its suitability to the nature of the research. The research community included teachers of sports education in the representation of the Ministry of Education in Erbil, whose number is (102) and distributed over (116) schools. The research sample included (10) teachers distributed among 10 schools for the displaced, namely (Al-Wehdah, Al-Shams 3, Al-Shams 1, Lana Al-Ahlia, Hataw, the Emirates Martyrs, Sejala, Al-Huwaira, Al-Muzaffariyah, Salah Al-Din). The data were statistically treated and the researcher reached the validity of a program External evaluation in increasing the annual evaluation scores of physical education teacher.

The development of an eye movement-based deep learning system for laparoscopic surgical skills assessment

The development of valid, reliable, and objective methods of skills assessment is central to modern surgical training. Numerous rating scales have been developed and validated for quantifying surgical performance. However, many of these scoring systems are potentially flawed in their design in terms of reliability. Eye-tracking techniques, which provide a more objective investigation of the visual-cognitive aspects of the decision-making process, recently have been utilized in surgery domains for skill assessment and training, and their use has been focused on investigating differences between expert and novice surgeons to understand task performance, identify experienced surgeons, and establish training approaches. Ten graduate students at the National Taiwan University of Science and Technology with no prior laparoscopic surgical skills were recruited to perform the FLS peg transfer task. Then k-means clustering algorithm was used to split 500 trials into three dissimilar clusters, grouped as novice, intermediate, and expert levels, by an objective performance assessment parameter incorporating task duration with error score. Two types of data sets, namely, time series data extracted from coordinates of eye fixation and image data from videos, were used to implement and test our proposed skill level detection system with ensemble learning and a CNN algorithm. Results indicated that ensemble learning and the CNN were able to correctly classify skill levels with accuracies of 76.0% and 81.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the incorporation of coordinates of eye fixation and image data allowed the discrimination of skill levels with a classification accuracy of 82.5%. We examined more levels of training experience and further integrated an eye tracking technique and deep learning algorithms to develop a tool for objective assessment of laparoscopic surgical skill. With a relatively unbalanced sample, our results have demonstrated that the approach combining the features of visual fixation coordinates and images achieved a very promising level of performance for classifying skill levels of trainees.

Multi-Coil MRI Reconstruction Challenge-Assessing Brain MRI Reconstruction Models and Their Generalizability to Varying Coil Configurations.

Deep-learning-based brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reconstruction methods have the potential to accelerate the MRI acquisition process. Nevertheless, the scientific community lacks appropriate benchmarks to assess the MRI reconstruction quality of high-resolution brain images, and evaluate how these proposed algorithms will behave in the presence of small, but expected data distribution shifts. The multi-coil MRI (MC-MRI) reconstruction challenge provides a benchmark that aims at addressing these issues, using a large dataset of high-resolution, three-dimensional, T1-weighted MRI scans. The challenge has two primary goals: (1) to compare different MRI reconstruction models on this dataset and (2) to assess the generalizability of these models to data acquired with a different number of receiver coils. In this paper, we describe the challenge experimental design and summarize the results of a set of baseline and state-of-the-art brain MRI reconstruction models. We provide relevant comparative information on the current MRI reconstruction state-of-the-art and highlight the challenges of obtaining generalizable models that are required prior to broader clinical adoption. The MC-MRI benchmark data, evaluation code, and current challenge leaderboard are publicly available. They provide an objective performance assessment for future developments in the field of brain MRI reconstruction.

Depth Estimation for Egocentric Rehabilitation Monitoring Using Deep Learning Algorithms

Upper limb impairment is one of the most common problems for people with neurological disabilities, affecting their activity, quality of life (QOL), and independence. Objective assessment of upper limb performance is a promising way to help patients with neurological upper limb disorders. By using wearable sensors, such as an egocentric camera, it is possible to monitor and objectively assess patients’ actual performance in activities of daily life (ADLs). We analyzed the possibility of using Deep Learning models for depth estimation based on a single RGB image to allow the monitoring of patients with 2D (RGB) cameras. We conducted experiments placing objects at different distances from the camera and varying the lighting conditions to evaluate the performance of the depth estimation provided by two deep learning models (MiDaS & Alhashim). Finally, we integrated the best performing model for depth-estimation (MiDaS) with other Deep Learning models for hand (MediaPipe) and object detection (YOLO) and evaluated the system in a task of hand-object interaction. Our tests showed that our final system has a 78% performance in detecting interactions, while the reference performance using a 3D (depth) camera is 84%.

New Robotic System with Wristed Microinstruments Allows Precise Reconstructive Microsurgery: Preclinical Study.

Microsurgery allows complex reconstruction of tissue defects after oncological resections or severe trauma. Performing these procedures may be limited by human tremor, precision, and manual dexterity. A new robot designed specifically for microsurgery with wristed microinstruments and motion scaling may reduce human tremor and thus enhance precision. This randomized controlled preclinical trial investigated whether this new robotic system can successfully perform microsurgical needle driving, suturing, and anastomosis. Expert microsurgeons and novices completed six needle passage exercises and performed six anastomoses by hand and six with the new robot. Experienced microsurgeons blindly assessed the quality of the procedures. Precision in microneedle driving and stitch placement was assessed by calculating suturing distances and angulation. Performance of microsurgical anastomoses was assessed by time, learning curves, and the Anastomosis Lapse Index score for objective performance assessment. Refined precision in suturing was achieved with the robot when compared with the manual technique regarding suture distances (p = 0.02) and angulation (p<0.01). The time required to perform microsurgical anastomoses was longer with the robot, however, both expert and novice microsurgeons reduced times with practice. The objective evaluation of the anastomoses performed by novices showed better results with the robot. This study demonstrated the feasibility of performing precise microsutures and anastomoses using a new robotic system. Compared to standard manual techniques, robotic procedures were longer in time, but showed greater precision.

Hidden Handicaps of Benchmarking: Impact of the Choice of Industry Classification Taxonomy on Peer Group Based Evaluations

Benchmarking is one of the most widely used business assessment tools. It is rooted in the use peer group￾framed comparisons geared toward objective assessment of company-specific performance, processes, or threat exposures. A critical aspect of benchmarking is peer group selection – here, it is widely believed that the use of standard industry classification offers an unbiased and uniform benchmark-setting basis. More specifically, the notion of ‘industry segment’ is often implicitly assumed to be definitionally singular, in the sense of being universally defined – that, however, is not the case. There are multiple competing industry definition and classification schemas and cross-taxonomy differences are substantial, which suggest that the choice of industry classification taxonomy can have material impact on the resultant benchmarks, and more importantly, on benchmarking-based evaluations. This article offers an empirical examination of that supposition, built around benchmarking-based assessment of a pharmaceutical company’s exposure to securities litigation; the results offer supporting evidence of material impact of the choice of industry classification schema on benchmark values and the resultant decision-making implications.

Subjective vs. objective assessment of simulation performance on laparoscopic cholecystectomy: are we evaluating the right things?

Simulation using virtual reality (VR) simulators is an important tool in surgical training. VR laparoscopic simulators can provide immediate objective performance assessment without observer evaluation. This study aims to explore the correlation between subjective observer evaluation and VR laparoscopic simulator performance metrics in a laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) simulation module. A LC simulation module using a VR laparoscopic simulator was completed by PGY2-3 general surgery residents at a single institution. Simulation performance was recorded and evaluated by a trained evaluator using the validated Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills (GOALS) form, the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS) form, and a LC-specific simulation assessment form (LC-SIM). Objective performance metrics were also obtained from the simulator system. Performance before the curriculum (pre-test) and after the curriculum (post-test) were compared. Fourteen residents were included in the study. There were significant improvements from pre-test to post-test on each component of GOALS, OSATS, and LC-SIM scores (all p values < 0.05). In terms of objective simulator metrics, significant improvements were noted in time to extract gallbladder (481 ± 221 vs 909 ± 366min, p = 0.019), total number of movements (475 ± 264 vs 839 ± 324min, p = 0.012), and total path length (955 ± 475 vs 1775 ± 632cm, p = 0.012) from pre-test to post-test. While number of movements and total path lengths of both hands decreased, speed of right instrument also decreased from 4.1 + 2.7 to 3.0 ± 0.7cm/sec (p = 0.007). Average speed of left instrument was associated with respect for tissue (r = 0.60, p < 0.05) and depth perception (r = 0.68, p < 0.05) on post-test evaluations. Our study demonstrated significant improvement in technical skills based on subjective evaluator assessment as well as objective simulator metrics after simulation. The few correlations identified between the subjective evaluator and the objective simulator assessments suggest the two evaluation modalities were measuring different aspects of the technical skills and should both be considered in the evaluation process.

Two is better than one—Examining biology-specific TPACK and its T-dimensions from two angles

Until now, TPACK has mostly been measured by subject-unspecific self-report measures. In contrast, this study introduces and analyzes an objective and biology-specific performance assessment of the four T-dimensions of TPACK. This instrument was used in combination with a biology-specific self-report measure to examine 206 biology teacher students at an Austrian university. Using two test instruments to measure the same construct allows direct comparison and increases validity. Structural equation models were calculated to analyze and compare the internal structure of the four T-dimensions within the two instruments. Although different test formats were used, for which the dimensions showed moderate correlations, the data for both test formats showed a similar internal structure and support a transformative view due to lack of direct influence of technological knowledge (TK) on TPACK.

АНАЛІЗ БЕЗЗБИТКОВОСТІ ПІДПРИЄМНИЦЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ В УМОВАХ ЗМІН

The article deals with the functioning of entrepreneurial activity in the conditions of changes. The peculiarity of entrepreneurial activity is determined, which consists in the correct assessment of the situation and the transformation of difficulties into profit. Economic instability increases the risk and at the same time increases the chances of an entrepreneur who will be able to correctly assess the situation, predict losses and profits. Effective entrepreneurial activity in the face of change depends on the rational use of all types of resources, which necessitates the transition to an optimal cost management system. Methods have been studied that make it possible to quickly assess the impact of the size and structure of costs, the volume of sales of products on profit, analyze its dependence on the price level and production structure, and justify the marketing strategy. The level of break-even production of products or services is analyzed, at which the proceeds from the sale of these products/services (income) are equal to total costs. CVP-analysis is described, which allows optimizing the ratio between variable and fixed costs; optimize the ratio between price and sales volume; minimize business risk; evaluate and predict financial results; identify reserves and ensure an adequate margin of financial stability and justify recommendations for improving activities. The indicators necessary to determine the break-even activity were studied: marginal profit, marginal profit ratio, equilibrium volume of operating activity, level of operational security, and volume of operating activity that provides the target profitability and control lever. CVP analysis should help reduce the risk associated with choosing the right solution. It should be based on accounting information, reporting, plans and forecasts. The break-even analysis of economic activity as a cost management tool has many advantages and, from the point of view of the distribution of fixed costs, provides an objective assessment of performance and enables effective planning, forecasting and cost management. Indeed, in the conditions of change, the problem arises of determining costs, their distribution among objects and ensuring their minimization, management and recognition of expediency, achieving the necessary profitability.

Normative data and percentile curves for long-term athlete development in swimming

ObjectivesTo provide normative data and establish percentile curves for long-course (50 m pool length) swimming events and to compare progression of race times longitudinally for the various swimming strokes and race distances. DesignDescriptive approach with longitudinal tracking of performance data. MethodsA total of 2,884,783 race results were collected from which 169,194 annual best times from early junior to elite age were extracted. To account for drop-outs during adolescence, only swimmers still competing at age of peak performance (21–26 years) were included and analyzed retrospectively. Percentiles were established with z-scores around the median and the Lambda-Mu-Sigma (LMS) method applied to account for potential skewness. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measure and between-subject factor was applied to compare race times across the various events and age groups. ResultsPercentile curves were established based on longitudinal tracking of race times specific to sex, swimming stroke, and race distance. Comparing performance progression, race times of freestyle sprint events showed an early plateau with no further significant improvement (p > 0.05) after late junior age (15–17 years). However, the longer the race distance, the later the race times plateaued (p < 0.05). Female swimmers generally showed an earlier performance plateau than males. Backstroke and freestyle showed an earlier performance plateau compared to the other swimming strokes (p < 0.05). ConclusionsPerformance progression varied between sex, swimming strokes, and race distances. Percentile curves based on longitudinal tracking may allow an objective assessment of swimming performance, help discover individual potentials, and facilitate realistic goal setting for talent development.

Alignment Between Objective and Subjective Assessments of Health System Performance: Findings From a Mixed-Methods Study.

The article examines whether subjective performance assessments from health system executives match objective performance assessments and qualitatively explores ways to achieve high performance. We interviewed 138 C-suite executives of 24 health systems in California, Minnesota, Washington, and Wisconsin between 2017 and 2019. We used maximum variation sampling to select health systems to achieve diversity in performance on objective measures of clinical performance. Our interviews focused on executives' perceptions of their own health system's performance and factors they thought generally contributed to high performance. In our analysis, we grouped health systems based on objective performance levels (high, medium, and low) used in sampling, compared objective performance ratings with executives' subjective performance assessments, and used thematic analysis to identify reasons for subjective assessment of health system performance and levers of high performance in general. There was poor agreement between objective and subjective performance assessments (kappa = 0.082). Subjective assessments were higher than objective assessments and captured more factors than are typically considered in performance accountability and value-based payment initiatives. Executives whose views were inconsistent with objective performance assessments did not cite clinical care quality per se as the basis for their assessment, focusing instead on market competition, financial performance, and high customer satisfaction and loyalty. Executives who cited clinical quality metrics as the basis of their assessment offered subjective ratings consistent with objective ratings. Executives identified organizational culture, organizational governance, and staff engagement as levers for achieving high performance. Future research should explore the benefits and drawbacks of considering subjective performance assessments in value-based payment initiatives.

Cochlear implant surgery: Learning curve in virtual reality simulation training and transfer of skills to a 3D-printed temporal bone – A prospective trial

Objective Mastering Cochlear Implant (CI) surgery requires repeated practice, preferably initiated in a safe – i.e. simulated – environment. Mastoidectomy Virtual Reality (VR) simulation-based training (SBT) is effective, but SBT of CI surgery largely uninvestigated. The learning curve is imperative for understanding surgical skills acquisition and developing competency-based training. Here, we explore learning curves in VR SBT of CI surgery and transfer of skills to a 3D-printed model. Methods Prospective, single-arm trial. Twenty-four novice medical students completed a pre-training CI inserting test on a commercially available pre-drilled 3D-printed temporal bone. A training program of 18 VR simulation CI procedures was completed in the Visual Ear Simulator over four sessions. Finally, a post-training test similar to the pre-training test was completed. Two blinded experts rated performances using the validated Cochlear Implant Surgery Assessment Tool (CISAT). Performance scores were analyzed using linear mixed models. Results Learning curves were highly individual with primary performance improvement initially, and small but steady improvements throughout the 18 procedures. CI VR simulation performance improved 33% (p < 0.001). Insertion performance on a 3D-printed temporal bone improved 21% (p < 0.001), demonstrating skills transfer. Discussion VR SBT of CI surgery improves novices’ performance. It is useful for introducing the procedure and acquiring basic skills. CI surgery training should pivot on objective performance assessment for reaching pre-defined competency before cadaver – or real-life surgery. Simulation-based training provides a structured and safe learning environment for initial training. Conclusion CI surgery skills improve from VR SBT, which can be used to learn the fundamentals of CI surgery.

Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair Simulator Equipped with Eye Tracking Based Performance Assessment Capabilities: A Pilot Study

BackgroundThe increase in cardiovascular disease cases that require minimally invasive treatment is inducing a new need to train physicians to perform them safely and effectively. Nevertheless, adaptation to simulation-based training has been slow, especially for complex procedures.ObjectivesWe describe a newly developed mitral valve repair (MVR) simulator, equipped with new objective performance assessment methods, with an emphasis on its use for training the MitraClip™ procedure.MethodsThe MVR contains phantoms of all anatomical structures encountered during mitral valve repair with a transvenous, transseptal approach. In addition, several cameras, line lasers, and ultraviolet lights are used to mimic echocardiographic and fluoroscopic imaging and with a remote eye tracker the cognitive behaviour of the operator is recorded. A pilot study with a total of 9 interventional cardiologists, cardiac surgeons and technical experts was conducted. All participants performed the MitraClip procedure on the MVR simulator using standard interventional tools. Subsequently, each participant completed a structured questionnaire to assess the simulator.ResultsThe simulator functioned well, and the implemented objective performance assessment methods worked reliably. Key performance metrics such as x-ray usage were comparable with results from studies assessing these metrics in real interventions. Fluoroscopy imaging is realistic for the transseptal puncture but reaches its limits during the final steps of the procedure.ConclusionThe functionality and objective performance assessment of the MVR simulator were demonstrated. Especially for complex procedures such as the MitraClip procedure, this simulator offers a suitable platform for risk-free training and education.

Erratum: An Objective Assessment of Performance During Robotic Partial Nephrectomy: Validation and Correlation of Automated Performance Metrics With Intraoperative Outcomes.

Erratum: An Objective Assessment of Performance During Robotic Partial Nephrectomy: Validation and Correlation of Automated Performance Metrics With Intraoperative Outcomes.

Objective performance assessment on trainees of a VATS simulation program: A prospective single center study

Abstract Objective A prospective single center study to assess the objective impact on motion performance of a VATS simulation program on thoracic surgery trainees. Methods We developed a 6-month VATS simulation training program including exercises of progressive complexity on 3 different black box simulators: a 2D and 3D lobectomy model (Stupnik®) and a 3D perfused lobectomy model (Crabtree®). Between November 2019 and 2020, all consecutive thoracic surgery residents (study group) were prospectively enrolled in this weekly training program that was supervised by a board certified thoracic surgeon. We compared an objective performance evaluation of the study group before and after the training program by assessing movement parameters (distance in cm, time in sec) and absence of shock/extreme motion (%) on 3 simple standardized thoracoscopic exercises (peg placement on a board, rope insertion in loops and precision circle cutting) using the Simball®. Also, we determined the objective performance 6 months apart of 5 final year medical students (unexperienced controls) that were not trained. Results There were 7 residents (2 female and 5 male, median age: 29 [range: 26-34] years) who completed the 6-month VATS simulation training program. Five residents were in their first year while two had &amp;gt;3 year experience. The study group's objective performance improved significantly for all three movement parameters in all standardized exercises (Figure 1) after the training program. The objective performance of the unexperienced control group was comparable to the study group before training, but it remained unchanged at 6 months (p &amp;gt; 0.05). When comparing unexperienced and advanced residents, we observed that the training program had more impact on improving the performance for unexperienced residents (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Conclusion This study suggests that the implementation of a VATS simulation training program improves the objective performance of trainees compared to controls. Such programs could be interesting adjuncts for residents.

Relative Age-Related Biases in Objective and Subjective Assessments of Performance in Talented Youth Soccer Players.

Talent research has recommended that multidimensional assessments of performance are needed to improve the identification and development of talented young athletes. However, factors such as the relative age effect may cloud our ability to assess factors related to performance. The aim of this study was to determine the extent of any relationship between soccer players' chronological and relative age, and objective and subjective performance assessments. Data for highly talented male soccer players selected into the German Soccer Associations' talent promotion program (N = 16,138) for U12 to U15 age groups (Mage = 12.62 ± 1.04 years) were examined. Besides anthropometric assessments, players completed a battery of five motor tests that objectively assessed speed abilities and technical skills (specifically sprint, agility, dribbling, ball control, and juggling). In addition, coaches subjectively rated players on their kicking, tactical, and psychosocial skills, as well as providing holistic evaluations of each player's current and future performance levels. Correlation analyses were used to investigate the extent of any relationships between the chronological and relative age of players and their results for each of the assessments. A strong linear decrease in the frequency of later-born players confirmed the overrepresentation of early-born players in all age groups (0.92 ≤ |r| ≤ 0.95, each p < 0.001). From U12 to U15, significant (each p < 0.001) correlations were found between the chronological age of players and their height (|r| = 0.70), weight (|r| = 0.69), speed abilities (|r| = 0.38), and technical skills (|r| = 0.43). When evaluating each age group separately, small effects were found when correlating relative age with the anthropometric assessments (0.18 ≤ |r| ≤ 0.26), and only trivial effects with speed abilities and technical skills (0.01 ≤ |r| ≤ 0.06). Similarly, low correlations were found for the subjective evaluations of kicking, tactical, and psychosocial skills with chronological age across age groups (0.03 ≤ |r| ≤ 0.07), and with relative age in each age group (0.01 ≤ |r| ≤ 0.11). The results show a skewed distribution toward early-born players and—in reference to their relative age—advanced performance in late-born athletes. However, trends toward a better holistic rating of early-born players for current and future performance levels were found. Coaches should be aware of these effects during talent selection, but also when interpreting results from subjective and objective assessments of performance.

Evaluation of machine learning algorithms for health and wellness applications: A tutorial

Research on decision support applications in healthcare, such as those related to diagnosis, prediction, treatment planning, etc., has seen strongly growing interest in recent years. This development is thanks to the increase in data availability as well as to advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning research and access to computational resources. Highly promising research examples are published daily. However, at the same time, there are some unrealistic, often overly optimistic, expectations and assumptions with regard to the development, validation and acceptance of such methods. The healthcare application field introduces requirements and potential pitfalls that are not immediately obvious from the ’general data science’ viewpoint. Reliable, objective, and generalisable validation and performance assessment of developed data-analysis methods is one particular pain-point. This may lead to unmet schedules and disappointments regarding true performance in real-life with as result poor uptake (or non-uptake) at the end-user side. It is the aim of this tutorial to provide practical guidance on how to assess performance reliably and efficiently and avoid common traps especially when dealing with application for health and wellness settings. Instead of giving a list of do's and don't s, this tutorial tries to build a better understanding behind these issues and presents both the most relevant performance evaluation criteria as well as approaches how to compute them. Along the way, we will indicate common mistakes and provide references discussing various topics more in-depth.