Search For Objects Research Articles

Studying the raw cultural architecture of the Tengiz-Korgalzhyn region

The article presents the results of field research. According to the project schedule, in the field season of 2020, an exploratory survey of the banks of the river was carried out. Nura from the confluence with the lake. Korgalzhyn before the confluence with the lake. Tengiz. The main purpose of the field study was to survey the previously known mud mausoleums and search for new objects of this type. In the work, methods of remote survey of archaeological objects were applied, including mapping with the indication of the coordinates of the monument in the global positioning system, description, photographing. The field work was directly preceded by a long stage of cabinet-analytical work related to the study of information about the well-known religious objects of the new era in the Tengiz-Korgalzhyn region. At this stage of the work, the method of natural zoning was used – one of the most frequently used methods in archaeological practice. The chapter contains data on the location of the objects under study with the indication of GPS coordinates. The landscape is described, the sizes and descriptions of the mausoleums are given. In total, 8 mausoleums were surveyed during the field season. The result of this work was three-dimensional models and visualization of the studied mausoleums. Preservation of monuments of mud architecture of the steppe in digital format is an urgent need, as this is a disappearing type of late medieval memorial architecture dating back to ancient times. Digital 3D models of collapsing mud mausoleums will always be invaluable to science as historical sources, part of the cultural heritage of the Kazakh ethnos.

EXPERIMANTAL RESEARCHES OF OPERATOR-PILOT PERFORMANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF HIS ACTIONS SUPPORT

Efficiency is an external manifestation of a person’s ability to perform purposeful activities of any kind, including professional activities. The main performance indicator is its level recorded by the on-board monitoring system in terms of heart rate variability (HRV) of the operator-pilot. A feature of the implemented approach in assessing the PL (performance level) indicator (in addition to obtaining a generalized integral indicator at the time of completion of the flight task) is that current indicators are used at different phases of the flight task, due to which the history of PL is tracked in the dynamics of changes in the working state with the identification of situations in which the support is required. Ensuring and maintaining the health (capacity) of the operator-pilot in the remote telepsychophysiological interactive interface mode “Pilot in the cockpit of the aircraft – flight director at the command point” showed the high efficiency of the proposed technology, tested at KPM-V. Such an interface was implemented on the basis of a broadband communication channel – information exchange as part of the KPM-V, and the flight director at the command point (CP) has the opportunity to prototype the situation and its development in order to develop more reliable expert recommendations to the operator-pilot. The interface, including the developed on-board biofeedback system, presents on its monitor of information signs of the external manifestation of the operator’s states in terms of the frequency and nature of respiratory movements. Changes in the structure of the wave respiratory packet spoke about the state of the operator and his performance. Comparison of these data in a single time with the HRV indicators made it possible to qualify the situation as the transition of the operator into a state of working stress, developing fatigue and overwork. The results of a semi-natural experiment with specific expert support (recommendations) of the operator-pilot performing low-altitude flight in difficult weather conditions with the search for objects of interest showed that suggesting a more advantageous maneuver for entering the zone of possible active actions from the CP made it possible to reduce the current level of performance at the time of support, not allow its predicted decrease by 20…30 % and increase the time for making a decision and its implementation by 10…13 s. At the same time, the reliability of the expert forecast of the operator’s PL according to the data of the analysis of the respiratory wave packet on the thermograms of the face was 70…90 %. The conducted cycle of research on the problem of the operator-pilot’s performance, its provision and support is not only of research interest, but can be used in the ergonomic examination of aviation equipment and the design of the crew’s work activities.

Unambiguous Identification of Objects in Different Environments and Conditions Based on Holographic Machine Learning Algorithms

Unambiguous provision of results in different environments and conditions by machine learning algorithms is an unresolved problem until now. Solving the problem of machine learning with unambiguous provision of results in different environments and conditions can be approached by focusing on the psychophysical holographic process of human learning. A person, with a mental concentration of attention, experimentally teaches vision, hearing, psyche and mind in a holographic way and in a resonant way to perceive, recognize and recognize phenomena, processes, objects, subjects, meanings, music and other entities in various environments and conditions. A person experimentally teaches the psyche and feelings to rationally navigate in various environments and conditions. Holographic algorithms of experienced machine learning will help neural network ensembles to unambiguously recognize objects, subjects, music, texts in various environments and conditions using a model of recognizing their own or someone else's. Machine learning simulates holographic processes of human communication memorization of entities. Searching for objects in different environments in different conditions based on experienced machine learning simulates resonant associative processes of human entity detection. By simulating holographic processes of the human psyche based on artificial intelligence of machine learning with Fourier transformation, using full parametric sequences of necessary and sufficient data of holograms of target objects, it is possible to solve the problem of their unambiguous detection in different environments and in different conditions.

Object Tracking in Satellite Videos Based on Improved Kernel Correlation Filter Assisted by Road Information

Video satellites can stare at target areas on the Earth’s surface to obtain high-temporal-resolution remote sensing videos, which make it possible to track objects in satellite videos. However, it should be noted that the object size in satellite videos is usually small and has less textural property, and the moving objects in satellite videos are easily occluded, which puts forward higher requirements for the tracker. In order to solve the above problems, consider that the remote sensing image contains rich road information, which can be used to constrain the trajectory of the object in a satellite video, this paper proposes an improved Kernel Correlation Filter (KCF) assisted by road information to track small objects, especially when the object is occluded. Specifically, the contributions of this paper are as follows: First, the tracking confidence module is reconstructed, which integrates the peak response and the average peak correlation energy of the response map to more accurately judge whether the object is occluded. Then, an adaptive Kalman filter is designed to adaptively adjust the parameters of the Kalman filter according to the motion state of the object, which improves the robustness of tracking and reduces the tracking drift after the object is occluded. Last but not least, an object tracking strategy assisted by road information is recommended, which searches for objects with road information as constraints, to locate objects more accurately. After the above improvements, compared with the KCF tracker, our method improves the tracking precision by 35.9% and the tracking success rate by 18.1% with the tracking rate at a speed of 300 frames per second, which meets the real-time requirements.

Antecedents of customer mortgage shopping satisfaction: the mediating role of search intensity, evidence from the NSMO survey

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the antecedents of customer satisfaction during mortgage purchases. Mortgage demand in the USA has reached an all-time high because of an increase in housing demand after COVID-19. Nonetheless, several customers are dissatisfied with their service providers. Customers who actively search the market gain more information about mortgage providers and use this information to define expectations for lenders. The only way there will be customer satisfaction is if lenders meet these expectations. Therefore, it is economically significant for mortgage lenders to discover the antecedents of mortgage satisfaction.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, the partial least squares approach was used to test the hypothesis that satisfaction was influenced by objective knowledge, familiarity and search intensity among a sample of customers (n = 4,512) from the National Survey of Mortgage Originations who had purchased a mortgage in the USA between 2019 and 2020.FindingsThe results of structural modelling showed that familiarity (β = 0.23 and p = 0.01) with and knowledge (β = 0.16 and p = 0.01) of mortgages significantly affected consumer satisfaction during mortgage purchase. Search intensity (p = 0.01) mediated the relationship between knowledge, familiarity and satisfaction.Research limitations/implicationsThe primary implication is that mortgage service providers should prioritise educating customers about the mortgage buying process on their websites and in person. So managers must actively assist clients in having realistic expectations. Second, mortgage companies should establish a presence on third-party mortgage comparison websites to ensure that customers actively consider alternatives, thereby increasing customer satisfaction.Originality/valueThis study is unique in being an exploratory study to examine the antecedents of mortgage satisfaction using a public data set. This study uniquely examines the National Survey of Mortgage Originations data set with partial least squares approach to examine underlying customer attitudes.

Long-term object search using incremental scene graph updating

AbstractEffective searching for target objects in indoor scenes is essential for household robots to perform daily tasks. With the establishment of a precise map, the robot can navigate to a fixed static target. However, it is difficult for mobile robots to find movable objects like cups. To address this problem, we establish an object search framework that combines navigation map, semantic map, and scene graph. The robot updates the scene graph to achieve a long-term target search. Considering the different start positions of the robots, we weigh the distance the robot walks and the probability of finding objects to achieve global path planning. The robot can continuously update the scene graph in a dynamic environment to memorize the position relation of objects in the scene. This method has been realized in both simulation and real-world environments. The experimental results show the feasibility and effectiveness of this method.

High-time resolution search for compact objects using fast radio burst gravitational lens interferometry with CHIME/FRB

The gravitational field of compact objects, such as primordial black holes, can create multiple images of background sources. For transients such as fast radio bursts (FRBs), these multiple images can be resolved in the time domain. Under certain circumstances, these images not only have similar burst morphologies but are also phase-coherent at the electric field level. With a novel dechannelization algorithm and a matched filtering technique, we search for repeated copies of the same electric field waveform in observations of FRBs detected by the FRB backend of the Canadian Hydrogen Mapping Intensity Experiment (CHIME). An interference fringe from a coherent gravitational lensing signal will appear in the time-lag domain as a statistically significant peak in the time-lag autocorrelation function. We calibrate our statistical significance using telescope data containing no FRB signal. Our dataset consists of ∼100-ms long recordings of voltage data from 172 FRB events, dechannelized to 1.25-ns time resolution. This coherent search algorithm allows us to search for gravitational lensing signatures from compact objects in the mass range of 10−4–104 M⊙. After ruling out an anomalous candidate due to diffractive scintillation, we find no significant detections of gravitational lensing in the 172 FRB events that have been analyzed. In a companion work [C. Leung and Z. Kader, Phys. Rev. D 106, 043017 (2022).], we interpret the constraints on dark matter from this search.6 MoreReceived 14 April 2022Accepted 15 June 2022DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.106.043016© 2022 American Physical SocietyPhysics Subject Headings (PhySH)Research AreasGravitational lensesMassive compact halo objectsRadio, microwave, & sub-mm astronomyTransient & explosive astronomical phenomenaGravitation, Cosmology & Astrophysics

The ‘Giraffe’: discovery of a stripped red giant in an interacting binary with an ∼2 M⊙ lower giant

ABSTRACT We report the discovery of a stripped giant + lower giant Algol-type binary, 2M04123153+6738486 (2M0412), identified during a search for non-interacting compact object – star binaries. 2M0412 is an evolved (Teff, giant ≃ 4000 K), luminous (Lgiant ≃ 150 L⊙) red giant in a circular P = 81.2 d binary. 2M0412 is a known variable star previously classified as a semiregular variable. The cross-correlation functions of follow-up Keck/HIRES and LBT/Potsdam Echelle Polarimetric and Spectroscopic Instrument (PEPSI) spectra show an radial velocity variable second component with implied mass ratio q = Mgiant/Mcomp ≃ 0.20 ± 0.01. The All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN), Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), Transiting Exoplanet Survey Telescope ( TESS), and Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) light curves show that the giant is a Roche lobe filling ellipsoidal variable with an inclination of 49.4 ± 0.3°, and a giant mass of Mgiant = 0.38 ± 0.01 M⊙ for a distance of ≃ 3.7 kpc. The mass of the giant indicates that its envelope has been partially stripped. The giant companion on the lower red giant branch has a mass of Mcomp = 1.91 ± 0.03 M⊙ with Teff, comp ≃ 5000 K, Lcomp ≃ 60 L⊙, and Rcomp ≃ 11 R⊙. The lower giant contributes ${\sim }35{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the flux in the V band. We also identify an orbital phase dependent, broad $\rm H\,\alpha$ emission line which could indicate ongoing accretion from the stripped red giant on to the companion.

An analysis of the initial non-directive phase of person-centered therapy from the perspective of Emmanuel Levinas’s philosophy

ABSTRACT The person-centered approach has been divided into five phases: non-directive, reflexive, experiential, collective or interhuman, and post-Rogerian, according to technical and epistemological criteria. We understand that each of these phases refers to a way to deal with alterity, or difference. This study aimed to analyze how difference may be explained in the non-directive phase of the person-centered approach. For a definition of alterity, we based our thinking on the work of Emmanuel Levinas. We found that denial of alterity was present in the objective search for regularities in the therapeutic relationship, emphasis on the technical, attempts at the social adaptation of clients, and the appreciation given to insight. We turned to the notion of ‘figures of alterity’: how a certain thought leads to a larger or smaller openness to experiencing a potential difference. We found that approaches to difference appeared through four figures of alterity: the Other of ignorance, the Other of the narrative, the Other of affect, and the Other of refraction.

Properties of objective functions and search algorithms in multi-objective optimization problems

Objectives. A frequently used method for obtaining Pareto-optimal solutions is to minimize a selected quality index under restrictions of the other quality indices, whose values are thus preset. For a scalar objective function, the global minimum is sought that contains the restricted indices as penalty terms. However, the landscape of such a function has steep-ascent areas, which significantly complicate the search for the global minimum. This work compared the results of various heuristic algorithms in solving problems of this type. In addition, the possibility of solving such problems using the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) method, in which the restrictions are not imposed as the penalty terms, but included into the Lagrange function, was investigated.Methods. The experiments were conducted using two analytically defined objective functions and two objective functions that are encountered in problems of multi-objective optimization of characteristics of analog filters. The corresponding algorithms were realized in the MATLAB environment.Results. The only heuristic algorithm shown to obtain the optimal solutions for all the functions is the particle swarm optimization algorithm. The sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm was applicable to one of the analytically defined objective functions and one of the filter optimization objective functions, as well as appearing to be significantly superior to heuristic algorithms in speed and accuracy of solutions search. However, for the other two functions, this method was found to be incapable of finding correct solutions.Conclusions. A topical problem is the estimation of the applicability of the considered methods to obtaining Pareto-optimal solutions based on preliminary analysis of properties of functions that determine the quality indices.

Assessing Higher-Order Visual Processing in Cerebral Visual Impairment Using Naturalistic Virtual-Reality-Based Visual Search Tasks.

Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is a brain-based disorder associated with the maldevelopment of central visual pathways. Individuals with CVI often report difficulties with daily visual search tasks such as finding a favorite toy or familiar person in cluttered and crowded scenes. We developed two novel virtual reality (VR)-based visual search tasks combined with eye tracking to objectively assess higher order processing abilities in CVI. The first (virtual toybox) simulates a static object search, while the second (virtual hallway) represents a dynamic human search task. Participants were instructed to search for a preselected target while task demand was manipulated with respect to the presence of surrounding distractors. We found that CVI participants (when compared to age-matched controls) showed an overall impairment with visual search on both tasks and with respect to all gaze metrics. Furthermore, CVI participants showed a trend of worsening performance with increasing task demand. Finally, search performance was also impaired in CVI participants with normal/near normal visual acuity, suggesting that reduced stimulus visibility alone does not account for these observations. This novel approach may have important clinical utility in helping to assess environmental factors related to functional visual processing difficulties observed in CVI.

Task-Dependent Warping of Semantic Representations during Search for Visual Action Categories.

Object and action perception in cluttered dynamic natural scenes relies on efficient allocation of limited brain resources to prioritize the attended targets over distractors. It has been suggested that during visual search for objects, distributed semantic representation of hundreds of object categories is warped to expand the representation of targets. Yet, little is known about whether and where in the brain visual search for action categories modulates semantic representations. To address this fundamental question, we studied brain activity recorded from five subjects (one female) via functional magnetic resonance imaging while they viewed natural movies and searched for either communication or locomotion actions. We find that attention directed to action categories elicits tuning shifts that warp semantic representations broadly across neocortex and that these shifts interact with intrinsic selectivity of cortical voxels for target actions. These results suggest that attention serves to facilitate task performance during social interactions by dynamically shifting semantic selectivity toward target actions and that tuning shifts are a general feature of conceptual representations in the brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ability to swiftly perceive the actions and intentions of others is a crucial skill for humans that relies on efficient allocation of limited brain resources to prioritize the attended targets over distractors. However, little is known about the nature of high-level semantic representations during natural visual search for action categories. Here, we provide the first evidence showing that attention significantly warps semantic representations by inducing tuning shifts in single cortical voxels, broadly spread across occipitotemporal, parietal, prefrontal, and cingulate cortices. This dynamic attentional mechanism can facilitate action perception by efficiently allocating neural resources to accentuate the representation of task-relevant action categories.

Evaluation of self-reported knowledge and understanding towards a blended research course among pharmacy students: Objective Search Literature Evaluation (OSLE) method validation

Background: The objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of classroom versus online Modular object-oriented dynamic learning environment (MOODLE)-based teaching on objective search literature evaluation (OSLE) score, as well as to validate the OSLE method for the assessment of research skills in pharmacy students. Methods: The four-station OSLE method was used to assess the performance and self-reflection at the end of each delivery mode. The students were asked to voluntarily vote for the preference of delivery mode in research courses. A hierarchical regression analysis was performed for variables predicting the “preference” for class-based teaching and/or MOODLE-based learning. Internal face and content validation were performed with students and faculty members not involved in the course teaching. External validation was performed with three professors working in different colleges in United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia and Qatar. Results: Thirty-five students completed the courses and showed significant improvement in self-reported reflection of pre-post knowledge and understanding. Findings suggested that 87.3% (110/126, 95%CI: 75.9 – 89.4, p < 0.001) achieved performance indicators and reported the OSLE method as an effective tool for the assessment of knowledge and understanding of research skills in pharmacy education. The predictive model suggested a strong positive effect associated with article appraisal, article application, self-reporting of knowledge and self-reporting of understating (R2 0.47, F-1.26, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The findings suggested the OSLE method as an effective tool of assessment in pharmacy education. A negative impact of MOODLE-based learning was found with self-reflection on knowledge.

Building Metric-Topological Map to Efficient Object Search for Mobile Robot

In this article, an effective solution is presented for efficient robotic object search by leveraging metric-topological map. Based on the reference of objects, we construct a novel metric-topological map that is particularly suitable for object search, where the topological nodes represent the object-related locations in the environment. To effectively determine the creation of nodes on the map, a rapid adjustment method of the robot viewing angle is introduced. Compared with traditional maps, the map built in this article not only removes redundant nodes irrelevant to objects, but also facilitates the mobile robot to locate the target object. Besides, inspired by human search behavior, a search strategy is proposed by considering the tradeoff between the current position of the robot and the distance from the robot to the promising location of finding the target object, in order to further improve the search efficiency. The effectiveness and efficiency of our solution are verified through comparative experiments in both simulation and real-world environments. Results show that the presented approach always allows the mobile robot to find the target object efficiently and reliably while achieving humanlike search behavior.

APPLICATION OF MULTISPECTRAL IMAGES TO SEARCH FOR CONSTRUCTION OBJECTS ON THE SPECTRAL SIGNATURES BASE

The work is devoted to the study of Landsat-8 multispectral images of not high resolution using the spectral angle method on the base of spectral signatures libraries to detect objects under construction in an urban area. The physical basis of the research method is that all objects have different reflection coefficients depending on the wavelength. This property makes it possible to identify various substances by their spectral signatures. In the work, an automatic comparison of the curves of the spectral reflectivity of objects on a low resolution space multispectral image was made to identify the identity of the characteristic energy absorption and reflection zones for detecting objects in the construction process. The article also describes the stages of image preprocessing, cross-track illumination correction of the image, atmospheric correction, and mathematical operations of bands transformation, which provide more opportunities for analysis and recognition of objects using a spectral study of a space image. The study accurately determines the presence or absence of the desired materials, since the search is based on the molecular structure of the substance. Also, the use of multispectral images allows you to analyze the entire city at the same time. The initial data was taken from a 2021 Landsat-8 satellite image with 11 bands, with a resolution of 30 meters, which was enhanced to 15 meters during pre-processing. The results of the search and detection of objects under construction in the city are given. The detection results can be used as input data for further in-depth analysis.

Induction Mechanism of Auditory-Assisted Vision for Target Search Localization in Mixed Reality (MR) Environments

In MR (mixed reality) environments, visual searches are often used for search and localization missions. There are some problems with search and localization technologies, such as a limited field of view and information overload. They are unable to satisfy the need for the rapid and precise location of specific flying objects in a group of air and space targets under modern air and space situational requirements. They lead to inefficient interactions throughout the mission process. A human being’s decision and judgment will be affected by inefficient interactions. Based on this problem, we carried out a multimodal optimization study on the use of an auditory-assisted visual search for localization in an MR environment. In the spatial–spherical coordinate system, the target flight object position is uniquely determined by the height h, distance r, and azimuth θ. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the cross-modal connections between the auditory elements and these three coordinates based on a visual search. In this paper, an experiment was designed to study the correlation between auditory intuitive perception and vision and the cognitive induction mechanism. The experiment included the three cross-modal mappings of pitch–height, volume–distance, and vocal tract alternation–spatial direction. The research conclusions are as follows: (1) Visual cognition is induced by high, medium, and low pitches to be biased towards the high, medium, and low spatial regions of the visual space. (2) Visual cognition is induced by loud, medium, and low volumes to be biased towards the near, middle, and far spatial regions of the visual space. (3) Based on the HRTF application, the vocal track alternation scheme is expected to significantly improve the efficiency of visual interactions. Visual cognition is induced by left short sounds, right short sounds, left short and long sounds, and right short and long sounds to be biased towards the left, right, left-rear, and right-rear directions of visual space. (4) The cognitive load of search and localization technologies is significantly reduced by incorporating auditory factors. In addition, the efficiency and effect of the accurate search and positioning of space-flying objects have been greatly improved. The above findings can be applied to the research on various types of target search and localization technologies in an MR environment and can provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent study of spatial information perception and cognitive induction mechanisms in an MR environment with visual–auditory coupling.

Thematic Search Algorithms for Experts, Journals and Conferences

The paper discusses methods for thematic search of experts, journals and conferences, provides a brief overview of existing systems with an indication of their main shortcomings, and describes the algorithms for the thematic search of experts developed by the authors, as well as algorithms for thematic search of journals and conferences. A brief description of the software implementation of the developed algorithms is given. User interfaces for searching for conferences are presented. The results of testing software implementations of algorithms based on the data of the scientometric system "ISTINA" are presented. The algorithms developed by the authors use data from scientometric systems, including graphs of mutual relations between objects, are able to filter data by narrowly focused thematic queries and rank search results by authority. The approach used makes it possible to perform a thematic search for conferences in different languages with the determination of their authority and the determination of their thematic proximity. Such thematic analysis makes it possible to normalize scientometric indicators depending on the subject of scientific research, to identify and analyze the main thematic directions in the development of science, to carry out a thematic search for objects (journals and conferences) in order to expand scientific contacts and create new research teams.

Galmask: A Python Package for Unsupervised Galaxy Masking

Galaxy morphological classification is a fundamental aspect of galaxy formation and evolution studies. Various machine learning tools have been developed for automated pipeline analysis of large-scale surveys, enabling a fast search for objects of interest. However, crowded regions in the image may pose a challenge as they can lead to bias in the learning algorithm. In this Research Note, we present galmask, an open-source package for unsupervised galaxy masking to isolate the central object of interest in the image. galmask is written in Python and can be installed from PyPI via the pip command.

Searching for meaning: Local scene semantics guide attention during natural visual search in scenes.

Models of visual search in scenes include image salience as a source of attentional guidance. However, because scene meaning is correlated with image salience, it could be that the salience predictor in these models is driven by meaning. To test this proposal, we generated meaning maps that represented the spatial distribution of semantic informativeness in scenes, and salience maps which represented the spatial distribution of conspicuous image features and tested their influence on fixation densities from two object search tasks in real-world scenes. The results showed that meaning accounted for significantly greater variance in fixation densities than image salience, both overall and in early attention across both studies. Here, meaning explained 58% and 63% of the theoretical ceiling of variance in attention across both studies, respectively. Furthermore, both studies demonstrated that fast initial saccades were not more likely to be directed to higher salience regions than slower initial saccades, and initial saccades of all latencies were directed to regions containing higher meaning than salience. Together, these results demonstrated that even though meaning was task-neutral, the visual system still selected meaningful over salient scene regions for attention during search.

Impaired immune function in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by variable clinical manifestations and a complex pathogenesis not fully understood at the moment. Various forms of cell death play an important role, eventually leading to the presentation of the autoantigen to immunocompetent cells, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and an imbalance between the effectors and regulators of cellular immunity. The study of SLE pathogenesis pathways includes the search for potential objects for targeted therapy. This review briefly discusses the current knowledge about the pathogenetic mechanisms of this disease, including the researches latest to-date.