Object-oriented Software Research Articles

EXPERT SYSTEM DETERMINES MENU NUTRITION FOR PREGNANT WOMEN

In the process of pregnancy, food intake must be considered. Maintain nutritional balance during pregnancy, and it can be achieved by consuming a variety of foods every day. These diverse foods need to be prepared according to the energy needs of pregnant women. The lack of knowledge of pregnant women in determining food intake following daily energy needs requires that pregnant women are nutritionists or midwives in their area. This study aims to design and create an expert system that can provide food for pregnant women according to their daily calorie needs. The Harris-Benedict method calculates the caloric value based on height and weight, age of pregnant women, activity values, pregnancy. In making this expert system, the system development method is used in Object-Oriented Software Engineering (OOSE). The results of application testing use black-box testing with system functionality that runs well and provides calculations according to the manual process. The output of this system is the number of calorie needs of pregnant women and recommendations for food that should be consumed.

A knowledge based System for diagnosis of Varicella (Chickenpox) and Measles diseases in children at kindergarten age based on IOT

In childhood diseases, the varicella (chickenpox) and measles diseases considered an important condition. In this research we have designed and implemented an expert knowledge-based system utilizing IOT for early diagnosis of these diseases for children in kindergarten. The system was developed according to an object-oriented software engineering paradigm using UML tools. Also it developed based specific roles in web domain using IoT environment. Furthermore the system able to send a message contains all details on the infection type and description on the disease to the parents. This system can be used by kindergartens or parents as a domestic application for early diagnosis of the disease through the symptoms that appear on the affected child. The knowledge – based system was implemented using python 3.8. The results observe a significant response for detecting and diagnosis the Varicella (Chickenpox) and Measles diseases.

A Review on Software Refactoring Opportunity Identification and Sequencing in Object-oriented Software

Background: Owing to the benefits of software refactoring, the software industry started adopting this practice in the maintenance phase as a means to improve developer’s productivity and software quality. As a result, proposing new techniques for refactoring opportunity identification and sequencing has become the key area of interest for academicians and industry researchers. Objective: This paper aims to perform a review of such existing approaches which are related to software refactoring opportunity identification and sequencing. Methods: We discussed the background concepts of code smells and refactoring and provided their corresponding taxonomies. Moreover, comprehensive literature of several techniques that automatically or semi-automatically identify or prioritize the refactoring opportunities is presented along with considered refactoring activities, optimization algorithms, bad smells, datasets and underlying evaluation approaches. Results: The research in the direction of refactoring opportunity identification and sequencing is highly active and is generally performed by academic researchers. Most of the techniques address Move Method and Extract Class refactoring activities in Java datasets. Conclusions: This paper highlights various open challenges that need further investigation, including lack of dynamic analysis-based approaches, lesser utilization of industrial datasets, nonconsideration of recent optimization algorithms, etc.

PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI PERPUSTAKAAN BERBASIS WEB DI SMK PLUS PRATAMA ADI BANDUNG

The rapid development of the computer world that brings every individual or group of people will use information and communication technology in every activity. Likewise in the world of education, including libraries that utilize information and communication technology in managing the process of borrowing and returning library books. The benefits of making a web-based library information system include being able to save time where there is no need for manual recording, making it easier to find book data or library members, making it easier in making book loan reports and other reports and other benefits. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D). The making of software is done by a waterfall model consisting of: (1) needs analysis, (2) design, (3) implementation, and (4) testing. Then UML visual modeling is used which is the standardization of modeling language for object-oriented software development. The expected results of this study produce a web-based library information system using the YII Framework with MVC (Model View Controller) method in SMK Plus Pratama Adi Bandung that can solve existing problems. The formulation of the problem of this research is how to build a library information system in SMK Plus Pratama Adi Bandung so that it can present accurate and efficient information. The purpose of this research is to produce a library information system.

Maintainability Evaluation for Object Oriented Software Metrics Using Tool Cohesion Inheritance (COIN)

In modern era, maintainability is an important part for software development that covers approx. 70-75% of development cost of the software system. It can allow the customer to adapt the software quickly and easily in an agile manner. Object oriented software metrics plays an important role for the designing of software development. Its features can be categorized into the object oriented metrics and the hierarchies of the class. In this paper, a tool named as COIN can help for evaluating the maintainability factors of object oriented software system using metrics like cohesion, coupling, inheritance and other object oriented metrics as well as through which we can analyzed the all metrics for the software system for evaluating the maintainability factors and testability also.

Metric Approach to Anticipate Reusability of Object-Oriented (O-O) Software Systems

In order to meet the fast software evolution, there is a call for the work on software development based process by reducing time as well as efforts. The aim of the development process should not only be developing software products and services but also focus on improving the quality of the particular software. Software Reusability can be considered as one of the solutions to achieve both objectives i.e. productivity as well as quality. There has been an evolution of various methods and techniques related to construction of reusable components over many years. Object-oriented approach also assures increased software reusability. It is easier to reuse object-oriented software rather than conventional software. The notion of reusability related to Object-oriented software can be achieved through inheritance which in turn contributes to development of reusable components. In this paper different metrics related to software reusability of Object-oriented software systems has been summarized and evaluated using Python. Three python-based programs are considered as datasets for this study-the first dataset depicts single-level inheritance, the second dataset depicts hierarchical inheritance whereas the third dataset depicts multilevel inheritance. This study shows more impact of multilevel inheritance on the reusability of Object-oriented software systems and also helped to understand the important role of metrics in evaluation of object-oriented systems.

A Research on Object Oriented Programming and Its Concepts

Object Oriented Software Engineering(OOSE) is popular and widely used in developing the real time complex projects and products due to innovations in the Software Engineering and the Development of Software Industry. Object Oriented Programming(OOP) is one of the key elements of Object Oriented Software Engineering(OOSE) besides Object Oriented Analysis(OOA) and Object Oriented Design(OOD).Object Oriented Programming(OOP) is one of the Programming Paradigms for the past few decades. The OOP Paradigm Has oven taken the Procedure Oriented Paradigm or POP, where real time complex projects an products can be developed by using OOP in an easy and reliable way. The main difference between the Object Oriented Programming(OOP) and Procedure Oriented Programming(POP) is “Data controlling access to Code” in OOP where as “Code acting on Data” in POP. In this Paper I am going to discuss about the Principles of Object Oriented Programming(OOP) , its concepts and some of the Popular and widely used Object Oriented Programming Languages. I also discussed the difference between Object Oriented Programming and Procedure Oriented Programming. Merits and Issues of Object Object Oriented Programming

The MOORA method for selecting software App: price-quality ratio approach

Seeing the rapid progress of software app. in today's destructive era, the need for software app. is very reliable for industrial progress in the era of the 4.0 generation. Especially in object-oriented software app. The main objective of this research is to measure the technical capabilities of object-based software app. and to find out the process of selecting the best number of app.software in terms of the appropriate price. Many techniques can be developed in object-based software app. such as class implementation, Inheritance, Encapsulation, Polymorphic, Constructor, Accessor, Mutator, Visibility, Overwrite and Overload. This technique is an advantage of object-based software app. Taking advantage of these advantages causes difficulty in selecting and evaluating software. Indeed, it is very difficult to evaluate software products, because they are qualitative. In order for the assessment to be objective, it requires good method collaboration, thus an objective method is needed in the assessment of the selection of a number of program app. The test was carried out with the Multi Objective Optimization by Ratio Analysis (MOORA) method collaborated with the Price-Quality Ration approach. The results obtained are the selection of object-based software app. that can be done optimally and provide efficiency in the benefits and costs incurred.

AIRBNB SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE MODELING USING UML EXTENSIONS

Airbnb is a California based company that operates an online marketplace for lodging and homestays for vacation rentals, and tourism activities. Modeling a prototype of the application with all the integral features intact would help us understand the core working and success of the company. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a language for the specification, visualization and documentation of object-oriented software systems. In order to understand the features of the miniature Airbnb, we try to model the system using UML diagrams. In this study, the proposed extension to UML covers aspects of use case diagram, sequence diagram, activity diagram and class diagram of the miniature Airbnb model at various levels and perspectives.

Evolution of the Electricity Distribution Networks—Active Management Architecture Schemes and Microgrid Control Functionalities

The power system transition to smart grids brings challenges to electricity distribution network development since it involves several stakeholders and actors whose needs must be met to be successful for the electricity network upgrade. The technological challenges arise mainly from the various distributed energy resources (DERs) integration and use and network optimization and security. End-customers play a central role in future network operations. Understanding the network’s evolution through possible network operational scenarios could create a dedicated and reliable roadmap for the various stakeholders’ use. This paper presents a method to develop the evolving operational scenarios and related management schemes, including microgrid control functionalities, and analyzes the evolution of electricity distribution networks considering medium and low voltage grids. The analysis consists of the dynamic descriptions of network operations and the static illustrations of the relationships among classified actors. The method and analysis use an object-oriented and standardized software modeling language, the unified modeling language (UML). Operational descriptions for the four evolution phases of electricity distribution networks are defined and analyzed by Enterprise Architect, a UML tool. This analysis is followed by the active management architecture schemes with the microgrid control functionalities. The graphical models and analysis generated can be used for scenario building in roadmap development, real-time simulations, and management system development. The developed method, presented with high-level use cases (HL-UCs), can be further used to develop and analyze several parallel running control algorithms for DERs providing ancillary services (ASs) in the evolving electricity distribution networks.

ParticLS: Object-oriented software for discrete element methods and peridynamics

ParticLS (\emph{Partic}le \emph{L}evel \emph{S}ets) is a software library that implements the discrete element method (DEM) and meshfree methods. ParticLS tracks the interaction between individual particles whose geometries are defined by level sets capable of capturing complex shapes. These particles either represent rigid bodies or material points within a continuum. Particle-particle interactions using various contact laws numerically approximate solutions to energy and mass conservation equations, simulating rigid body dynamics or deformation/fracture. By leveraging multiple contact laws, ParticLS can simulate interacting bodies that deform, fracture, and are composed of many particles. In the continuum setting, we numerically solve the peridynamic equations -- integro-differential equations capable of modeling objects with discontinuous displacement fields and complex fracture dynamics. We show that the discretized peridynamic equations can be solved using the same software infrastructure that implements the DEM. Therefore, we design a unique software library where users can easily add particles with arbitrary geometries and new contact laws that model either rigid-body interaction or peridynamic constitutive relationships. We demonstrate ParticLS' versatility on test problems meant to showcase features applicable to a broad selection of fields such as tectonics, granular media, multiscale simulations, glacier calving, and sea ice.

Usage of Artificial Intelligence to Improve Secure Software Development

C# is an object-oriented software language that was developed by Microsoft and runs on the .NET framework. It has the ninth in Github, and it would cause a great impact in .NET. Main method for the situation is mainly using the machine learning techniques to analyze the source code and determine the security level of a source code. Our focus point is the source code files that written in C#. By evaluating the source code elements of software, the framework could proclaim that either a software product is secure or not, thus developer can make necessary arrangement in his or her code. It is important, because securing the code during the creation of the software is easy as compared with the end of the software creation. As part of a limited literature review study, we have analyzed 3 main articles in detail. An assessment of the review is conducted according to artificial neural network logic to help improve the Security of C# software development.

Archive-based multi-criteria Artificial Bee Colony algorithm for whole test suite generation

Testing an object-oriented software is harder than testing a structural program due to inheritance, states, behaviour of different objects, association, and polymorphism properties of the object-oriented software, which is established based on classes. The classes should be carefully tested using predefined test cases to optimize coverage goals. Because generating test cases manually is labour-intensive, search-based software testing methods that maximize coverage criteria by a search algorithm can be used to generate test cases automatically. Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is a powerful search tool that performs balanced exploration and exploitation. In this study, two new multi-criteria and combinatorial ABC algorithms using mutation and crossover operators are proposed to generate a test suite that maximizes a fitness function combining various goals for object-oriented software. First, an archive-based ABC algorithm is proposed to keep covered targets in the archive to use available search resource efficiently. Second, the archive-based ABC algorithm is improved to bring more diversity in the population. To investigate the effect of the archive, the basic ABC algorithm and the archive-based ABC algorithms are compared on a set of classes from SF110 corpus. To validate efficiency of the proposed methods, they are compared to state-of-the-art evolutionary test suite generators and random testing methodology on the classes divided into difficulty levels based on their weight method class values. The experimental results reveal that introducing an archive into the ABC algorithm provides fast convergence compared to the basic ABC and the improved archive-based ABC produces higher coverage for the problems with both low and high difficulty levels.

Predicting Software Defects for Object-Oriented Software Using Search-based Techniques

Development without any defect is unsubstantial. Timely detection of software defects favors the proper resource utilization saving time, effort and money. With the increasing size and complexity of software, demand for accurate and efficient prediction models is increasing. Recently, search-based techniques (SBTs) have fascinated many researchers for Software Defect Prediction (SDP). The goal of this study is to conduct an empirical evaluation to assess the applicability of SBTs for predicting software defects in object-oriented (OO) softwares. In this study, 16 SBTs are exploited to build defect prediction models for 13 OO software projects. Stable performance measures — GMean, Balance and Receiver Operating Characteristic-Area Under Curve (ROC-AUC) are employed to probe into the predictive capability of developed models, taking into consideration the imbalanced nature of software datasets. Proper measures are taken to handle the stochastic behavior of SBTs. The significance of results is statistically validated using the Friedman test complied with Wilcoxon post hoc analysis. The results confirm that software defects can be detected in the early phases of software development with help of SBTs. This paper identifies the effective subset of SBTs that will aid software practitioners to timely detect the probable software defects, therefore, saving resources and bringing up good quality softwares. Eight SBTs — sUpervised Classification System (UCS), Bioinformatics-oriented hierarchical evolutionary learning (BIOHEL), CHC, Genetic Algorithm-based Classifier System with Adaptive Discretization Intervals (GA_ADI), Genetic Algorithm-based Classifier System with Intervalar Rule (GA_INT), Memetic Pittsburgh Learning Classifier System (MPLCS), Population-Based Incremental Learning (PBIL) and Steady-State Genetic Algorithm for Instance Selection (SGA) are found to be statistically good defect predictors.

A cost-effective adaptive random testing algorithm for object-oriented software testing

The rapid development of object oriented programming (OOP) technology has made it one of the mainstream programming technologies that has been widely used in the design and development of object oriented software (OOS). The inheritance, encapsulation and polymorphism properties of object-oriented language can improve the reusability, scalability and interoperability of software while increasing the difficulty of testing OOS. Researchers have proposed a variety of testing methods to test OOS among which random testing (RT) has been widely used due to its simplicity and ease of use. An OMISS-ARTsum algorithm is proposed in this paper that uses improved OMISS random test FSCS-ART with max-sum standard, which is an implementation version of fixed-sized-candidate-set ART. The OMISS-ARTsum algorithm calculates the total distance between a candidate test case and the executed test case set before the next test case is selected from the set of candidate test cases. Unlike the traditional max-sum based FSCS-ART algorithm, OMISS-ARTsum does not calculate the distance between each executed test case and the candidate case and then sum up the total distance, but uses the method of summing up all the executed test cases and the candidate cases. The information of executing test cases is saved as a whole and the distance between the executed test case set and candidate cases is calculated at the same time. Experiment shows that compared to the OMISS-ART algorithm, the proposed OMISS-ARTsum algorithm can reduce the time overhead.

The method of improving the efficiency of assessment of support of object-oriented software

The work examines issues of improving the quality and level of support of object-oriented software. Analysis of existing software quality models demonstrated the relevance of maintaining an appropriate level of software support. At the same time, the existing approaches are mostly distinguished by terminological ambiguity, variety of formulations and methods of measurement and interpretation of results. The problem is also the complexity of the support process itself, which arises from a large number of internal and external factors, which makes the adjustment of the support model a long-term and complex process. A modification of the delta maintainability model (DMM) is proposed by expanding the measurable properties of the source code, determining their relationship with the maintainability sub-characteristics defined by the ISO/IEC 25010:2016 standard. A matrix of relations of sub-characteristics of ISO 25010 quality with the characteristics of the source code properties is constructed. The work uses WMC, NOC, NOM, MLOC, PAR, VG metrics, which take into account the features of the object-oriented programming paradigm. A mathematical model has been developed for calculating compliance indicators. To check the adequacy of the model, an experimental study was conducted on the example of 6 open source software products with the implementation of the object-oriented part in the Python programming language, which have different functionality. The metrics of the DMMS+ model together with DMMS have been proven to reflect the relationship between source code changes that affect maintainability. The correlation of DMMS and DMMS+ indicators according to the analysis of 1000 changes made in the repository is from 0.77 to 0.86. Predictive assumptions about object development include maintaining object-oriented software by modifying the delta maintainability model (DMM) by extending the measurable properties of the source code.

Predicting defects in object-oriented software using cost-sensitive classification

In this software era, it is vital to produce reliable and good quality software. Early detection of defects aids in building accurate software with reduced cost and other resources. Researchers have a keen interest in producing machine learning models for effective and accurate software defect prediction in the early stages of software development. Object-oriented metrics of the software are used in developing these models. These models may result in biased predictions owing to the class imbalance problem existing in most of the software datasets. This paper provides an effective defect prediction framework for imbalanced data by employing cost-sensitive classifiers and stable performance measures like GMean, Balance, and AUC. Four decision tree-based classifiers with different cost ratios are investigated to predict defects in three Apache projects. The empirical results are statistically validated using the nonparametric Friedman test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The results state with 99% confidence that the predictive capability of J48, AdaBoostM1, Bagging, and RandomSubSpace improved after employing cost-sensitive learning for the four classifiers used in this study.

WITHDRAWN: Prioritization of code smells in object-oriented software: A review

Code smells are symptoms that something may be wrong in software systems that can cause complications in maintaining software quality. During maintenance of software, due to market pressure and time constraints, it is difficult for the developers to remove all the code smells, so their prioritization can help the developers to refactor critical code smells in limited time with a limited budget. To address this, need several techniques have also been proposed to automate code smell prioritization in order to improve software quality. This paper presents an up-to-date review of code smell prioritization techniques and tools. We have collected nearly 23 articles published in renowned journals till May 2020. It is observed that majority of code smell prioritization tools have focused on prioritization of Long Method, Feature Envy, and Switch Statement code smells. These tools were implemented using Java programming language and majority of these are able to prioritize code smells in Java software only.

Research on Vehicle Scheduling Problem of Multi Warehouse Collaborative Distribution and Its Application

In the modern society with highly developed logistics, while paying attention to structural and functional strategic layout and global scale services, it is also our ultimate goal to pursue efficient transportation / high-quality logistics services, reduce logistics transportation costs and reduce CO₂ emissions. This paper proposes a new concept of multi warehouse collaborative distribution Vehicle Dispatching Problem (VDP/MD) and its customization, and provides a solver for complex scenarios in real new transportation problems. Aiming at the VDP/MD problem, an enhanced computing model with hierarchical and multiple structure is introduced, which is calledHIMS++computing model. It consists of three layers: the atomic layer is the fluctuation area of system regulation cost, the molecular layer is the formation area of system stable state, and the individual layer is the optimization decision area of scheduling plan. TheHIMS++model is constructed by using object-oriented programming software components; The optimization algorithm is realized by heuristic probability exploration and fuzzy decision-making method. The experiment was carried out using the 3-day order data obtained from the actual dispatching center in Tokyo Metropolitan Area, which has 27 oil tank vehicles (including 2 types). It is proved that theHIMS++model is more accurate (10% improvement) and faster (12 times) than the results given by experts.HIMS++model is also a convenient tool to solve the actual transportation combination optimization problem (multi parameter, multi constraint and multi-objective optimization problem), This study introduces a novel solution for digital logistics support and accurate Vehicle distribution scheduling.

Option for evaluation of development of decision support system requirements

Material relating to the creation of real projects is very rare. To solve this and other problems, the use of end-to-end projects of the semester or course scale was introduced into the process of preparing students. During the project, issues of iterative development of information systems are worked out, where the number of classes and structures is considered to be dozens and design patterns are used. All of them must be coordinated and take their place and role. After each iteration, students have a workable software module. The experience gained gives the student a sense of self-confidence, because he takes part, perhaps for the first time, in the creation of a significant application. Prepared students bring interesting solutions to the project and the role of the teacher is to extend the experience gained to the next year (semester), thereby reducing dependence on experienced professionals. More and more activities are moving to the electronic form, the implementation of the function of estimating the processing of the requirement is becoming easier, so research in this area has prospects. The purpose of the study: the creation of a methodological development for the preparation of students in the field of software engineering. Task: describe ways to ensure the quality of practical classes and the introduction of project technologies in pedagogical activities. Within the framework of the innovative content of education in the disciplines of Object-Oriented Programming, Software Modeling and Design, project technology has been introduced into the educational process. At this time, a unified approach to software development has become very popular. Within the framework of practical classes in each of the disciplines, a separate cross-cutting project is determined, which must be worked out. One or two practical sessions are an iteration of a cross-cutting project that creates new functionality or improves existing one. At the same time, a new construction of the studied programming or a new diagram (document) is being implemented in the project, which is being worked out as a result of the design. In order to improve the quality of training at the end of certain iterations, video recording of the development of the developed part of the project is carried out. Students are divided into groups. The most prepared student leads the development. He fully understands the process and is ready to provide effective assistance in the development of artifacts - one or another diagram (document), or one or another software module. Students work on a chart of artifacts and find out what exactly their group will do, on which artifacts their artifact depends. This affects the time the artifact is first developed. The artifact is proposed for development after a certain readiness of artifacts, on the basis of which the necessary artifact is developed. At the initial iterations it is necessary to make a Development Plan, which records the order of development of artifacts. Software development during video capture is carried out vertically. When building, it is desirable not to change the students during the initial iterations, so that they clearly fix their place of work in the architecture of the project and feel the variable part of their work and the constant part of their work. Implementing end-to-end semester or course projects and using a cloud environment provides significant hands-on experience and a portfolio that students can rely on when looking for work. Suggestions: Involve software companies in the development of the material taught. This can be a project that is created over approximately 18 (9) iterations, with continuous functionality and quality improvements. A project can have an interesting interface, use several programming languages (programming technologies), consist of several parts and have the means of compatibility between its parts and other projects.