Object-oriented Programming Paradigm Research Articles

Estudio comparativo de los paradigmas de programación orientada a objetos y programación reactiva en la resolución de Integrales Algebraicas

The article evaluates the performance in terms of execution times in solving algebraic integrals using both the object-oriented programming (OOP) and reactive programming (RP) paradigms. The problem addressed is the lack of scientific evidence that allows us to determine which paradigm offers the best results in terms of execution times in solving these integrals. The approach of the study involves the implementation of two versions in Java, each built following the principles of the aforementioned paradigms. Subsequently, through controlled experimental scenarios and integrated Java methods, the execution time of each application is measured. The results reveal that reactive programming demonstrates greater efficiency in terms of performance. This research focuses on the resolution of linear and polynomial algebraic integrals and points out the need for more extensive research in this field. In conclusion, the study shows that reactive programming significantly outperforms object-oriented programming, demonstrating notably lower execution times.

Automated simulation modeling: ensuring resilience and flexibility in Industry 4.0 manufacturing systems

Industry 4.0 brings a revolution in the way to create and think of products. Consumer needs change rapidly and production systems must adapt quickly to market changes by changing processes, resources, and configurations. In this context, as real manufacturing systems are subject to constant change, simulations can easily become obsolete. This reduces the lifetime of the simulation model, causes repeated disruption in industrial planning support, and consequently continuous maintenance by experts. Within this framework, the novelty of the following research is the development of a flexible and resilient simulation model able to adapt according to its physical counterpart. Through advanced modeling, based on the object-oriented programming paradigm, an automated simulation model has been developed. This model adapts based on input data, ensuring accuracy and real-time planning support. The research is applied to a real case study of the production system of a world leader in the energy technology sector. The results show that the applied simulation tool can analyze different configurations and enhance production planning.

Features of competent models’ development in the field of information security

The article is devoted to the study of procedures for the formation of assessment tools in the training of departmental specialists implementing the functions of planning, implementation and control of organizational systems of higher and additional education, aimed at improving the mechanisms for forming information security policies and assessing the effectiveness of systems, tools and measures taken for informatization objects devoted to various levels of the hierarchy . The problematic issues being studied are related to the development of the theoretical foundations of management in organizational systems, methods and algorithms for solving management problems, including information and software. The results of scientific research, applied scientific research and qualification work for forming educational and methodological support for educational organizations and funds of assessment tools in the field of information security are analyzed, taking into account the features of competency models for the training of departmental specialists. The mechanisms and detailed procedures for the formation of assessment tools, focused on promising technologies for ensuring compliance of knowledge, motivational attitudes and skills with the competencies of a specialist in the field of information security, are generalized. Conceptual models of the competency modeling in object-oriented programming paradigms, new mathematical models for managing individual educational trajectories and designing competency-oriented tasks for assessing the development of competencies are proposed.

Kelebihan dan Kelemahan dalam Penggunaan Object Oriented Programming

In general, many programming languages have been provided for making applications, both of small and large value, which are useful for answering various other user needs. Object-oriented programming is an object-oriented programming paradigm, all data and functions contained in it are wrapped in classes or object objects. , compared to structured programming logic where each object can receive messages, process data, and also send messages to other objects, object-oriented programs were discovered in the 1960s there starting from a structured program creation and then this method was developed from C and Pascal.

ПОБУДОВА АВТОМАТИЗОВАНОЇ СИСТЕМИ АУДІОЛОКАЦІЇ ЗАГРОЗ

The article discusses the process of building a system for finding the direction of a sound source using the finite difference method for processing digitized sound signal data. The finite difference method has been modified by using the cross-correlation function which simplifies the processing of the digitized signal due to the improvement of the calculation algorithm and the transition from the differential to the numerical format of the input data which significantly reduces the number of calculations and simplifies them. Statistical processing of the obtained results is proposed to reduce the error of finding the absolute angle to the software-generated sound source. The software was developed which enables the computer implementation of the audio location system based on the principles of object-oriented programming. It uses digitized signal data for calculations and modeling of the results of the algorithm. The program was created on the Windows OS platform in the Windows Studio environment in compliance with object-oriented programming paradigms. The use of the modified algorithm by the authors in the process of software implementation of the sound-metric system made it possible to analyze the operation of the method and develop receiver configurations that allow increasing the accuracy of the results. Experimental (laboratory) studies of the developed system under the condition of using a configuration justified by the authors and statistically processed data, made it possible to obtain results of searching the direction of the sound source with an error of less than 1o. The main scientific result of the conducted research is the improvement of data processing algorithms for audio-location search which, unlike existing approaches, allows to increase the accuracy of such a process based on the application of the mutual correlation function and its subsequent mathematical adjustment. The practical value of the obtained results is an easy adaptation of the sound-metric system developed and tested in laboratory conditions for operation in military field conditions.

MooAFEM: An object oriented Matlab code for higher-order adaptive FEM for (nonlinear) elliptic PDEs

We present an easily accessible, object oriented code (written exclusively in Matlab) for adaptive finite element simulations in 2D. It features various refinement routines for triangular meshes as well as fully vectorized FEM ansatz spaces of arbitrary polynomial order and allows for problems with very general coefficients. In particular, our code can handle problems typically arising from iterative linearization methods used to solve nonlinear PDEs. Due to the object oriented programming paradigm, the code can be used easily and is readily extensible. We explain the basic principles of our code and give numerical experiments that underline its flexibility as well as its efficiency.

Application of Computerized Switch for Domestic and Industrial Appliances

This study was conceived out of the curiosity to appreciate automation and harness the possibility of controlling numerous appliances with a single remote control. It aimed at developing a computerized wireless switch using Infrared Technology capable of controlling the bi-directional flip-flop and push-pull switches of some household and industrial appliances such as fans and energy bulbs in order to reduce the stress associated with manual switching of these appliances. This study is designed based on the working principle and properties of Infrared Light, the ground on which remotes for home electronics are built. To achieve this objective, an ATMEG328p microprocessor was used to interface the TSOP1738 Infrared Receiver and the other components of the circuit on a breadboard or project board as a prototype. The whole system is composed of three units which are independently built as the Object-Oriented Programming paradigm is employed. The units are: the transmitter (a handheld universal remote); Control or Receiver (embedded processor) and the household or industrial appliances to be controlled. Emphasis was on the Receiver and controller unit because they formed the pillar of the automation. The system's implementation showed higher performance in terms of effectiveness, precision, and dependability, and controlled the household and industrial appliances at a distance of 10 meters.

Nesne-İlişkisel Eşleme (ORM) Araçlarının .NET 6 Ortamında Performans Analizi

ORM tools are frequently used in projects developed by object-oriented programming paradigm. Software developers generally look at the performances of these tools when they select an ORM tool. Most of the performance studies on ORM tools are limited to processing time and RAM usage information, and CPU usage information is not included. Moreover, no ORM performance study has been found in the literature, conducted in .NET 6, which is an open-source and platform-independent new generation .NET platform. In this study, to close the mentioned gap in the literature and guide the software developers, we conduct research for analyzing performances of certain ORM tools in .NET 6. Our study includes CPU usage information as well as processing time and RAM usage information. We develop a software for measuring processing time, RAM and CPU usage while performing read, insert, update, delete, search and sort operations with Dapper, NHibernate and Entity Framework Core (EF Core) ORM tools. As a result, while Dapper is best in terms of processing time for read, delete, search and sort operations, EF Core has the best results for insert and update operations. We conclude that Dapper has the best performance in terms of resource usage, while the rankings of EF Core and NHibernate vary among themselves according to the number of records and operation type.

Predictive analytics for fault reasoning in gas flow control facility: A hybrid fuzzy theory and expert system approach

Gas pressure reduction stations are essential in energy distribution networks because even a minor failure of these systems causes disruptive consumer problems. This study aims to introduce and implement a new knowledge-based platform that uses the synthesized expert's opinions to improve gas pressure control facilities. Given the record of failure of gas transmission system components and the data's uncertain nature, a new fuzzy expert system is developed that takes advantage of the object-oriented programming paradigm to analyze failure modes and conditions. The artificial intelligent model is designed in C# programming language, and a user-friendly interface is developed for ease of implementation. The knowledge-based model's validity has been tested by implementing real-world case studies adapted from the Iranian gas industry. Implementing the designed expert system shows that it can minimize the probability of a breakdown and improve safety conditions.

Application of Object Oriented Programming Paradigm in Embedded Systems Development

Application of Object Oriented Programming Paradigm in Embedded Systems Development

Development of a Modular Software Architecture for Underwater Vehicles Using Systems Engineering

This paper addresses the development of a modular software architecture for the design/construction/operation of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), based on systems engineering. First, systems engineering and the Vee model are presented with the objective of defining the interactions of the stakeholders with the software architecture development team and establishing the baselines that must be met in each development phase. In the development stage, the definition of the architecture and its connection with the hardware is presented, taking into account the use of the actor model, which represents the high-level software architecture used to solve concurrency problems. Subsequently, the structure of the classes is defined both at high and low levels in the instruments using the object-oriented programming paradigm. Finally, unit tests are developed for each component in the software architecture, quality assessment tests are implemented for system functions fulfillment, and a field sea trial for testing different modules of the vehicle is described. This approach is well suited for the development of complex systems such as marine vehicles and those systems which require scalability and modularity to add functionalities.

Developing Problem Solving Competency Using Functional Programming Style

This paper is dedicated to the challenges of the education that high school students are facing while developing specific competencies related to the functional programming style (FPS). The presented educational approach consists of two components: first, learning FPS by comparing it with the imperative, procedural, object-oriented and logic programming paradigms and second, using competencies based approach for solving practical problems with functional programming. The paper presents a problem set and the phases of its application in the learning process. The results and the analysis of the approach are presented in two groups of high school students which develop successfully their specific competencies for using FPS for practical problem solving. The presented results show that the students are understanding easier FPS and its differences from their known paradigms (imperative, procedural, object-oriented and logical) by using a problem set with properly prepared practical problems which they can solve in multiple ways which lead them to the FPS solution.

Method of increasing the reliability of knowledge-oriented systems software through code reuse mechanisms

The issues of possibility of application of the code reuse mechanism in the process of designing and developing software of knowledge-oriented systems have been considered. The necessity of an individual research on the development of software for analytical and information resources that provide support to all participants in the process of knowledge-oriented systems software development has been proved. The necessity of using the mechanisms of reuse of previously developed and verified program code as an element of the information resource has been shown. In frame of the developed method of improving the reliability of knowledge-oriented systems software through the of code reuse mechanisms, a new visual form of function libraries representation in the shape of a single software shell has been proposed. As a basic framework for solving the problem of information resource development, usage of Unified Modeling Language (UML), which is based on the paradigm of object-oriented programming has been proposed. Mentioned choice is justified by the fact that UML is an integral part of a unified software development process and is essentially an open standard that uses graphical notation to create an abstract model of the system. The obtained theoretical provisions are imaged into a running example, which shows one of the possible options for organizing libraries of functions as an element of the information resource. The use case diagrams, interaction diagrams, sequence diagrams, class diagrams have been developed and justified. Based on the obtained practical results, a block diagram of the method, which, in contrast to existing solutions, includes a procedure for generating of proofreads for basic UML-diagrams in accordance with requirements of the programming environments has been proposed.

An Object-oriented finite element framework for modified cam clay model

In this paper, an object-oriented finite element framework is developed and modified cam clay model, which is an elasto-plastic soil constitutive model, is implemented with it. The paper briefly describes the approach of implementing the steps of finite element analysis in object-oriented programming paradigm. An implicit integration algorithm for modified cam clay model is implemented in the proposed framework, which can be used to solve boundary value problems in geotechnical engineering. The framework ensures the maintainability and extensibility of the program to implement new tasks that may be in the form of the addition of a new constitutive model with different integration algorithms, and hence it can be used for research purposes in the field of geotechnical engineering. Numerical investigations are performed to validate the stability and accuracy of the proposed framework, which also demonstrate the effectiveness of object-oriented programming in finite element analysis. Numerical examples include triaxial compression tests on normally consolidated clay (NCC) and overconsolidated clay (OCC) and bearing capacity evaluation of a flexible strip footing on a homogeneous deposit of clay. As a programming language, C++ is used.

RC-INSANE – an interactive environment for nonlinear analysis of reinforced concrete structures

Abstract The development of numerical and computational resources that can present reliable models for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures is mainly driven by its widespread use. Considering that reinforced concrete is a composite material and bond is the load-carrying mechanism, these models must consider that the structural behavior is affected by the interaction between concrete and reinforcement. On this basis, the Finite Element Method (FEM) is a well-established method able to provide consistent results for reinforced concrete modeling through reinforcement and bond models. Nevertheless, to simplify the analysis, the hypothesis of strain compatibility between concrete and reinforcement is usually considered. Under certain loads and specific geometries, this hypothesis is not valid, and the bond-slip phenomenon must be considered to fully characterize the structural behavior. To fulfill this need, this paper presents a graphic interface that enables the modeling of reinforced concrete structures through discrete and embedded reinforcement models, with the possibility to include the bond-slip phenomenon based on several constitutive laws proposed in the literature. The computational implementations were held in the INSANE (INteractive Structural ANalysis Environment), an open-source software based on the Object-Oriented Programming paradigm, which enclosures several constitutive models for nonlinear concrete modeling and different numerical techniques, and a post-processing application able to represent the results by way of a friendly-user graphic interface.

Unified type system for the modern general-purpose programing language

The paper presents an overview of the type system, which supports the convergence of procedural, object-oriented, functional, and concurrent programming paradigms relying on static type checking with smart type inference support and the ability to ensure dynamic type safety as well. The key element of the type system is that it is fully based on just 2 basis constants and all other constructions are derived.

Реализация распределённых и параллельных вычислений в сети SDN

The paper discusses the execution of a program of tasks on the SDN data plane, modeled by a finite connected undirected graph of physical connections; the execution is understood in the sense of the object-oriented programming paradigm as consisting of objects and messages that objects can exchange. Objects are implemented in hosts. Several different objects can be implemented in one host and the same object can be implemented in several hosts. Messages between objects implemented in different hosts are transmitted in packets which are routed by switches based on identifiers assigned to packets that is on a set of values of some packet parameters in the packet header. Two problems are tackled in the work: 1) minimizing the number of identifiers, 2) setting up switches to implement the paths that packets should take place. These tasks are solved in two cases: A) a packet intended for some object must get into exactly one host in which this object is implemented, B) a packet can get into several hosts, but the desired object must be implemented in one and only one of them. It is shown that problem 1 in case A is equivalent to the set covering problem, and the minimum number of identifiers in the worst case is min{ n, m } where n is the number of objects, and m is the number of hosts implementing objects. In case B, the problem is a special modification of the set covering problem, the hypothesis is proposed that the minimum number of identifiers in the worst case is min{ ëlb(n + 1)û, m }. So far, an upper bound is O( min { ln (min { n, m }) × ln ( n, m ) } ). To solve problem 2 in cases A and B, algorithms for switches’ setting are proposed which have the complexityO( m ) and O( k m ), , respectively, where m is the number of the edges of the graph of physical connections and k is the number of the required packet identifiers.

Generic programming with combinators and objects

The generic programming approach is popular in functional languages (for example, OCaml, Haskell). In essence, it is a compile-time generation of code that performs transformations of user-defined data types. The generated code can carry out various kinds of transformations of the values. Usually, transformations are represented as functions that implement algorithms of transformation. New transformations could be built from these transformation functions and user-defined ones. The representation based on functions has a downside: functions behave as final representations, and hence it is not possible to modify the behavior of the already built function. If the current set of transformations does not suit well, software developers are obliged to write a completely distinct transformation, even in the case when the new transformation is almost identical to the existing one. This work proposes to build transformations that are extensible after construction. The object-oriented programming paradigm will be followed, transformations will be represented not as functions but as objects. Instead of calling a transformation function, one of the object’s methods will be called. The transformation itself will be split into methods. The extensibility is supported by adding new methods and overriding existing ones. In this paper, the authors propose an approach to represent transformations as objects in the OCaml functional programming language. Every alternative in data type definition has a corresponding object method. This design allows the construction of many distinct transformations. The cases where too many methods are not desirable are also discussed. The method is applicable to represent extensible transformations for polymorphic variant data types in OCaml when other methods fail to do it. The method is not bound to any particular domain. It allows the creation of extensible transformations in OCaml. It could be ported to other functional languages supporting object-oriented programming.

Object-Oriented Programming and Software Development Paradigm

Object-Oriented Programming and Software Development Paradigm

PenRed: An extensible and parallel Monte-Carlo framework for radiation transport based on PENELOPE

Monte Carlo methods provide detailed and accurate results for radiation transport simulations. Unfortunately, the high computational cost of these methods limits its usage in real-time applications. Moreover, existing computer codes do not provide a methodology for adapting these kinds of simulations to specific problems without advanced knowledge of the corresponding code system, and this restricts their applicability. To help solve these current limitations, we present PenRed, a general-purpose, stand-alone, extensible and modular framework code based on PENELOPE for parallel Monte Carlo simulations of electron-photon transport through matter. It has been implemented in C++ programming language and takes advantage of modern object-oriented technologies. In addition, PenRed offers the capability to read and process DICOM images as well as to construct and simulate image-based voxelized geometries, so as to facilitate its usage in medical applications. Our framework has been successfully verified against the original PENELOPE Fortran code. Furthermore, the implemented parallelism has been tested showing a significant improvement in the simulation time without any loss in precision of results. Program summaryProgram title: PenRed: Parallel Engine for Radiation Energy Deposition.CPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/rkw6tvtngy.1Licensing provision: GNU Affero General Public License (AGPL).Programming language: C++ standard 2011.Nature of problem: Monte Carlo simulations usually require a huge amount of computation time to achieve low statistical uncertainties. In addition, many applications necessitate particular characteristics or the extraction of specific quantities from the simulation. However, most available Monte Carlo codes do not provide an efficient parallel and truly modular structure which allows users to easily customise their code to suit their needs without an in-depth knowledge of the code system.Solution method: PenRed is a fully parallel, modular and customizable framework for Monte Carlo simulations of the passage of radiation through matter. It is based on the PENELOPE [1] code system, from which inherits its unique physics models and tracking algorithms for charged particles. PenRed has been coded in C++ following an object-oriented programming paradigm restricted to the C++11 standard. Our engine implements parallelism via a double approach: on the one hand, by using standard C++ threads for shared memory, improving the access and usage of the memory, and, on the other hand, via the MPI standard for distributed memory infrastructures. Notice that both kinds of parallelism can be combined together in the same simulation. Moreover, both threads and MPI processes, can be balanced using the builtin load balance system (RUPER-LB [30]) to maximise the performance on heterogeneous infrastructures. In addition, PenRed provides a modular structure with methods designed to easily extend its functionality. Thus, users can create their own independent modules to adapt our engine to their needs without changing the original modules. Furthermore, user extensions will take advantage of the builtin parallelism without any extra effort or knowledge of parallel programming.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: PenRed has been compiled in linux systems with g++ of GCC versions 4.8.5, 7.3.1, 8.3.1 and 9; clang version 3.4.2 and intel C++ compiler (icc) version 19.0.5.281. Since it is a C++11-standard compliant code, PenRed should be able to compile with any compiler with C++11 support. In addition, if the code is compiled without MPI support, it does not require any non standard library. To enable MPI capabilities, the user needs to install whatever available MPI implementation, such as openMPI [24] or mpich [25], which can be found in the repositories of any linux distribution. Finally, to provide DICOM processing support, PenRed can be optionally compiled using the dicom toolkit (dcmtk) [32] library. Thus, PenRed has only two optional dependencies, an MPI implementation and the dcmtk library.