Object-oriented Model Research Articles

A Boundedly Rational Day-to-Day Rerouting Model with Dynamic Indifference Band and Net Marginal Cost Preference

This paper suggests factoring both dynamic indifference band (DIB) and marginal decision rule into boundedly rational day-to-day traffic dynamics modeling. To this purpose, a relative indifference band based DIB is employed to capture the variation of indifference band against dynamical network traffic conditions, and the net marginal cost preference (NetMCP) is newly introduced and quantified to replace the routine marginal cost preference as an amended behavior criterion for rerouting decision. To concentrate on the essence, DIB and NetMCP are mathematically formulated into the traffic evolution equation of the classical proportional-switch adjustment process with a new revision protocol, leading to the present dynamically bounded rational swapping process with NetMCP (DBRSP-NetMCP), of which the stationary state is defined and proved. It is also proved that DBRSP-NetMCP is a bounded rational behavior swapping process; and given separable link travel times, DBRSP-NetMCP is globally stable. It is numerically demonstrated that i) an object-oriented modelling approach may cause obvious deviation in rerouting behavior from the behavior-oriented one, and thus is inadvisable to model the day-to-day traffic dynamics; and ii) both DIB and NetMCP show striking effect on traffic evolution, and NetMCP helps to shorten the evolution path towards the stationary states, which may contribute to better the performance of a swapping algorithm to solve the deterministic traffic equilibrium.

Developing a theory of an object-oriented city: Building energy for urban problems

The paper reviews the processes of Geodesign, as it is currently used in practice, and explore its capability and limitation to adapt to new smart city design and technology. Predictions about the future city are being attempted based on data that is for all intents and purposes based on the distant past. In the smart city, where data is both ubiquitous and continuous, it is possible to use metadata to quickly gain an understanding of how the future city is designed and how the current urban system can be altered. Existing building energy data of eight housing units in the Sumida neighborhood of Tokyo was collected using smart meters. This data was analyzed to determine how the buildings perform in real-time, compared to how the energy models predict the building performance. This comparison showed that the existing buildings are using more energy than the current models predict. There is potential that better utilizing data can help designers and planners come closer to meeting community goals. There is also potential that as we integrate more smart city technologies into our cities for improving future city model, or the change model in Geodesign. This paper discussed how other variables that can be incorporated into larger-scale problems, in which an object-oriented city design model is proposed based on a network of objects and multiple system boundaries.

Optimal Tuner Selection using Kalman Filter for a Real-Time Modular Gas Turbine Model

In this study, a real-time flexible modular modeling approach for the simulation of gas turbine engines dynamic behavior based on nonlinear thermodynamic and dynamic laws is addressed. The introduced model, which is developed in Matlab-Simulink environment, is an object-oriented high speed real-time computer model and is capable of simulating the dynamic behavior of a broad group of gas turbine engines due to its modular structure. Moreover, a Kalman filter-based model tuning procedure is applied to decrease the modeling errors. Modeling errors are defined as the mismatch between simulation results and available experimental data. This tuning procedure is an underdetermined estimation problem, where there are more tuning parameters than available measured data. Here, an innovative approach to produce a tuning parameter vector is introduced. This approach is based on seeking an optimal initial value for the Kalman filter tuning procedure. Three simulation studies are carried out in this paper to demonstrate the advantages, capabilities and performance of the proposed scheme. Furthermore, simulation results are compared with manufacturer’s published data, and with the experimental results gathered in either turbo-generator or turbo-compressor applications. Computational time requirement of the model is discussed at the end of the paper.

Equation-based object-oriented modeling and simulation for data center cooling: A case study

Data center cooling accounts for about 1% of electricity usage in the United States. Computer models are pivotal in designing and operating energy-efficient cooling systems. Compared to conventional building performance simulation programs, the equation-based object-oriented modeling language Modelica is an emerging approach that can enable fast prototyping and dynamic simulation of cooling systems. In this case study, we first modeled the cooling and control systems of an actual data center located in Massachusetts using the open-source Modelica Buildings library, and then calibrated a baseline model based on measurement data. The simulation of the baseline model identified several operation-related issues in the cooling and control systems, such as degraded cooling coils, improper dead band in control settings, and simultaneous cooling and heating in air handlers. Afterwards, we used a sequential search technique as well as an optimization scheme to investigate the energy saving potentials for different energy efficiency measures aiming to address the abovementioned issues. Simulation results show potential energy savings up to 24% by resolving identified control-related issues and optimizing the supply air temperature.

INVESTIGATION OF METHODS OF INTELLECTUAL ANALYSIS OF BIBLIOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT OF PROGRAM SYSTEM FOR ANALYSIS OF LITERATURE LIST

Context. The problem of analyzing a bibliographic list is examined with the purpose of automating the verification of the correctness of its compilation. The object of the study was the process of creating bibliographic descriptions based on existing standards. The subject of the study is models and methods of intellectual analysis for checking and correcting bibliographic descriptions. Objective. The goal of the work is to increase the effectiveness of scientific and pedagogical activity through the use of an intellectual system to check the list of literary sources in the students’ course and diploma papers. Method. The standard is analyzed and the elements composing the bibliographic description are listed. Existing tools for forming and checking the list of literature sources are considered, their shortcomings are revealed, the necessity of creating a software tool for checking bibliographic descriptions is grounded. The research of methods of intellectual analysis is given: methods of regular expressions, fuzzy search with application of fuzzy regular expressions, finite automaton and neural network of Hamming are considered. A previously existing model for checking the bibliographic description for compliance with existing standards was created, based on the methods of regular expressions, fuzzy search, the finite automaton and the neural network of Hamming. An object-oriented model of the projected computer system in the language of visual modeling of UML is presented. The work of computer implementation of the software system implemented in the C # visual programming environment is described. Results. A software system was developed – an intelligent decision-making system – to check the bibliographic description and partially automated correction with user instructions generated based on the knowledge base. Conclusions. The developed intellectual system allows to reveal and correct mistakes of registration of the bibliographic description. The basis of the program is the knowledge base, which can be supplemented if there are any unforeseen situations. In addition, this system makes it possible to accumulate a database of already verified lists of literature. The developed system can be improved without interfering with the source code of the program. At the same time, the level of its capabilities and correctness of corrections, the issuance of comments directly depends on the completeness and correctness of the compiled knowledge base. The prospects for further research include the use of other styles for the design of a list of literature other than DSTU 7.1: 2006, such as the IEEE.

Model-Based Requirement Engineering to Support Development of Complex Systems

About 90% of the innovations on today’s vehicles are driven by electrics/electronics or software functions. This shifts the focus from a component-oriented perspective to a function-oriented view in engineering. At the same time, descriptions of systems and subsystems are required in order to coordinate collaboration with suppliers. These different views on the system under development essentially affect requirements engineering. On the one hand, information have to be provided, e.g., for requirement specifications for single systems. On the other hand, requirements have to be defined for functions realized on different systems and subsystems. This paper presents a concept for model-based requirement engineering supporting to gather and provide requirements needed for different views within the automotive development process. The concept presented is based on five partial models representing the emerging automotive system from an abstract concept (use cases) to a solution (system structure). Each of the partial models, namely use cases, functions, function realization, system structure and product structure are described with regard to required artifacts and their relations based on object-oriented modeling. These artifacts and relations serve for the allocation of requirements or can be specified by existing requirements. The proposed concept support different views upon the vehicle system and allow to generate structured, consistent documents, like requirements specifications for single systems within the development process. At the same time, the impact of changes concerning single requirements, use cases, functions or systems can be analyzed. The application of the proposed concept is highlighted using the example of an electric vehicle.

An Algorithmic Model of Decision Making in the Human Brain.

Introduction:One of the interesting topics in neuroscience is problem solving and decision-making. In this area, everything gets more complicated when events occur sequentially. One of the practical methods for handling the complexity of brain function is to create an empirical model. Model Predictive Control (MPC) is known as a powerful mathematical-based tool often used in industrial environments. We proposed an MPC and its algorithm as a part of the functionalities of the brain to improve the performance of the decision-making process.Methods:We used a hybrid methodology whereby combining a powerful nonlinear control system tools and a modular fashion approach in computer science. Our hybrid approach employed the MPC and the Object-Oriented Modeling (OOM) respectively. Therefore, we could model the interaction between most important regions within the brain to simulate the decision-making process.Results:The employed methodology provided the capability to design an algorithm based on the cognitive functionalities of the PFC and Hippocampus. The developed algorithm applied for modulation of neural circuits between cortex and sub-cortex during a decision making process.Conclusion:It is well known that the decision-making process results from communication between the prefrontal cortex (working memory) and hippocampus (long-term memory). However, there are other regions of the brain that play essential roles in making decisions, but their exact mechanisms of action still are unknown. In this study, we modeled those mechanisms with MPC. We showed that MPC controls the stream of data between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in a closed-loop system to correct actions.

A Novel Scheme for Performance Evaluation of an IEC 61850-Based Active Distribution System Substation

With the integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) into the distribution networks, the Active Distribution Network Management is becoming quite challenging. The DERs are integrated into the distribution networks through distribution substations. For achieving greater control and ease of operation substations are being automated by employing substation communication network based on standardized communication. IEC 61850 standard has emerged as the most popular standard due to its object-oriented modeling and interoperability features. To ensure smooth and efficient operation of substation automation system, the performance requirements for intra substation communication needs to be evaluated. This paper presents modelling of data traffic in the substation according to IEC 61850 and provides validation through simulation as well as through experimental setup. In the experimental setup, a real bay is replicated in the laboratory for performance validation. The scheme has been validated for VLAN and priority tagging implementation with the obtained simulation results.

Predictive Formal Analysis of Resilience in Cyber-Physical Systems

The behavioral analysis of cyber-physical systems in safety-critical scenarios is a challenging task. In this paper, the endogenous and exogenous aspects of resilience are of cornerstone importance in system design and verification. Endogenous resilience is the inherent ability of the system to detect and process internal faults and malicious attacks. Exogenous resilience is the permanent capability of the system to maintain a safe operation within its ambient environment. In this paper, we present a predictive dual-sided contract-based formal methodology to address both aspects of resilience on top of a distributed object-oriented component-based software model. It is illustrated by a case study of urban drone rescue systems. We exploit the formalism of timed automat a and the toolbox UPPAAL to predict by abstraction and analyze (simulate and verify) endogenous resilience. Instead of presenting the final models of the case study, we reflect our experience with UPPAAL in generic patterns of system design and contract specification, reusable in other contexts with adaptations. The analysis of exogenous resilience is specific to the considered drone rescue system. It consists of synthesizing by iterative model-checking safe flight paths for the drones within a 3D virtual model of urban surroundings true to modern cities.

Обзор объектно-ориентированной парадигмы в приложении к разработке баз данных

The article provides an overview of projects, technologies, software products developed to implement the ideas of an object-oriented approach to database design. In the 80s of the 20th century, there were many projects devoted to the idea of OODB, many experts expected that in the near future relational databases would be crowded out with objectoriented ones. Despite the impressive number of projects conducted by both teams of scientists and commercial companies focused on practical implementation, there was no clear formulation of an object-oriented data model, each team presented its own vision of applying object-oriented concepts to database design. The absence of a universal data model, with a well-developed mathematical apparatus (as in the case of relational databases), is still the main problem in the distribution of an OODBMS. However, the use of relational DBMS raises a lot of problems that are most acutely felt in areas such as computer-aided design, computer-aided production, knowledge-based systems, and others. OODB allow to combine the program code and data, to avoid differences between the representations of information in the database and the application program, as a result of which modern developers show interest in them. There are a lot of OODBMS, but they cannot compete with the largest storage organization systems.

Developing Ghasedak: a Mobile Application to Improve the Quality of Cancer Palliative Care.

Introduction:Today, new health care models are being proposed with the aim of reducing hospital beds and providing services in primary facilities and homes. These models are developed with the focus on the patients and towards their self-management and self-accomplishment of the activities. Among these, Mobile Health Technology seems to be appropriate for making a new model in palliative care and in different types of care, in general. Palliative care Application (app)can pave the way for promoting the patients’ knowledge and thus improving their quality of life, which, in turn, can provide appropriate care at the end of the patients’ life. Aim:This study endeavored to develop the initial version of Mobile Application for cancer Palliative care for the purpose of improving the quality of Iranians’ life. Methods:A mixed method study was conducted in three Phases as follows: 1) comparative study of current mobile applications; 2) developing an object-oriented conceptual model for mobile apps; and 3) developing the initial version of Ghasedak (Ghasedakis the Persian word stand for “Dandelion”) approved for production. Results:Ghasedak was developed for the appropriate cancer self-care, with such functionalities as user training; including cancer definition, cancer factors, its signs and symptoms, types, prevention, cure, adherence to the constraints, strategies for reducing anxiety and overcoming fear, definition and importance of palliative care, management of physical, psychological, social as well as spiritual complications. Ghasedak also includes Clinicians appointment reminds, personal health, user guide, application setting, and patient notes. Conclusion:Ghasedak was developed in compliance with Iranian experts’ opinions. It seems it would be of help in self-care of patients with needed to palliative care.

Dynamic simulation of indirect air conditioning systems with optimized computational time

The simulation of HVAC systems is a powerful tool to improve the energy efficiency in buildings. The modelling of such systems faces several obstacles due to both the physical phenomenology present and the numerical resolution difficulties. The present work is an attempt to develop a robust, fast, and accurate model for HVAC systems that can interact with the other relevant systems involved in buildings thermal management. The whole system model has been developed in the form of libraries under the Modelica language to exploit its advantageous characteristics: object-oriented programming, equationbased modelling, and handling of multi-physics. The global resolution is carried out dynamically so that not only steady-state predictions can be conducted but also control strategies can be studied over meaningful periods of time. This latter aspect is crucial for optimizing energy savings. The libraries include models for all the system individual components such as pumps, compressors or heat exchangers (operating with twophase flows and/or moist air) and also models assemblies to account for vapour compression units and liquid circuits. An illustrative example of an indirect air conditioning system is detailed in the present work in order to highlight the model potential.

ABOOMS: Overcoming the Hurdles of Continuous-Time Public Goods Games with a Simulation-Based Approach

Public Goods Games (PGGs) are a standard experimental economic approach to studying cooperative behaviour. There are two types of games: discrete-time and continuous-time PGGs. While discrete-time PGGs (one-shot decisions about contributions to public goods) can be easily done as lab experiments, continuous-time PGGs (where participants can change contributions at any time) are much harder to realise within a lab environment. This is mainly because it is difficult to consider events happening in continuous time in lab experiments. Simulation offers an opportunity to support real-world lab experiments and is well suited to explore continuous-time PGGs. In this paper, we show how to apply our recently developed ABOOMS (Agent-Based Object-Oriented Modelling and Simulation) development framework to create models for simulation-supported continuous-time PGG studies. The ABOOMS framework utilizes Software Engineering techniques to support the development at the macro level (considering the overall study lifecycle) and at the micro level (considering individual steps related to simulation model development). Our case study shows that outputs from the simulation-supported continuous-time PGG generate dynamics that do not exist in discrete-time setting, highlighting the fact that it is important to study both, discrete and continuous-time PGGs.

Technological process structure of parts manufacturing of ship diesels in using function-oriented methods of finishing and hardening treatment

Abstract Features of technological process structure of manufacturing ship diesel parts in using function-oriented methods of finishing and hardening treatment are examined in this article. Technological transformation model is given. General object-oriented model of structure synthesis of function-oriented process is presented. Requirements for the base containing method codification for the use during the synthesis of the structure of function-oriented process, are shown. The structure of technological function-oriented process is acquired.

An Open Source Modeling Framework for Interdependent Energy-Transportation-Communication Infrastructure in Smart and Connected Communities

Infrastructure in future smart and connected communities is envisioned as an aggregate of public services, including energy, transportation, and communication systems, all intertwined with each other. The intrinsic interdependency among these systems may exert the underlying influence on both design and operation of the heterogeneous infrastructures. However, few prior studies have tapped into the interdependency among these systems in order to quantify their potential impacts during standard operation. In response to this, this paper proposes an open-source, flexible, integrated modeling framework suitable for designing coupled energy, transportation, and communication systems and for assessing the impact of their interdependencies. First, a novel multi-level, multi-layer, multi-agent approach is proposed to enable flexible modeling of the interconnected systems. Then, for the framework’s proof of concept, preliminary component and system-level models for different systems are designed and implemented using Modelica, an equation-based object-oriented modeling language. Finally, three case studies of gradually increasing complexity are presented (energy, energy + transportation, and energy + transportation + communication) to evaluate the interdependencies among the three systems. Quantitative analyses show that the deviation of the average velocity on the road can be 10.5% and the deviation of the power drawn from the grid can be 7% with or without considering the transportation and communication system at the peak commute time, indicating the presence of notable interdependencies. The proposed modeling framework also has the potential to be further extended for various modeling purposes and use cases, such as dynamic modeling and optimization, resilience analysis, and integrated decision making in future connected communities.

Moisture Recovery – A Dynamic Modelling Approach

With rising insulation standards, the use of mechanical ventilation, especially in non-residential buildings, is becoming increasingly relevant. To ensure thermal comfort and avoid health problems for people in the room, cost- and energy-intensive humidification of the supply air is necessary. The use of moisture recovery systems can thus significantly reduce the energy consumption of ventilation systems. Despite this energy-saving potential, moisture recovery systems are rarely used in ventilation systems. To forecast the efficiency of moisture recovery systems in partial load operation and under different climatic conditions, a dynamic model of a membrane-based enthalpy exchanger was developed in the object-oriented modelling language Modelica. The model is based on the solution diffusion model, a quite common approach. In contrast to the models found in the literature, the sorption process is not assumed to be in equilibrium state. Rather, as a first approach the membrane’s permeance, consisting of the solubility and diffusion coefficient, is modelled with a linear dependency on the moisture difference between the two incoming airflows. A parameter fitting has been carried out with experimental data to determine the unknown material parameters. The model containing the fitted parameter set was validated using different experimental data.

AltaRica 3.0 in ten modelling patterns

AltaRica 3.0 is an object-oriented modelling language dedicated to probabilistic risk and safety analyses. It is a prominent representative of modelling formalisms supporting the so-called model-based approach in reliability engineering. In this article, we illustrate the key features of the AltaRica 3.0 technology by presenting the implementation of ten very common modelling patterns. We demonstrate in this way the expressive power of the language as well as its elegance and simplicity of use.

Object-Oriented Analysis for Design of Protein Fingerprints

A new approach, based on object-oriented programming, for search and classification of protein patterns in a protein database is developed. Aiming at an improvement of the analysis of protein sequences and structures, certain basic patterns - such as motifs and fingerprints - are used. An unknown protein sequence can be classified by searching for those fingerprints from the database, assessing matches by estimating the statistical significance. The current implementation of the model algorithm for searching is a powerful tool that uses the PRINTS database as an example, however it does not support the option of adding of new features due to the conservative design of the program and the lack of publicly available code. A new version of the PRINTS database has recently been developed and this will require adding new features in the future. A novel object-oriented model for the implementation of the algorithm is proposed. This model is used to build a web application prototype, written in Python - the most widely used programming language in bioinformatics at present. The result of this study is a maintainable software with open source code that can easily be extended with new functionalities.

Объектно-ориентированное моделирование процессов функционирования субъектов организационно-технических систем

Объектно-ориентированное моделирование процессов функционирования субъектов организационно-технических систем

Comparative Analysis of Object-Oriented Software Maintainability Prediction Models

Abstract Software maintainability is one of the most important aspects when evaluating the quality of a software product. It is defined as the ease with which the existing software can be modified. In the literature, several researchers have proposed a large number of models to measure and predict maintainability throughout different phases of the Software Development Life Cycle. However, only a few attempts have been made for conducting a comparative study of the existent proposed prediction models. In this paper, we present a detailed classification and conduct a comparative analysis of Object-Oriented software maintainability prediction models. Furthermore, we considered the aforementioned proposed models from three perspectives, which are architecture, design and code levels. To the best of our knowledge, such an analysis that comprises the three levels has not been conducted in previous research. Moreover, this study hints at certain fundamental basics concerning the way of how measure the maintainability knowing that at each level the maintainability will be measured differently. In addition, we will focus on the strengths and weaknesses of these models. Consequently, the comparative study yields that several statistical and machine learning techniques have been employed for software maintainability prediction at code level during the last decade, and each technique possesses its specific characteristic to develop an accurate prediction model. At the design level, the majority of the prediction models measured maintainability according to the characteristics of the quality models. Whereas at the architectural level, the techniques adopted are still limited and only a few of studies have been conducted in this regard.