Object-oriented Data Model Research Articles

Обзор объектно-ориентированной парадигмы в приложении к разработке баз данных

The article provides an overview of projects, technologies, software products developed to implement the ideas of an object-oriented approach to database design. In the 80s of the 20th century, there were many projects devoted to the idea of OODB, many experts expected that in the near future relational databases would be crowded out with objectoriented ones. Despite the impressive number of projects conducted by both teams of scientists and commercial companies focused on practical implementation, there was no clear formulation of an object-oriented data model, each team presented its own vision of applying object-oriented concepts to database design. The absence of a universal data model, with a well-developed mathematical apparatus (as in the case of relational databases), is still the main problem in the distribution of an OODBMS. However, the use of relational DBMS raises a lot of problems that are most acutely felt in areas such as computer-aided design, computer-aided production, knowledge-based systems, and others. OODB allow to combine the program code and data, to avoid differences between the representations of information in the database and the application program, as a result of which modern developers show interest in them. There are a lot of OODBMS, but they cannot compete with the largest storage organization systems.

A multi‐granularity locking scheme for java packedobjects based on a concurrent multiway tree

SummaryIn this paper, we develop a multi‐granularity locking scheme for Java PackedObjects, an experimental enhancement introduced in IBM's J9 Java Virtual Machine. The packed object model organizes data in a multi‐tier manner in which object data can be nested in the container object instead of being pointed to by an object reference, as in the traditional Java object model. This new object data model creates new challenges for multi‐tier data synchronization, requiring concurrent locks on the multi‐tier data of different granularities for maintaining consistency. This is different from the traditional Java synchronization model. In this paper we make use of a concurrent multiway tree to represent the containing and ordering relationship between PackedObjects at different tiers and develop an efficient multi‐granularity locking scheme allowing multiple threads to concurrently manipulate the concurrent multiway tree for synchronization operations. In the evaluation, we compare our new tree‐based multitierSync with the previous multitierSync approaches based on linked‐lists (optimized‐list‐based and lazy‐list‐based). The experimental results show that the tree‐based MultitierPackedSync outperforms the list‐based approaches considerably in different workloads, and the higher the workload, the better the performance gains achieved by the tree‐based MultitierPackedSync.

Passenger Flow Analysis of Direct Metro Lines

The metro or subway has become a preferred plan for going out, hence the pressure of urban traffic has been put on metro or subway. Based on the original metro network, we designed some through train to optimize the operation efficiency of the whole metro network and the social benefits brought by it. Meanwhile we shorten the travel time of long-distance passengers; on the other hand, we decrease the intermediate site traffic pressure. We separately pick up the possible metro line of the whole metro network as analysis object, through choosing a fixed range at the two ends of the line as the data object model analysis. Using Poisson distribution and multiple linear regression analysis to calculate the direct passenger flow rate between the two stations, then we get the direct passenger flow rate in the selected range of traffic between two stations, and select the two stations that has the maximum of those rate as the result of terminals. Considering the passengers’ waking-time, waiting-time and journey time, we can get the passengers’ travel time by algorithm analysis. And using the passengers’ travel time as test model reference quantity of model test, and reducing the travel time can directly improve the social benefit and economic benefit.

Domain model for cadastral systems with land use component

Well-structured and organised cadastral records and cadastral maps are a prerequisite for improving land administration services. In recent years, numerous problems and issues associated with cadastral data have been encountered in Serbia and attempts to overcome these problems have been made. The integration of land registry data with cadastral data containing land use component usually results in inconsistencies in land administration databases. To address this problem, an appropriate domain model has been developed using the Unified Process methodology and considering the land administration domain model and other ISO 19000 standards. Examples of verifying land administration data integrity in relational and object-oriented data models are presented.

A Graph Based Approach to Identify Objects using Identifying Attribute

<p>We have proposed a method to identify objects in database schema using association degree with other objects. We have also used identifying attribute of associations in graph to specify a unique path to resolve ambiguity of Fuzzy Object Functional Dependencies. Recently Fuzzy Concepts were used in Object Oriented Data Models. The Object Identifier allows distinguishing between similar objects. Functional Dependencies play a dominant role to uniquely identify objects. Moreover object identification has now become a modeling concept rather than database concept so starting a search for objects with a set of values is possible. We have also investigated the presence of identifying attributes in fuzzy object schema and its implications.</p>

Object-process data model in management information systems

We have studied the question of data models creation with respect to the process-based management of industrial enterprise. It is proposed to use an object data model for management and operational management decision making systems at the process organization of industrial enterprise. We consider the basic concepts and definitions used in object-process data model, suggest its mathematical description, that includes tree representation of the system goals, object meta-models of production system, business process, the center responsible for resource. We have defined four phases of information system creation based on the object-process data model: goal tree description, metamodeling of objects and processes, data structure representation, data warehouse modeling of the production system. The goal tree is a hierarchical scorecard of the enterprise. Production objects are described by hierarchical structures and should meet requirements of the specified system of quality indicators for goods or services. The most important stage of material system metamodeling is to establish connections between objects, processes passing in it and indicators of the goals tree. The ultimate objective for metamodeling of the material system objects and processes should lie in the repository creation where one can get the structures of objects, processes, indicators and links on the basis of their unique identifiers. We have proposed a variant of object-process model application in integrated information systems based on the service-oriented architecture with the ability to take into account the goals of business, collect data on the current state of processes and organize data storage for retrospective data analysis tasks. The usage of object-process model during information system creation enables to combine two types of control: deviation control and management-by-objectives.

Automated Synthesis and Dynamic Analysis of Tradeoff Spaces for Object-Relational Mapping

Producing software systems that achieve acceptable tradeoffs among multiple non-functional properties remains a significant engineering problem. We propose an approach to solving this problem that combines synthesis of spaces of design alternatives from logical specifications and dynamic analysis of each point in the resulting spaces. We hypothesize that this approach has potential to help engineers understand important tradeoffs among dynamically measurable properties of system components at meaningful scales within reach of existing synthesis tools. To test this hypothesis, we developed tools to enable, and we conducted, a set of experiments in the domain of relational databases for object-oriented data models. For each of several data models, we used our approach to empirically test the accuracy of a published suite of metrics to predict tradeoffs based on the static schema structure alone. The results show that exhaustive synthesis and analysis provides a superior view of the tradeoff spaces for such designs. This work creates a path forward toward systems that achieve significantly better tradeoffs among important system properties.

BIOMIST: A Platform for Biomedical Data Lifecycle Management of Neuroimaging Cohorts

The data management needs of the neuroimaging community are currently addressed by several specialized software platforms, which automate repetitive data import, archiving and processing tasks. The BIOMIST (BIOMedical Imaging SemanTic data management) project aims at creating such a framework, yet with a radically different approach: the key insight behind it is the realisation that the data management needs of the neuroimaging community – organizing the secure and convenient storage of large amounts of large files, bringing together data from different scientific domains, managing workflows and access policies, ensuring traceability and sharing data across different labs – are actually strikingly similar to those already expressed by the manufacturing industry. The BIOMIST neuroimaging data management framework is built around the same systems as those that were designed in order to meet the requirements of the industry. Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) systems rely on an object-oriented data model and allow the traceability of data and workflows throughout the life of a product, from its design to its manufacturing, maintenance and end of life, while guaranteeing data consistency and security. The BioMedical Imaging – Lifecycle Management (BMI-LM) data model was designed to handle the specificities of neuroimaging data in PLM systems, throughout the lifecycle of a scientific study. This data model is both flexible and scalable, thanks to the combination of generic objects and domain-specific classes sourced from publicly available ontologies. The Data Integrated Management and Processing (DIMP) method was then designed to handle workflows of processing chains in PLM. Following these principles, workflows are parameterised and launched from the PLM platform onto a computer cluster, and the results automatically return to the PLM where they are archived along with their provenance information. Third, to transform the PLM into a full-fledged neuroimaging framework, we developed a series of external modules: DICOM import, XML form data import web-services, flexible graphical querying interface, and SQL export to spreadsheets. Overall, the BIOMIST platform is well suited for the management of neuroimaging cohorts, and it is currently used for the management of the BIL&GIN dataset (300 participants) and the ongoing MRI-Share cohort acquisition of 2000 participants.

Software Professionals use Object Oriented data modeling instead of traditional relational data modeling

The purpose of this paper is to explain why object oriented data modeling is more popular than relational data modeling. A data model is a logic organization of the real world objects (entities), constraints on them, and the relationships among objects. Relational model is very simple since data in represented in the form of relations that are depicted by use of two-dimensional tables. Rows in the table represent records and Columns represent attributes of the entity. The basic concept in the relational model is that of a relation. In object-oriented model main construct is an object. As in relational model, there are relations similarly we have objects in OO data modeling. So first thing in OO model is to identify the objects for the systems. Examining the problem statement can do it. Other important task is to identify the various operations for these objects. It is easy to relate the objects to the real world entity. The object-oriented approach has proved to be especially fruitful in application areas, such as the design of geographical information systems which have a richly structured knowledge domain and are associated with multimedia databases. Relational data modeling is different from Object Oriented data modeling because it focuses solely on data while object oriented data models focuses on both the behavior and data aspects of your domain. OODBMS are faster than relational DBMS because data isn’t stored in relational rows and columns but as objects. Objects have a many to many relationship and are accessed by the use of pointers.

Atmospheric Lidar Data Storage Model Based on Ontology

Ontology is an effective method to solve the problem of heterogeneous data in lidar measurements. Due to complexity and diversity of data structure, traditional method of ontology storage cannot be directly applied to lidar data. In this work, we proposed a novel ontology storage model based on the object-oriented data model, in which the mapping mechanism was established from ontology of lidar data to the object-oriented data model. A new storage model of lidar data is then obtained by a combination of the characteristics of lidar data and the syntax of OWL DL. Compared to the traditional method of ontology storage, we believe that the new storage model can better serve the sharing of lidar data.

A Conceptual Data Model for Flood Based on Cellular Automata Using Moving Object Data Model

Flood is considered as the costliest natural disaster in Indonesia due to its frequent occurrences as well as the extensive damage that it causes. Several studies provide different flood prediction models based on various hydrological factors. A lot of these models use grid-to-grid approach, making them suitable to be modelled as cellular automata. This paper presents a conceptual data model for flood based on cellular automata model using spatio-temporal data model, especially the moving object data model, as the modelling approach. The conceptual data model serves as the model of data structures within an environment for flood prediction simulation. We describe two conceptual data models as the alternatives to model the data structures of flood model. We create the data model based on the study to the factors that constitute the flood models. The first conceptual data model alternative focuses on the cell/grid as the main entity type. The changes of the states of the cells are stored as moving integer. The second alternative emphasizes on flood as the main entity type. The changes of the flood area are stored as moving region. Both alternatives introduce some advantages and disadvantages and the choice rely on the purpose of the use of the data model. We present a proposal of the architecture of a flood prediction system using cellular automata as the modelling approach. As the continuation of this work, further design and implementation details must be provided.

Design and Modeling of Substation Time Critical Information Dissemination Model using Publishersubscriber Communication Service Mapping

Objectives: For the efficient and reliable operation, substation IEDs status must be monitored consistently and event information must be disseminated timely between substation levels. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Traditional power grid substations are facing infrastructural, operational, automation, systematic, monitoring and control issues. The smart grid concept and advancement in instrumentation and automation has open up the potential of substation automation system through which substation automation, intelligence and control is achieved, but devices interfacing, interoperability, time critical information exchange, substation devices status monitoring and data dissemination type issues are still in research phase. Findings: In this research work, substation bay level IEDs time critical data information dissemination model is designed by IEC 61850 standard using publisher subscriber communication. Based on IEC 61850 substation devices data object and interfacing models, a novel substation communication service mapping is proposed for the time critical data information dissemination. The proposed communication service mapping is based on abstract service communication interface technique by which an object oriented data and object models and communication service is directly mapped at Ethernet data link layer. Application/Improvements: To disseminate the data message using the proposed communication service an IEEE 802 based Ethernet frame structure is designed and configured using abstract syntax notation one technique.

Enfoque metodológico para la construcción de una Geobase como apoyo a la investigación en agricultura y recursos naturales

Geospatial databases are a central part in applications and projects within the context of research in agriculture and natural resources. Performing operations with geographic information systems and with software for the enhancement, display or analysis of geographic data and information contained in digital maps, satellite images and aerial photographs generate results which are inserted within geospatial databases. These repositories are the core of geo-based applications, in particular, those related with a variety of research topics. Each system manages geospatial databases according to its own data model, and performs specific database management functions according to the procedures requested by users. A data model is an essential tool either for software developers or for users. A data model assists in the comprehension, at different levels of depth and detail, of the contents, organization and capabilities of databases, as well as to the comprehension of software restrictions and functionalities required to access the data. Current commercial informatics technology is designed for relational which are the most common types in use; in general this technology is not oriented to the needs of geospatial databases.Relational databases are the most common data repositories in managerial or business applications. In these databases the DBMS or data base management system is based on the relational model, a formal prescription for the organization and structure of data introduced in the 1970s by E. F. Codd. The relational model and the associated Structured Query Language (SQL) are recognized standards for relational databases. Thus, relational DBMS all are based on a common data model which means that at the logical and at the user levels the data are seen through a same lens, which facilitates data exchange among systems and users. Object databases are oriented towards applications where data are inherently more complex than relational tables, such as the data in digital maps. There is no standard object data model, but basic object-oriented concepts for structuring and relating objects such as aggregation, semantic links and the inheritance of properties are commonplace.Following recommendations by the Open Geospatial Consortium, some proprietary database management systems have included in recent years basic constructs to manage geospatial information. Anyway most database management systems, relational or otherwise, do not make public how they manage the internal storage of data items nor how the manipulation functionalities are implemented, since these are trade secrets.The lack of standards for geospatial databases makes the exchange, sharing and reutilization of results among diverse applications and among different users a very tedious process. Normally manual user intervention is required and the task is made difficult and prone to errors because many geographic information producers do not provide sufficient concise descriptive data (metadata) about the results of their work. Most systems offer export/import functions to move geospatial data to/from other systems, but the verification of compatibility for appropriate use of the data is left to the user. She is made responsible for correction or modification of aspects which are significant regarding the applicability of processes or functions. These aspects include file format compatibilities or cartographic projections which when misunderstood lead to repetitive and accumulative errors, with a negative impact on the quality of end products.Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research in Geomatics is present in many organizations and institutions worldwide. The objective of the research and development project reported here was to analyze ways to gather in a unique repository geospatial information products to be shared among the group of people working within the research line “Geomatics Applied to the Study and Management of Natural Resources and Agrosystems” of the Colegio de Postgraduados. In the medium term the repository should be able to support decision making using products derived from the research of this group.This article refers to the methodology to build the geospatial database “GeoBase-L9”, which facilitates the construction of the repository and the exchange of geographical products among users. We present the part of the methodology that is based on our own metadata schema which adheres to Mexican national standards which in turn follow international standards. The methodology has allowed the implementation of a pilot version to visualize via web the items that have been input to the GeoBase-L9 and also check the research products offered to the user.

Description and status update on GELLO: a proposed standardized object-oriented expression language for clinical decision support.

A major obstacle to sharing computable clinical knowledge is the lack of a common language for specifying expressions and criteria. Such a language could be used to specify decision criteria, formulae, and constraints on data and action. Al-though the Arden Syntax addresses this problem for clinical rules, its generalization to HL7's object-oriented data model is limited. The GELLO Expression language is an object-oriented language used for expressing logical conditions and computations in the GLIF3 (GuideLine Interchange Format, v. 3) guideline modeling language. It has been further developed under the auspices of the HL7 Clinical Decision Support Technical Committee, as a proposed HL7 standard., GELLO is based on the Object Constraint Language (OCL), because it is vendor-independent, object-oriented, and side-effect-free. GELLO expects an object-oriented data model. Although choice of model is arbitrary, standardization is facilitated by ensuring that the data model is compatible with the HL7 Reference Information Model (RIM).

A systems information model for managing electrical, control, and instrumentation assets

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to present a systems information model (SIM) that is akin to a building information model (BIM) and can be used by asset managers and staff to make more informed and quicker decisions about maintenance.Design/methodology/approach– The problems associated with managing assets are examined alongside recent international efforts to standardize methods of data collection for meeting the objectives of owners. A case study in the domain of electrical, control and instrumentation (ECI) documentation is examined in detail, with particular reference to the amelioration of errors and omissions in “as built” drawings in order to provide the underlying foundation to support effective asset management (AM).Findings– The findings show that object oriented data models such as SIM provide a robust structure for effective and efficient AM and associated leverage of benefits throughout the entire facility lifecycle of a project. In particular object oriented data enables appropriate and reliable information to be created as a project progresses through its lifecycle, at little cost to the creators.Originality/value– The above special approach to enabling data collection at the point of creation is in alignment with recent Government initiatives such as Construction Operations Building Information Exchange, which are beginning to gather traction within the industry. While the potential benefits for AM of such systems are espoused throughout the industry, there are few successful examples in existence with measurable realization of benefits.

An object-oriented data model built for blind navigation in outdoor space

Increasing research has been conducted to improve navigation services for the blind when they are moving through an outdoor space. This article aims to propose a formal modeling approach helps facilitate decision making about navigation pathways. The proposed data model is based on an objective orientation idea. City features, such as street features, buildings and environmental areas, are organized as a series of function objects that meet the various needs of the blind. They are linked by paths with obstacles and irregular surface objects. A complex function object is composed of several inner function objects and paths; thus, it can reflect the spatial layout at various levels. Detailed semantic content can be added into the objects as an extension that enhances the representation and facilitates spatial learning. The geometric shapes of the proposed objects and their topological information are also recorded for local navigation and comprehensive path planning. To examine the usability of the data model, a prototype system was developed using the Chinese university of Hong Kong as a study area, and test cases are illustrated for a typical designed scenario.

Access Efficiency to Data in DIM DBMS

In the article is provided the review of tools used in new type object DBMS for increasing the efficiency of access to data. Described object DBMS features based on the use of the classes of objects relations as objects sets (inheritance, inclusion, interaction and history) and objects relations (inheritance, internal inheritance, inclusion, internal inclusion, interaction and history). description of subject domain is entered by means of an object and dynamic data model (OD-model), and DBMS completeness for any OD-model is justified. ODQL object query language allowing to combine the exact description complexity with the simplicity of use due to two query levels introduction is described. For the elucidation of the most effective way of the appeal to DBMS the study of various query technologies for this environment is conducted, and mechanisms for users work with it are developed and realized. For this purpose a software complex necessary for work with DBMS is developed. description of the DIM Navigator main software development concepts, necessary for data manipulation opportunity in the available DB by means of the graphic interface is provided. Software development The Generator of ODQL-queries is considered which is necessary for simplification of query creation to DBMS, needlessly for the user to know the syntax of a modern query language. Problems of converting data from the existing DBMS in DBMS are considered. article is published in the author’s wording

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In the article the review of tools used in a new type object DBMS for increasing the efficiency of access to data is provided. Some object DIM DBMS features based on the use of the classes of object relations as object sets (inheritance, inclusion, interaction and history) and object relations (inheritance, internal inheritance, inclusion, internal inclusion, interaction and history) are described. The description of the subject domain is entered by means of an object and dynamic data model (OD-model), and DIM DBMS completeness for any OD-model is justified. An ODQL object query language allowing to combine the exact description complexity with the simplicity of use due to two query level introduction is described. For the elucidation of the most effective way of the appeal to DIM DBMS the study of various query technologies for this environment is conducted, and mechanisms for user work with it are developed and realized. Software development ”The Generator of ODQL-queries” is considered which is necessary for simplification of query creation to DIM DBMS, needless for the user to know the syntax of a modern query language. Problems of converting data from the existing DBMS into DIM DBMS are considered.

Библиотека ограничений для спецификации индустриальных моделей данных

The paper is addressed to an analysis of object-oriented data models specified at EXPRESS language and widely used in industrial applications. These models play important role for achievement of software interoperability and system integration in accordance with STEP standard family (ISO 10303). The examples of such models are STEP application protocols for machinery construction, automobile industry, shipbuiling, electronics, electrical engineering, systems engineering, furniture production as well as IFC (ISO 16739) model for architecture, engineering and construction, CIS/2 model for manufacturing using constructional steel work, POSC Caesar (ISO 15296) model for oil and gas producing industry. The purpose of the performed analysis is to unify representation of data integrity constraints typically used in the models by means of identification of constraint patterns. The identified patterns are specified at EXPRESS language as an unified constraint library that can be applied both on refactoring of the existing models and on development of new ones. Utilizing the constraint library users can improve clearness of the specifications, to simplify their maintenance and evolution and, on the whole, to accelerate their development. Besides, CASE tools can be effectively applied to analyze the specifications in highly automatic way. Possibility to apply the library for verification of the data models is also discussed in the paper. Rules for resolving the appropriate constraints have been proposed for each pattern. The constraint library can be recommended to industrial consortiums and technical committees that are engaged in development and standardization of the data models. The work is supported by RFBR (grant 13-07-00390).

Design of Information System of Electrical Power School Based on Cloud Computing

In order to adapt to the demand of integration and sharing about electrical power school and to break the limitation of "Islands of information", it is necessary to develop a loosely coupled information system. This paper introduces the system application demand of electrical power school, and designs the functions of the system and scientific object-oriented data model. A concept of operating mode information system is designed based on cloud computing. Object-oriented programming language C# is used to develop the prototype of the system. The result of application is showed in various UI. This paper provides a valuable reference for the information technology future about electrical power school