Object Of Verb Research Articles

Is it Truly Easy for Second Language Learners to Compose -ing Form Construction?

English rules are occasionally restricted, for instance, -ing form. This form is acquired in the early stage of natural acceptance and whether the earliest will guarantee ESL students to understand and compose it easily. This research is designated to investigate errors, sources of errors, and error tendencies made by students in composing –ing form. This research was carried out at UAD University in the English Department. Writing essay test was utilized to diagnose the tendency of –ing form misconception. Erroneous data were identified and categorized based on surface structure taxonomies and communication effect taxonomies. The findings prove that –ing form construction is not that easy for students to compose. Misformation frequenly appears due to some inappropriate formulation, mainly when students are asked to compose the –ing form as the constituent of phrase or clause, the direct object of certain verbs, and object of preposition with a particle of preposition to. The main factor affecting the deviation is caused by the distinct linguistic system of both English and Indonesian. The lack of knowledge towards the target language or incomplete instruction additionally makes students over-generalize every aspect of English rule which is occasionally restricted.

A Principled Explanation on Double Object and Dative Constructions

The purpose of this study is to suggest a principled explanatory mechanism for the puzzling interaction of the complements DP1 and DP2 within VP in the Double Object Construction (DOC) and Dative Construction (DC). For this, the multiple Spec-VP and the multiple Theta (θ)-Agree of V inherited from v such as V1CAUSE and V2Have in DOC are posited with respect to Aoun and Li’s (1989) DOC to DC Transformation (T) approach. To support this postulation, Distributed Morphology (DM)– based Harley’s (2002) double object verb decomposition is adopted and slightly changed in the vein of the causative light verb v . And Kayne’s (1984) binary branching as well as Larson’s (1988) and Aoun and Li’s (1989) passivization are adopted and Aoun and Li’s (1989) Hybrid Analysis is a bit revised. As a result, the semantic relation and the structural (asymmetric) c-command relation between DP1 and DP2 in DOC and DC are solved. Also the inaccessibility of wh-extraction on DP2 in DOC and the accessibility of wh-extraction on DP1 in DC are explained.

A Rrapun e Sango páscanlos: la consolidación definitiva del cambio OV > VO en hispanorromance

Abstract This study documents the definitive consolidation of the Object + Verb (OV) > Verb + Object (VO) change in the passage from Latin to Hispano-Romance. The change can be situated around the very point at which the first cases of clitic duplication of preverbal, nominal direct objects (i.e., direct objects whose nucleus is a noun) surface in the written records. A scrutiny of central-northern Iberian texts, whose composition ranges from the eighth to the twelfth century, allows me to claim that clitic duplication of the most prominent kind of nominal and preverbal direct objects, i.e., humans —as opposed to inanimates—, can be found in the eleventh century. But given that linguistic changes normally occur in speech, rather than in writing, first, our study shows that the categorical consolidation of the change in question happened even before clitic co-referentiality of direct objects emerged in the extant texts. Therefore, clitic duplication of nominal, preverbal animate accusatives points to OV having established itself in Hispano-Romance, by the eleventh century, not only as an emphatic order, but also as a derived pattern from non-emphatic VO.

A Estrutura Argumental Preferida de Cláusulas Hipotáticas Circunstanciais Temporais 'desgarradas' em 'memes quando'

Objetivamos analisar a Estrutura Argumental Preferida - EAP (DU BOIS, 1987) de Cláusulas Hipotáticas Circunstanciais Temporais desgarradas em memes quando, coletadas no site de pesquisa Google e na rede social Instagram. Adotamos os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: coletamos 100 orações, dividimos de acordo com o tipo de verbo (verbos de dois argumentos (V2), verbos existenciais de um argumento (V1e) e verbos não existenciais de um argumento (V1~e)) e codificamos conforme as variáveis tempo e modo verbais; ordem dos constituintes; tipo semântico e sintático do verbo; manifestação, posição e estatuto informacional do sujeito de verbos transitivos e intransitivos e do objeto de verbos transitivos. Os resultados apontaram para os seguintes traços gerais: ordenação SV(O) e presença de verbos de estado ou ação (com tendência mais forte para o último tipo) no Presente do Indicativo. Em relação às tipologias verbais, foram detectados os seguintes traços, que confirmam parcialmente a EAP: Sujeito de V2 = [pronominal, pré, dado]; Objeto de V2 = [lexical, pós, novo]; Sujeito de V1e = [lexical/pronominal, pré, dado/novo]; Sujeito de V1~e = [lexical/pronominal, pré, novo]. Verificamos que essas construções constituem um tipo especial no que se refere à manifestação do sujeito. Logo, entendemos que, nessas construções, verbos V2 tendem a apresentar participantes da interação, pronominalizados e dados; já V1e e V1~e tendem a focalizar participantes da interação ou externos a ela (pronominais ou lexicais, dados ou novos), ainda que V1~e tenha maior tendência em apresentar sujeitos novos. Além disso, constatamos a frequência das cláusulas desgarradas em memes. ---DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22409/gragoata.2018n46a1124

Word-order typology and the acquisition of case marking: A self-paced reading study in Latin as a second language

This article reports the findings of a study in which we investigated the possible effects of word order on the acquisition of case marking. In linguistic typology (e.g. Greenberg, 1963) a very strong correlation has been shown between dominant SOV (subject object verb) word order and case marking. No such correlation exists for SVO (subject verb object) languages. It is possible then that the mind is more likely to expect case marking when confronted with a language with SOV word order but not necessarily so if the language has SVO word order. We tested this hypothesis with 54 naive learners of Latin with English as a first language (L1). The participants were divided into two groups. One received a 100-word input treatment in Latin that contained only simple SOV sentences, and the other received the same input treatment except that the word order of the treatment sentences was SVO. After the treatment, a surprise self-paced reading test that contained grammatical and ungrammatical case-marked sentences was administered. Participants read test items that matched the word order of the treatment they received (i.e. SOV learners read SOV sentences, and SVO learners read SOV sentences). Results showed a significant slowing down on ungrammatical sentences for the SOV group but not for the SVO group. However, on a test of basic sentence comprehension in which case marking was the cue to determine who did what to whom, we found no distinction between the groups. We discuss these findings in light of how typological universals work in languages and what they could mean for language acquisition.

Showcasing the interaction of generative and emergent linguistic knowledge with case marker omission in spoken Japanese

Linguists debate the nature of grammatical knowledge. Many argue it is innate knowledge of syntactic structure that we use when generating utterances; others argue it emerges from linguistic experience, and forms exemplars for modeling novel utterances. Yet, still others argue that grammatical forms are processed in parallel by both types of knowledge (innate or otherwise), and crucially, that these two processing routes compete with each other.Our objective is to support the dual route argument with a corpus study illustrating the interaction of these two types of knowledge. We interpret two proxies as indicators of these two types of knowledge: syntactic complexity for generative knowledge and dispersion for emergent knowledge. Previous psycholinguistic work has shown that increased syntactic complexity correlates with increased judgment reaction times. Conversely, increased dispersion correlates with decreased judgment reaction times. If these two processing mechanisms compete, then we predict an interaction: specifically, we hypothesize that the more dispersed a linguistic form is, the less influence syntactic complexity has.We conducted a mixed-effects logistic regression analysis on case marker omissions in Japanese. Our results show that a casual speech style, a dispersed object–verb pair, and a syntactically simple noun phrase for the object correlate with increased case marker omission. More importantly, syntactic complexity and dispersion interact: as dispersion decreases, the estimated coefficient for syntactic complexity increases. These results support the claim that generative knowledge and emergent knowledge compete during language processing.

PROSPECTS OF COGNITIVE AND ECOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS

This article deals with the development of ecological linguistics as a new object of study in modern linguistics. It examines the peculiarities of language research approaches as an instrument of harmonious lifestyle of the people as well as an important means of social contact in the international research. The anthropocentric and eco-centric lines may be distinguished as competitive modes in the development of modern humanitarian sciences for the reason that they introduce different approaches to investigating processes and results of human activity. The subject of ecolinguistics is the interaction between language, man as a linguistic person and his environment. Language is considered as an integral component of the chain of relationships between man, society and nature. Special attention is paid to the notion “meaning” from the point of view of ecological linguistics. It is stressed that meaning is the link connecting the representations of interaction with the verbal and non-verbal objects in the mind of the person.

The Role of Context in Processing Chinese Three-Character Verb-Object Metaphors: An Event-Related Potential Study.

Whether and how context plays a role in metaphor processing remains a controversial issue. One major theory on metaphor comprehension, the graded salience hypothesis (GSH) model, emphasizes salience as the key factor determining the precedence of semantic access. Using event-related potential technique, the present study examined Chinese metaphors to investigate whether the salient meaning is always processed first regardless of context. The experiment employed a Prime-Target-Probe paradigm. Three-character Chinese verb-object metaphors were used as the Target proceeded by one of the three contexts (the Prime): (1) metaphorical context priming the Target's metaphorical meaning, (2) literal context priming the Target's literal meaning, and (3) irrelevant context as the control condition. The Target was then followed by the Probe, which was always related to the Target (except in the filler condition). Forty participants were asked to judge whether the Target and the following Probe were semantically related. The N400 elicited by the Target showed no contextual effect. The N400 amplitude elicited by the Probe was smaller in the metaphorical priming condition compared with the literal priming condition, while the N400 in the irrelevant control condition was between the other two conditions, demonstrating a clear context effect. In addition, an unexpected P240 component also showed the similar graded pattern. Our results mostly support the GSH model, indicating that the salient meaning invariantly gets activated first before the activation of the nonsalient meaning at the lexical access stage. However, context does play a role in a parallel way either facilitating or suppressing this interpretation in the latter meaning integration stage.

Psychological verbs and their arguments

In this paper it is argued that objects of subject experiencer psychological verbs do not have kind reference, but rather refer to individual object entities: specific individuals, generic plurals, and even entity correlates of a property. We argue that objects of transitive subject experiencer psychological verbs must refer to atoms or sums of atoms, because they presuppose the existence of the Target-of-Emotion. Focusing mainly on data from various Romance languages and Russian, we also argue that the Target-of-emotion of psychological verbs such as odiar ‘hate’ cannot refer to a kind entity, conceived as an abstract individual or an abstract sortal concept, but instead can refer to a maximal sum of individual entities, instantiated through a generic plural.

Selective Restriction of Verbal Objects and Modal Semantic Interpretation of Auxiliary Verb “Yinggai(应该)”

Selective Restriction of Verbal Objects and Modal Semantic Interpretation of Auxiliary Verb “Yinggai(应该)”

The structural nature of non-structural case: On passivization and case in Lithuanian

Dative case on indirect objects (IO) in Lithuanian is preserved under passivization, which is not the case with dative direct objects (DO) of monotransitive verbs, suggesting that the two datives are not alike. Although DAT-to-NOM conversion is taken as an indicator of structural case, we show that DO datives behave differently from DOs bearing structural accusative in that the former exhibit inherent case properties as well (see also Anderson 2015). We develop an account for the contrast between the two datives by using two types of derivational mechanisms: structure-building features, triggering Merge, and probe features, triggering Agree (Heck & Müller 2007; Müller 2010). This study demonstrates that structural vs. non-structural conversion can be dependent on not only how case is assigned but also on the Voice system of a language (in line with Alexiadou et al. 2014). We argue that the DO dative in Lithuanian is in fact non-structural. Even though the result of DAT-to-NOM conversion is structural nominative case, the derivation is different from that of structural ACC-to-NOM conversion.

The encoding of subjects and objects in Jumjum, a Nilotic OV language

This article shows that in Jumjum, a little-described language belonging to the Southern Burun subbranch of Western Nilotic, subjects and objects are obligatorily cross-referenced in the verb. Only definite patients are coded as objects, while indefinite patients are coded as non-core arguments of antipassive verbs. Jumjum and its sister language Mabaan are morphosyntactically unique among the Western Nilotic languages in three respects. Firstly, the object of a transitive verb always precedes the verb (OV order). Secondly, subjects and objects are always expressed by the inflection of the verb, which thus cross-references subject and object noun phrases. And thirdly, some subject suffixes are deleted before some object suffixes, which gives rise to many cases of segmentally homonymous forms, but these forms are kept phonologically distinct by their tone patterns. The article documents these features by also taking into account the effect of derived verb stems and of tense inflection on the expression of cross-reference. To some extent, the derivational morphemes are expressed by suffixation, but in addition, root-internal alternations play a major role, including alternations in vowel quality, vowel length, and the root-final consonant.

Порядок слов (глагол и прямой объект) в устных рассказах на эвенкийском языке

Порядок слов (глагол и прямой объект) в устных рассказах на эвенкийском языке

ʔinna-Particles in Classical Arabic

This paper investigates a set of six particles named in Classical Arabic grammar as ʡinna wa ʡaxawaatiha, (Lit. ʔinna and its sisters). These particles are investigated as they stand in Arabic tradition in section one, and considered in terms of X-bar theory of syntax in section two. These particles are treated in the Arabic tradition as verb-like governors, and categorized in this paper as case and mood assigners. It is pinpointed in Arabic grammar that these particles introduce nominal clauses, and show a unified syntactic behavior in assigning accusative case to the subjects, and assigning different moods to the predicates of these nominal clauses (Rakas 2008a). In Arabic tradition, there is a consensus on accusative case assignment whereas mood assignment is a controversial issue. It is assumed in the Arabic tradition that nominal sentences have basic Topic-Comment structure. In this study, the particles in question are categorized as Complementizers, their maximum projections are Complementizer Phrases, and the subordinate nominal clauses are specified as Inflection Phrases. The structure of the embedded nominal clauses is treated in this study as Subject Verb Object, rather than Topic-Comment structure. Nominal (non)equative sentences, verbal sentences and Topic Comment structures are accounted for in terms of cyclic movements in section two below.

Cognate objects of weather verbs in African languages of South Africa – from synchronic variation to a grammaticalization path

The authors argue that the synchronic variation of cognate objects of weather verbs exhibited in six African languages of South Africa (Sepedi, Sesotho, Tshivenda, isiXhosa, Xitsonga, and isiZulu) has a diachronic explanation, and may be represented as a grammaticalization path. This path gradually leads from prototypical cognate objects that disallow object agreement (pronominalization) and promotion to subjects in passive constructions to prototypical objects where both agreement (pronominalization) and promotion are grammatical. This provides further support for the modelling of cognate objects, adjuncts and arguments in terms of a continuum and for a gradient view of syntactic categories, in general.

Split-antecedent relative clauses and the symmetry of predicates

This paper presents the results of two experiments in German testing the acceptabilityof (non-)restrictive relative clauses (NRCs/RRCs) with split antecedents (SpAs). Accordingto Moltmann (1992), SpAs are only grammatical if their parts occur within the conjuncts ofa coordinate structure and if they have identical grammatical functions. Non-conjoined SpAsthat form the subject and the object of a transitive verb are predicted to be ungrammatical. Ourstudy shows that the acceptability of such examples improves significantly if the predicate thatrelates the parts of the SpA is symmetric. Moreover, it suggests that NRCs and RRCs behavedifferently in these cases with respect to the SpA-construal. We can make sense of this observationif we follow Winter (2016) in assuming that transitive symmetric predicates have to beanalyzed as unary collective predicates and thus provide a collective antecedent for the RC atthe semantic (not the syntactic) level. As we will argue, this accounts for some of the disagreementwe found in the literature and gives us new insights into both the semantics of symmetricpredicates and the semantics of NRCs.Keywords: non-restrictive relative clause, restrictive relative clause, symmetric predicate, splitantecedent.

Studying variation in case marking

This paper examines the phenomenon of the genitive of negation (GenNeg) in the Aukštaitian dialects of Lithuanian. It is shown that there is areal variation in case marking of an object of a negated verb. West Aukštaitian dialetcs (the Kaunas region) allow innovative accusative marking of an object of a negated verb much more often (although not as often as is claimed in the dialect descriptions) than South and East (the Vilnius region) Aukštaitian dialects where the genitive marking is very consistent. Even though South Aukštaitian has more examples of accusative marking than East Aukštaitian, the percentage is still very small. Different types of negated contexts (local vs distant) are not so relevant for the choice of case marking in South-East Aukštaitian, but play a moderately significant role in West Aukštaitian: the accusative marking is more common in distant negated contexts. In East Aukštaitian, direct objects of infinitives embedded under negated verbs can also be marked by the nominative, i.e. verbal negation does not affect the case marking of the so called nominative objects.

Introducing the Special Issue: Clausal and Nominal Complements in Monolingual and Bilingual Grammars

To introduce this Special Issue entitled Clausal and Nominal Complements in Monolingual and Bilingual Grammars, we begin by explaining what originally motivated this Special Issue [...]

Effects of subject-case marking on agreement processing: ERP evidence from Basque

Previous cross-linguistic research has found that comprehenders are immediately sensitive to various kinds of agreement violations across languages. We focused on Basque, a verb-final ergative language with both subject–verb (SV) and object–verb (OV) agreement. We compared the effects of SV agreement violations on comprehenders' event-related brain potentials (ERPs) in transitive sentences (where OV agreement is present, and the subject is ergative) and intransitive sentences (where OV agreement is absent, and the subject is absolutive). We observed a P600 effect in both cases, but only violations with intransitive subjects elicited an early posterior negativity. Such a qualitative difference suggests that distinct neurocognitive mechanisms are involved in processing agreement with transitive subjects (which are marked with ergative case) versus intransitive subjects (which bear absolutive case). Building on theoretical proposals that in languages such as Basque, true agreement occurs with absolutive subjects but not with ergative subjects, we submit that the early posterior negativity may be an electrophysiological signature for true agreement.

Central Delta languages: An overview

This paper presents an overview of the phonology, morphology and syntax of Central Delta languages. It also provides information on the geo-linguistic, demographic and sociolinguistic situation of these languages. It notes that Central Delta languages have a 20-vowel system, which divides into two sets of 10 vowels distinguished by pharyngeal size. The consonant systems of these languages range between 22 and 27, showing alternation between some pairs of consonants. Central Delta languages are noted to be rich in nominal and verbal morphologies, showing evidence of prefixal noun classification and morphological marking of nominal and verbal categories. The pronominal systems of these languages make a three-way number-person-case distinction with some of them formally distinguishing between inclusive and exclusive in their first-person plural forms. Common syntactic features observed in these languages include subject–object–verb basic word order and serial verb constructions. The paper highlights the fact that mother-tongue speakers of Central Delta languages also speak one or more other languages and that the daily exposure of Central Delta languages and their speakers to more powerful languages around them makes them endangered. Furthermore, the paper recommends that a survey be undertaken to determine the level of endangerment of Central Delta languages.