Object Language Research Articles

Lie Detection using Speech Processing Techniques

The objective of this paper is to design and set up an efficient lie detector that can detect lies in spoken sentences in an object language. Usually lie detection make use of invasive methods that extract different physiological signals such as EEG etc., from the subject’s body and analyze them to decide on the presence of lie in the utterances. This work proposes an efficient lie detection technique based on the non-invasive method that involves only recording the subject’s speech utterances. Discriminative and meaningful features are extracted from the speech and classifiers are built based on SVM to discriminate between truth and lie. The classifier will be trained efficiently so that a better performance can be obtained compared with existing lie detectors. This paper aims to exploit the psycho-neural aspects and dependence of speech signals to predict and detect the presence of lies in isolated speech utterances.

Tactics of dwelling: alterity and the room in Tender Buttons

ABSTRACT This article investigates the problem of dwelling in Gertrude Stein’s collection of prose poems Tender Buttons. Though Stein’s innovative language and depiction of objects and alterity have long been the focus of a scholarly investigation, rarely have critics investigated how Stein’s objects relate to each other, and how her poetic language intervenes on the literary construction of spatial relationships. Drawing principally on Martin Heidegger and Michel de Certeau, this paper investigates Stein’s employment of a tactical approach to dwelling.

ACE: the Advanced Cohort Engine for searching longitudinal patient records.

ObjectiveTo propose a paradigm for a scalable time-aware clinical data search, and to describe the design, implementation and use of a search engine realizing this paradigm.Materials and MethodsThe Advanced Cohort Engine (ACE) uses a temporal query language and in-memory datastore of patient objects to provide a fast, scalable, and expressive time-aware search. ACE accepts data in the Observational Medicine Outcomes Partnership Common Data Model, and is configurable to balance performance with compute cost. ACE’s temporal query language supports automatic query expansion using clinical knowledge graphs. The ACE API can be used with R, Python, Java, HTTP, and a Web UI.ResultsACE offers an expressive query language for complex temporal search across many clinical data types with multiple output options. ACE enables electronic phenotyping and cohort-building with subsecond response times in searching the data of millions of patients for a variety of use cases.DiscussionACE enables fast, time-aware search using a patient object-centric datastore, thereby overcoming many technical and design shortcomings of relational algebra-based querying. Integrating electronic phenotype development with cohort-building enables a variety of high-value uses for a learning health system. Tradeoffs include the need to learn a new query language and the technical setup burden.ConclusionACE is a tool that combines a unique query language for time-aware search of longitudinal patient records with a patient object datastore for rapid electronic phenotyping, cohort extraction, and exploratory data analyses.

Towards a Non-classical Meta-theory for Substructural Approaches to Paradox

In the literature on self-referential paradoxes one of the hardest and most challenging problems is that of revenge. This problem can take many shapes, but, typically, it besets non-classical accounts of some semantic notion, such as truth, that depend on a set of classically defined meta-theoretic concepts, like validity, consistency, and so on. A particularly troubling form of revenge that has received a lot of attention lately involves the concept of validity. The difficulty lies in that the non-classical logician cannot accept her own definition of validity because it is given in a classical meta-theory. It is often suggested that this mismatch between the consequence relation of the account being espoused and the consequence relation of the meta-theory is a serious embarrassment. The main goal of the paper is to explore whether certain substructural accounts of the paradoxes can avoid this sort of embarrassment. Typically, these accounts are expressively incomplete, since they cannot assert in the object language that certain invalid arguments are in fact invalid. To overcome this difficulty I develop a novel type of hybrid proof-procedure, one that takes invalidities to be just as fundamental as validities. I prove that this proof-procedure enjoys a number of interesting properties and I analyze the prospects of applying it to languages capable of expressing self-referential statements.

Planning-based knowing how: A unified approach

Various logical notions of know-how have been recently proposed and studied in the literature based on different types of epistemic planning in different frameworks. This paper proposes a unified logical framework to incorporate the existing and some new notions of know-how. We define the semantics of the know-how operator using a unified notion of epistemic planning with parameters of different types of plans specified by a programming language. Surprisingly, via a highly unified completeness proof, we show that all the ten intuitive notions of plans discussed in this paper lead to exactly the same know-how logic, which is proven to be decidable. We also show that over finite models, the know-how logic based on knowledge-based plans requires an extension with an axiom capturing the compositionality of the plans.In the context of epistemic planning, our axiomatization results reveal the core principles behind the very idea of epistemic planning, independent of the particular notion of plans. Moreover, since epistemic planning can be expressed by the know-how modality in our object language, we can greatly generalize the planning problems that can be solved formally by model checking various formulas in our language.

Diagnostic Decisions of Language Complexity Using Informal Language Assessment Measures.

The current study aimed to understand the clinical decision-making skills of school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) using narrative and expository discourse information from three sources: perception of language through listening to language alone, standardized criterion-referenced narrative assessment data, and word- and morpheme-level language sample analysis data. Twenty-eight current school-based SLPs participated in the study. During this study, participants rated language quality and made decisions regarding the provision of language services after being provided information from informal assessment measures. SLPs' ratings of language quality and complexity varied across the story retell, wordless picture book generation, and expository samples. There was a lack of consistency in ratings within each context across areas of clarity, sample complexity, language complexity, and vocabulary across all SLPs. Self-reported factors that influenced SLPs' ratings included components of structure, syntax, and semantics. SLPs did not indicate a need for services after listening alone. When provided with criterion-referenced narrative assessment scores and word- and morpheme-level language sample data, more SLPs made a recommendation for services. The study demonstrates the need for objective language measure data during diagnostic decision making. Additionally, SLPs may not realize the information obtained from real-time perception, and analysis of language samples may be an unreliable and inconsistent picture of a child's language abilities. The results of this study highlight the need to continue to rely on multiple sources of assessment data. SLPs should continue to incorporate systematic methods to minimize variability of perceptions in the process of making diagnostic decisions. https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.17707451.

Promoción de la calidad de vida a través del periodismo responsable digital

Durante este siglo, la Calidad de Vida (CV) se ha convertido en una prioridad para muchos países. Existe un claro interés porque las distintas organizaciones de la sociedad, como los medios de comunicación, colaboren para que sus ciudadanos cuenten con mejores estándares de vida. El objetivo de la investigación es caracterizar la promoción de la calidad de vida en notas periodísticas de empresas latinoamericanas en el marco de un periodismo digital responsable (PDR), para lo cual se desarrolla desde el concepto de calidad de vida y los ámbitos en los que se estudia, con la intención de identificar los rasgos de la calidad de vida. Se implementó un enfoque cuantitativo, descriptivo y transversal que permitió analizar las notas publicadas en tres periódicos latinoamericanos en 2019. Los resultados demuestran que hay una baja difusión acerca de la calidad de vida en los mensajes en donde no se detectaron las características que el lector pudiera identificar con los indicadores de calidad de vida social. Sin embargo, las notas periodísticas se apegan a los principios del PDR como la veracidad, el lenguaje objetivo y la reflexionética de la profesión.

Automated model extraction: From non-deterministic C code to active objects

• A fully automatic extraction of models without approximation from C programs. • Unspecified behavior modeled by non-deterministic scheduling of asynchronous calls. • A fully formal account of all aspects of a theoretical model extraction process. • Implementation based on this theoretical model extraction process validated with examples. The C programming language is well-known to have a large amount of underspecified behavior that often results in non-determinism even of sequential programs. In many application areas, not necessarily safety-critical ones, this is highly undesirable. A number of approaches and tools that statically analyze such behavior have been suggested, but they suffer from a high number of false positives and negatives. We present a novel model-based approach to analyzing non-determinism that works by automatic extraction of a faithful model of a given C program in a concurrent active object language. The extracted model renders any non-deterministic behavior of the C program in terms of explicit concurrency. This opens the door to global, semantic analyses. We give a fully formal account of the model extraction process and present an experimental evaluation of its implementation in the model extraction tool C2ABS.

Evolution de la pensée prosodique à travers la notion de mouvement (France, 1600-1740)

The grammatization of languages first occured through a transfer of the model developed for Latin and Greek, and its application to different object languages. However, this model barely considers prosody, seen at its origin, among the Greeks, as an accompanied song with a melodic movement of the voice, noted by the different accents. In the Latin traditi on, the study of intonati on, stress and quantity is integrated into rhetorics, and reflections on vocal efficiency in poetries. For a long time, the French authors interested in prosody were concerned with versification, and not grammar. The introduction of the new theoretical program of general grammar, with the aim of writing the universal bases of languages, triggers a new interest among grammarians in the prosody of languages in general, and that of French in particular. Slowly, the discipline found its autonomy and a place within French grammar. In this process, the new conception of time and mo vement, which emerged throughout the seventeenth century in other fields such as physics, philosophy or even music, played a significant role: movement was viewed as being in close connection with the soul, and time became the measure of movement.

COVID-19 AND STRATEGIES TO REDUCE ANXIETY IN NURSING: SCOPING REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT Objective: to map the production of knowledge on the strategies used for the management of anxiety, in Nursing professionals, during the fight against COVID-19, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Midlle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS). Method: a scoping review, followed by meta-analysis, conducted in the BVS, EMBASE, PUBMED, CINAHL, PsycINFo, SCOPUS and Web of Science information sources. The review protocol is registered in International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews under number under number CRD42020192918. Searches in electronic databases were carried out from 22 to 27 July 2020The data were analyzed and synthesized in a narrative fashion. Results: a total of 31 studies were included in the review; of these, 12 were included in the meta-analysis. The Nursing professionals presented higher anxiety indexes than the other health professionals. The following stood out in the interventions for the management of anxiety: emotional support, social support, educational campaign, implementation of safety policies, and adoption of a positive coping style. Conclusion: the evidence suggests that a considerable proportion of Nursing professionals experienced high anxiety levels, which interfered with COVID-19 prevention and control. Therefore, it becomes necessary to establish intervention protocols to reduce anxiety, with clear and objective language, favoring emotional support, positive coping techniques, and a welcoming work environment, in addition to implementing policies that ensure protective measures against COVID-19.

“Pseudo-values” in modern Russian media discourse: The experience of logical analysis of implicit evaluativeness in the language of print media

The author of this article examines some specific language mechanisms for expressing a special type of implicit evaluativeness in modern Russian media discourse. The author proceeds from the assumption of the existence of so-called “pseudo-values” in the communicative environment of society, which are understood as non-unconditional values. It is noted that the diagnostic, representative context for identifying values of this type in the speech practice of Russian native speakers is a statement that includes a meta-language commentary “v khoroshem smysle (slova)” (“in a good sense (of the word)”). The goal of the study is to identify the main models of language representation of so-called pseudo-values in modern Russian media discourse. The main research methods are the method of logical analysis of implicit information in language utterances and the method of contextual analysis of metalanguage elements of the text. Based on the material of the Newspaper Corpus as part of the Russian National Corpus, the work shows that values of the new Russian reality, declared as positive in the media, such as a career, competition, individualism, “the West”, fashion, etc., actually act as pseudo-values that are not regarded by native speakers in usage as unconditionally positive ones. This is confirmed by the very possibility of using these nominations in mass media discourse with a clarifying meta-language indicator “v khoroshem smysle (slova)”. Special attention is also paid to the use of this meta-language commentary as a conscious means of speech influence and a language manipulation technique. It is concluded that the use of contexts with the said reflexive in media discourse always has the character of an internal polemic: the speaker diverges from the value stereotypes assigned to the depicted phenomena and concepts in an objective language evaluation, in generally accepted nominations, and in the direction of both increasing the evaluation register and lowering it.

"A vida não é útil": sonhar e suspender o céu

Esta resenha tem o objetivo apresentar não só último livro do líder indígena, jornalista e ambientalista Ailton Krenak intitulado A vida não é útil (2020b), mas, sua cosmovisão sobre a dualidade vida e morte, como também, sobre nossa relação com a Terra, desnudando a ficção do modelo econômico no qual nos inserimos. Sua linguagem objetiva, sensível e irônica são marcas de um pensamento anticolonial, anticapitalista e intensamente crítico do modelo de vida predatório que a alta casta que se autodenomina humanidade vive, a qual ele tece críticas contundentes. O autor expõe, a partir de seus saberes tradicionais ancestrais, sua forma de conexão com a Terra como organismo vivo inteligente. Tece considerações sobre as diferentes percepções de vida e morte, para os indígenas e os não-indígenas, situando essa discussão no contexto da pandemia do novo Coronavirus – Covid19. Aborda o fetiche pelas tecnologias e faz a defesa da conexão ente sonhos e a vida cotidiana, ao mesmo tempo que defende menos desenvolvimento e mais envolvimento. O convite à leitura desta obra dar-se tanto por seu conteúdo crítico de defesa de uma política de vida, mas também, pela estética sensível da sua cosmopolítica realista microesperançosa.

Technology usage as a vehicle for information and approximation with society

Introduction: Confronting the COVID-19 pandemic involves actions in the scope of information, especially in combating false content disseminated by social media. In this sense, medical students, including those belonging to a Trauma and Emergency Academic League, have mobilized to create a media campaign in order to disseminate information about SARS-CoV-2’s aspects to the population. The objective of this work was to report the contribution of the league members to the campaign developed to disseminate reliable scientific content based on simple and objective language about COVID-19. Methodology: A campaign was organized by second to the sixth-year medical students, members of 15 university academic leagues, with the aim to use social media as an information tool for health educational practice. Results: The students from the Trauma and Emergency Academic League made a total of 6 posts on Instagram, using the league’s and the campaign’s accounts. Those posts obtained a total of 1983 views and had the purposed of reaching the general population. The information provided was about self-medication and its risks or benefits, preventive measures against COVID-19 and how to make and use homemade masks. Among the public that accessed the campaign’s profile on Instagram, 70% were women and 80% were between 18 and 34 years old. Discussion: With the reported activities, league students described acquiring knowledge about COVID-19, in addition to teamwork experience and contribution to the fight against the pandemic through the materials production and its dissemination to the population. It allowed innovation in learning and in the access to knowledge, as the pandemic imposed new health-related educational challenges. However, it is noticed that there is a limitation in the posts scope, as they have mostly reached a specific age group. Conclusion: The proper internet usage is essential to combat misleading information in the pandemic context. Therefore, the online dissemination of reliable information with the intent to reach a larger audience indicates academic commitment, especially to social responsibility.

Association Between Symbolic Play and Language: A Comparison Between Typically Developing Children and Children with Down Syndrome.

Language and symbolic play require the same underlying symbolic ability and develop parallel to one another. The aim of this study was to determine the association between symbolic play and vocabulary in typically developing children and children with Down syndrome in Malaysia. Twenty-five typically developing children and 25 children with Down syndrome aged between 12 and 36 months were involved in this study. They were recruited from an early intervention center and various kindergartens from the West Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. Their play skills were assessed using the Symbolic Play Test Second Edition, and information about their vocabulary was obtained through the MacArthur Bates Communicative Development Inventories that was filled out by their parents. There was a significant difference in the vocabulary and symbolic play scores of children with Down syndrome compared with typically developing children. There was also a positive correlation between symbolic play scores and receptive and expressive vocabulary scores for both groups of children. When providing intervention, speech-language pathologists need to promote the development of symbolic play in addition to language, given the association between the two. They should also look into introducing an augmentative and alternative communication system to the children who demonstrate age-appropriate symbolic play skills but have trouble with symbolic language production.

Os verbos de estado no português brasileiro: propriedades semânticas e classificação

Tradicionalmente, na literatura linguística, os verbos de estado possuem análises controversas. Por um lado, há autores que analisam esses verbos como elementos semânticos primitivos e como uma classe uniforme de verbos. Por outro, há autores que identificam uma composicionalidade nesses itens, considerando que eles se distribuem por diferentes classes verbais. Neste artigo, tomamos como objeto de estudo os verbos de estado do português brasileiro, com o objetivo de mostrar que esses verbos, em nossa língua objeto, seguem o segundo padrão de análise explicitado: são itens composicionais e decomponíveis e não possuem comportamento uniforme, se distribuindo por diferentes classes. Para tanto, analisamos 36 verbos de estado do português brasileiro, à luz do quadro teórico-metodológico da Semântica Lexical.

POSTMODERNİZM ƏDƏBİ CƏRƏYANI VƏ ONUN ÇAĞDAŞ AZƏRBAYCAN ƏDƏBİYYATINDA ÖZÜNÜİFADƏSİ

The article deals with such a literary trend as postmodernism and its self-expression in modern Azerbaijani literature. The article contains the review of the different scientists’, philosophers’ and writers’ views related to the postmodernism, forms of its manifestation and its impact on Azerbaijani literature. Many Azerbaijani writers created their works under the influence of European literature in the postmodernist style during the period of independence. Their works are analyzed on the basis of the concrete facts. It is noted that while encompassing a wide variety of approaches, postmodernism is generally defined by an attitude of skepticism, irony, or rejection toward the meta-narratives and ideologies of modernism, often calling into question various assumptions of Enlightenment rationality. Consequently, common targets of postmodern critique include universalist notions of objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, language, and social progress. Keywords:postmodernism, globalization, fiction, literary trend, symbols

Agential Free Choice

The Free Choice effect—whereby $\lozenge (p {\textsc {or}} q)$ seems to entail both $\lozenge p$ and $\lozenge q$ —has traditionally been characterized as a phenomenon affecting the deontic modal ‘may’. This paper presents an extension of the semantic account of free choice defended by Fusco (Philosophers’ Imprint, 15, 1–27, 2015) to the agentive modal ‘can’, the ‘can’ which, intuitively, describes an agent’s powers. On this account, free choice is a nonspecific de re phenomenon (Bauerle 1983; Fodor 1970) that—unlike typical cases—affects disjunction. I begin by sketching a model of inexact ability, which grounds a modal approach to agency (Belnap Theoria, 54, 175–199, 1998; Perloff 2001) in a Williamson (Mind, 101, 217–242, 1992; Erkenntnis, 79, 971–999, 2014)-style margin of error. A classical propositional semantics combined with this framework can reflect the intuitions highlighted by Kenny (1976)’s dartboard cases, as well as the counterexamples to simple conditional views recently discussed by Mandelkern et al. (Philosophical Review, 126, 301–343, 2017). In Section 3, I turn to an independently motivated actual-world-sensitive account of disjunction, and show how it extends free choice inferences into an object language for propositional modal logic.

Linguistics and communication

AbstractThis essay begins by identifying what communication is and what linguistics is in order to establish the relationship between them. The characterization of linguistics leads to discussion of the nature of language and of the relationship between a theory of language, i. e., linguistic theory, and the object language it models. This, in turn, leads to a review of speculations on the origins of human language with a view to identifying the motivation for its creation and its primary function. After considering a host of data, it becomes clear that, contrary to some approaches, the primary function of human language is to function as a vehicle of communication. Thus, linguistics studies what for humans is their primary vehicle of communication.

A Hypersequent Solution to the Inferentialist Problem of Modality

The standard inferentialist approaches to modal logic tend to suffer from not being able to uniquely characterize the modal operators, require that introduction and elimination rules be interdefined, or rely on the introduction of possible-world like indexes into the object language itself. In this paper I introduce a hypersequent calculus that is flexible enough to capture many of the standard modal logics and does not suffer from the above problems. It is therefore an ideal candidate to underwrite an inferentialist theory of meaning for modal operators. Here I treat specifically the modal logics K, D, T, S4, B, and S5. I show that the calculi are adequate for each set of models, and show that they meet a large set of criteria that are generally thought necessary for a calculus to underwrite a theory of meaning.

Framing anti-Americanism in Turkey: An empirical comparison of domestic and international media

Anti-Americanism is a growing tendency among people in Turkey, and the media is one source of this negative sentiment. After the failed military coup attempt in Turkey on 15 July 2016, more than 150 domestic media outlets were shut down, including television channels, daily newspapers, radio stations, news websites, and even social media. Local affiliates of international media companies such as Deutsche Welle Turkish, however, have remained immune to such government interventions to some extent. Considering the difference in the level of independence from Turkish government influence, this study aims to explore how the anti-American sentiment in the news varied across different media outlets. With the content of 690 online news reports, a sentiment analysis compared the pro-government Sabah and Yeni Şafak daily newspapers with two internationally owned and more independent media outlets, BBC News Turkish and Deutsche Welle. The results showed a significant discrepancy between the two groups in terms of how they framed news related to the United States. The domestic media framed and reported the US-related news with a more negative slant, including the use of offensive and pejorative narratives about the United States and its politics. BBC Turkish and Deutsche Welle, however, reported news about the United States with a relatively more neutral and objective language.