Graphical Objects Research Articles

Hybrid inspection of printed board defects

Objectives. A hybrid approach to the problem of searching and classifying defects in printed circuit boards (PCB) is proposed. Key factors and trends in the design and production of PCBs are considered. The relevance of the study is determined by the use of new materials and production technologies.Methods. A hybrid approach based on the algorithm of comparison with reference and the use of the YOLO family of neural network models for detecting objects is used to solve the problem.Results. Models were trained on public sets of PCB images with six classes of defects, and their accuracy was assessed using generally accepted metrics.Conclusion. Experiments have shown that the YOLOv8 neural network architecture has high accuracy of defect detection, low sensitivity to image quality, presence of text and graphic objects on the PCB, but the low quality of training datasets imposes restrictions on the use of only neural networks for defect detection. It is proposed to use a hybrid approach to improve the quality of defect inspection by applying different methods depending on the quality assessment of the analyzed images.

Matters of assuring functional dependability compliance of digital manufacturing

Aim. To propose a methodological approach to ensuring the functional dependability of industrial facilities using SMART documents in the context of import-independent digital processes. Methods. The evolving applicability of the dependability theory and information systems design has defined the methodological provisions for algorithmising the application of SMART standards for minimising functional faults and failures of industrial processes. Digital models of production lines were examined as tools for machine-recognisable representation of standards. The proposed form of regulatory documents is intended to enable the transition from machine-readable data to machine-understandable content. Findings. The application of the proposed methods of content systematisation in the context of manufacturing process standardisation shows that the classification of process data based on standardised characteristics of digital information exchange processes is one of the key methodological provisions ensuring unambiguous interpretation of regulatory requirements. Specialised projects often use individual provisions rather than complete regulatory documents. In this case, in order to ensure machine-understandability of the developed content, it is proposed using special identifiers, e.g., «paragraph», «graphic object», «table cell». The deployment of such identification tools will allow creating a class of SMART standards that collect into a single document the provisions regarding the delivery of intended results in situations when the operating equipment is diverse. Publications created using intelligent processing of SMART documents are considered as containers of structured and unstructured data that take into account the conditions of particular projects. The existing dynamics of the demand for advanced industrial products often determines the admissibility of its industrial production by various companies with the parallel use of unique technologies. The conditions of such an organisation impose their limitations on the comparability of various process requirements, therefore, it is proposed to harmonise the presentation of the results of managerial, design, and process engineering solutions using the term «manufacturing system asset». The introduction of relative result estimates as part of the digital format is an efficient mechanism for ensuring management consistency. In this context, the importance of a uniform regulatory framework as the foundation for such assessments is growing. As one of the ways of minimising faults and failures of industrial equipment, it is proposed to create a situation centre with a decision support system based on the regulatory data with harmonised manufacturing system asset requirements. An experience of Industry 4.0 regulation is described in the review of the ISA digital manufacturing series of standards. It was shown that the deployment of SMART standards improves the stability of interaction between information management systems and the functional dependability of production lines. The introduction of provisions regulating the use of algorithms for the development, editing, and examination of draft regulatory documents into the content machine-understandability facilities is an important factor in ensuring the functional dependability of products. Conclusions. The presented approach is focused on the methodology for developing standards that take into account requirements from various subject areas. In the context of ongoing import substitution in manufacturing, the paper examines the feasibility of minimizing digital process faults and failures caused by the use of regulatory frameworks that are not equivalent to the provisions of international documents and take into account the specificity of Russian industrial systems.

MoTion: A new declarative object matching approach in Pharo

Pattern matching is an expressive way of matching data and extracting pieces of information from it. The recent inclusion of pattern matching in the Java and Python languages highlights that such a facility is more and more adopted by developers for everyday development. Other main stream programming languages also offer pattern matching capabilities as part of the language (Rust, Scala, Haskell, and OCaml), with different degrees of expressivity in what can be matched. In the meantime, in graphs, pattern matching takes a slightly different turn; it enhances the expressivity of the patterns that can be defined. Smalltalk currently offers little pattern matching capability to find specific objects inside a large graph of objects using a declarative pattern. In Pharo, the closest library to classical pattern matching that exists is the RBParseTreeSearcher, which allows to express specialized patterns over a Pharo Abstract Syntax Tree to find some inner node. The question arises of what features a flexible pattern matching language should have. In this paper, we review the features found in different existing pattern matching languages, both in General Purpose Languages (like Java) and in declarative graph pattern matching languages. We then describe MoTion, a new pattern matching engine for Pharo smalltalk, combining all these features. We discuss some aspects of MoTion’s implementation and illustrate its use with real case examples.

Effects of Waveform, Time Delay, and Vibration Axis on the Perception of Vibrotactile Compliance Illusions on Smartphone Touchscreens

A hard surface feels soft or elastic when carefully controlled vibrations are provided to a pressing finger. This compliance illusion method may be employed to augment graphical objects on smartphone screens with compliant tactile properties. However, product engineers encounter practical questions when attempting to use the compliance illusion method for their products. Should the waveform be sinusoidal? How much time delay is acceptable? Should the vibration axis be perpendicular to the surface? A series of experiments was conducted to address these questions. The first experiment revealed that the waveform could not be distinguished in the context of the compliance illusion method when applied to typical smartphones. The second experiment demonstrated that time delays greater than 25 ms and the use of the three vibration axes could be distinguished in the same context. The third experiment explored how the perceptual qualities of the compliance illusion change with variations in time delay and the axis of vibration. Time delay had significant effects on softness, smoothness, elasticity, and unpleasantness, while the vibration axis had significant effects on softness, smoothness, and elasticity.

Object-based practice effects recover the graphic object concept in Alzheimer’s dementia.

Object-based practice effects recover the graphic object concept in Alzheimer’s dementia.

ГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ СРЕДСТВА ОПЕРАЦИОННЫХ СИСТЕМ

The methods of processing multimedia and graphical information in operating systems are studied using the example of MCI, API and GDI interfaces of Windows operating system. The interfaces of GDI and GDI+ graphics devices are examined in detail. The capabilities and features of the OpenGL graphics library, which is commonly used in the Windows operating system, are presented. The principles of operation of the GDI interface are given. Three types of drawing tools supported by the context of the GDI interface are examined in detail: pen, brush and font. The stages of coordination of logical and physical coordinate systems are considered. The OpenGL library graphics elements (bits arrays, polygons, segments, polylines, etc.), as well as basic geometric objects and a set of polyhedra: cube, cone, torus, octahedron, icosahedron, dodecahedron and tetrahedron are considered. As an example of OpenGL library usage, a three-dimensional graphics editor was studied. It works with three-dimensional objects of various types and allows reproduction of an object in two modes (lines and a solid surface), as well as performance of following operations with a graphic object: deformation, rotation, transpositionong along axes, loading and saving on hard drive.

Graphic heritage calling: the temporal and spatial historic experience of the Wembley Stadium and Wembley Park milieu

ABSTRACT As a ‘spectacular’ sporting heritage space Wembley Stadium and its setting have been recently celebrated after a centenary of sport and entertainment since its inauguration in 1923. This paper examines the recent redevelopment and design of Wembley Stadium in Wembley Park to depict how the heritage credentials of the area and the intangible nature of sport as performance are mediated through multiple graphic images and permanent, semi-permanent, and ephemeral graphic interventions. The morphological milieu of Wembley as a heritage place is shown to be the most tangible heritage asset upon which its heritage credentials stand, amongst numerous graphic images and objects that impact how people navigate and understand the visitor experience of Wembley as a contemporary place to visit, work, and live.

Spatial-temporal graph Transformer for object tracking against noise spoofing interference

Achieving accurate object tracking against noise spoofing interference caused by similar backgrounds, similar objects, occlusion, or illumination variations is a challenge, especially since Siamese trackers largely ignore the spatial-temporal and part-level information of object structure. To handle this problem, we present a novel object tracking network with spatial-temporal awareness, which learns the correlation of local feature changes and extracts global spatial-temporal fusion features of the object to prevent noise spoofing interference. Specifically, our tracker integrates an object graph reconstruction representation module and a spatial-temporal graph Transformer module. The graph reconstruction representation module models the object structure and search region as part-to-part graph node correspondences, propagating object information to achieve part-level feature aggregation in the search region. The proposed spatial-temporal graph Transformer module fuses the temporal and spatial features of the object to enhance the contextual features and correlation between temporal and spatial feature variations, recognizing the noise spoofing interference to enhance the tracking performance. Meanwhile, our tracker learns object motion information to improve object state awareness, enhancing tracking accuracy under similar objects interference. Extensive experiments on six public datasets validate that our tracker outperforms related state-of-the-art trackers and achieves accurate tracking results against noise spoofing interference.

PARAMETRIC MODELING AS AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH IN GRAPHIC DESIGN

Purpose. The article focuses on exploring the possibilities and strategies of innovative integration of parametricism into the field of graphic design and analyzing the main problems and potential solutions in using parametric design in creating graphic objects. Methodology. According to the research topic, the methods employed include comparative study, theoretical analysis, and synthesis. Results. The article discusses the definitions and characteristics of parametric design, examines its applications for optimizing design thinking and creating personalized objects. Various levels of innovative implementations are presented, offering several strategies for integrating parametric modeling into graphic design, including visual element generation, layout optimization, design interactivity enhancement, and data visualization in personalized design. Additionally, integration challenges related to the use of artificial intelligence technologies are discussed. Scientific novelty. The article analyzes various levels and effective strategies for applying parametric modeling in the field of graphic design, exploring current aspects of interaction that are innovative and emphasizing the importance of utilizing parametric design methodology, artificial intelligence, and computational design in the paradigm of contemporary graphic design. Practical significance. The materials presented in the article can be utilized for investigating the innovative application of digital design, parametric design, and artificial intelligence in the field of graphic design.

Graph Pooling Inference Network for Text-based VQA

Effectively leveraging objects and optical character recognition (OCR) tokens to reason out pivotal scene text is critical for the challenging Text-based Visual Question Answering (TextVQA) task. Graph-based models can effectively capture the semantic relationship among visual entities (objects and tokens) and report remarkable performance in TextVQA. However, previous efforts usually leverage all visual entities and ignore the negative effect of superfluous entities. This article presents a Graph Pooling Inference Network (GPIN), which is an evolutionary graph learning method to purify the visual entities and capture the core semantics. It is observed that the dense distribution of reduplicative objects and the crowd of semantically dependent OCR tokens usually co-exist in the image. Motivated by this, GPIN adopts an adaptive node dropping strategy to dynamically downscale semantically closed nodes for graph evolution and update. To deepen the comprehension of scene text, GPIN is a dual-path hierarchical graph architecture that progressively aggregates the evolved object graph and the evolved token graph semantics into a graph vector that serves as visual cues to facilitate the answer reasoning. It can effectively eliminate object redundancy and enhance the association of semantically continuous tokens. Experiments conducted on TextVQA and ST-VQA datasets show that GPIN achieves promising performance compared with state-of-the-art methods.

Hierarchical Recognizing Vector Graphics and A New Chart-based Vector Graphics Dataset.

The conventional approach to image recognition has been based on raster graphics, which can suffer from aliasing and information loss when scaled up or down. In this paper, we propose a novel approach that leverages the benefits of vector graphics for object localization and classification. Our method, called YOLaT (You Only Look at Text), takes the textual document of vector graphics as input, rather than rendering it into pixels. YOLaT builds multi-graphs to model the structural and spatial information in vector graphics and utilizes a dual-stream graph neural network (GNN) to detect objects from the graph. However, for real-world vector graphics, YOLaT only models in flat GNN with vertexes as nodes ignore higher-level information of vector data. Therefore, we propose YOLaT++ to learn Multi-level Abstraction Feature Learning from a new perspective: Primitive Shapes to Curves and Points. On the other hand, given few public datasets focus on vector graphics, data-driven learning cannot exert its full power on this format. We provide a large-scale and challenging dataset for Chart-based Vector Graphics Detection and Chart Understanding, termed VG-DCU, with vector graphics, raster graphics, annotations, and raw data drawn for creating these vector charts. Experiments show that the YOLaT series outperforms both vector graphics and raster graphics-based object detection methods on both subsets of VG-DCU in terms of both accuracy and efficiency, showcasing the potential of vector graphics for image recognition tasks. Our codes, models, and the VG-DCU dataset are available at: https://github.com/microsoft/YOLaT-VectorGraphicsRecognition.

Noise immunity algorithm for embedding a digital watermark in medical images

When storing and transferring printed medical materials, such as tomograms or radiographs, there is a need to protect additional information from unauthorized access. This information includes personal data of the patient and a summary of the medical history, and it can be added to the medical image (container) in the form of a watermark. Existing algorithms for embedding digital watermarks (DWM) in graphic objects distort the initial characteristics of the container image, which in the case of medical images can lead to a misdiagnosis. This study aimed to develop a distortion- and noise-resistant algorithm for embedding the DWM in the spatial domain of a medical image intended for storage on paper (as a printout). The article initially considered the possibilities of using the method of modifying the least significant bits of image pixel brightness or the LSB algorithm. Mathematical modeling in Matlab showed that the maximum brightness of the DWM guaranteeing its invisibility cannot exceed 2% of the maximum brightness of the container image for monochrome images, and 6% for color images. The maximum value of the white noise dispersion, at which it is possible to single out a DWM with a correlation coefficient of at least 0.9 was 0.0001. We prorose a new noise immunе algorithm (NIA) for embedding the DWM in the subpixels of the main image, which, after extracting the DWM, are not used to build the container image. In the absence of noise, there are no distortions of the original medical image whatsoever. The essence of the NIA is as follows. The size of the original image in the form of a two-dimensional array is quadrupled by adding a subpixel in each row and column with a brightness equal to the average arithmetic brightness of neighboring pixels. A DWM with the same size as the original image is added to the resulting subpixels. Matlab modeling showed that the DWM would remain invisible at a relative brightness of approximately 5% for monochrome container images and 15% for color images. For the NIA algorithm, the maximum value of the white noise dispersion to obtain a correlation coefficient of 0.9 is 0.005, which means that the noise immunity of the proposed method is significantly higher than that of the LSB-based algorithm.

Pseudophotographs in Children’s Literature: A New Object for Photoliterature Studies

This article proposes to theorize the study of pseudophotographs as a subtype of photoliterature studies. Pseudophotographs are any illustrations understood within the context of a picturebook or graphic novel to be representations of photographs. This article attempts to define this undertheorized graphic object, to discuss its various functions, and to analyse what pseudophotographs can tell us about how real photographs and photography are considered in children’s literature. Because pseudophotographs appropriate some of the conventions of photography and yet are unlike real photographs in many ways, they are, we argue, a significant place for implicit discourse about the art and practice of photography and about affective encounters with photographs.

Drawing as thinking through: students’ use of collaborative drawing to examine ‘problemical’ situations

ABSTRACT Collaborative drawing is a multimodal approach to examining problems within small groups of individuals when the perspectives of multiple stakeholders should be considered. Collaborative drawing can be useful for helping students visualize and analyze a challenging problem from different world views and provide opportunities to confront, discuss, and identify potential resolutions. Rich Pictures (RPs), the artifacts created through collaborative drawing, were used in two fourth-year undergraduate internship classes (n = 48) to prompt student discussion about potential workplace dilemmas and provide a site for reflecting on professional challenges. Students used graphic objects, icons, and stick figures or ‘actors’ playing distinct roles, to map out a problematic workplace scenario. The RPs created by the students illustrated the emotional complexities inherent in complex problems through spatial organization, commonly used symbols and emojis, and narrative vignettes. The RPs provided a space for students to surface their emotional responses to the problem scenarios, examine the inherent power dispositions, and illustrate the nuanced and complex perspectives to consider in professional environments. The findings contribute insight on multimodal strategies for facilitating opportunities for students to develop their professional identities, and present innovative methodologies for researchers in Higher Education to study that development.

Role of Graphic Design in Computer Polygraphic Research: Influence of Design Decisions on Product Production and Use

The purpose of the article is to find out the role of graphic design in computerised printing processes and evaluate how the choice of design decisions affects the production and functionality of finished printing products. Research methodology. The research used theoretical analysis to study literary sources, scientific publications and historical data on the development of graphic design and its impact on the printing industry. Empirical observation, such as data collection through observation of work processes in design studios and printing houses, analysis of real cases of implementation of design solutions were applied. Comparative method was used to compare the effectiveness of different design approaches and their impact on the final product. Case analysis, as a detailed analysis of specific projects where innovative design solutions was applied, and evaluation of their impact on product success. Scientific novelty consists in the fact that the impact of graphic design on printing production and its perception by consumers has been investigated. It has been established that design solutions affect the efficiency and attractiveness of products. The processes of merging graphic design with computer polygraphic processes were studied, from the perspective of the formation of changes in design work, and it was determined for the first time that modern visual trends affect the interactivity and emotional perception of users. Conclusions. It was determined that polygraphic complexes form a unique corporate style that communicates with other design elements through clear visual images. Graphic design reproduces reality through a creative combination of colour, shape and texture, creating a subjective worldview. Simplicity and clarity are key to effective visual communication. Artistic images, which become full-fledged graphic objects in design, depend on visual perception and psychology, and are subject to various transformations to achieve the desired effect in printed products. Keywords: computer printing, graphic design, digital design, artistic method, printing product.

Features of processes of high-speed milling with a complex profile tool in the processing of aluminum alloys and composite materials

Complex computational and experimental studies substantiate rational modes of milling of complex contour equiaxed surfaces with high accuracy of shape, dimensions and roughness parameters. Bars made of nanostructured carbide composite (produced by extrusion of WC-Co-Al2O3 bimodal powder mixtures) with increased strength, crack resistance and heat resistance were used as a workpiece material for the manufacture of new original tool designs. The combination of these properties is a necessary prerequisite for the effective operation of the developed designs of multi-blade cutters at high cutting speeds and under conditions of variable cyclic loads. A more complex kinematics of the joint rotational movement of the tool during milling dictates the need for new approaches when assigning rational cutting modes. To obtain reliable calculation formulas, numerical experiments were previously carried out, including simulation of the processing process using the VisualStudio integrated development environment, which supports WindowsForms technology. The ability to display graphical 3D objects was implemented using an additional software product in the form of the Open CASCADE geometric core. Numerical experiments using MathCAD software products and based on the analytical provisions proposed in the work made it possible to evaluate the influence of cutting conditions, geometric parameters of the cutting part of the tool (profile and number of teeth), kinematics of relative movement in the “tool – part” system on the shape of surfaces and contour parameters (roughness obtained during milling. A technique, algorithm and program for the automated calculation of cutting conditions has been developed, which has been verified during full-scale experiments and the manufacture of complex profile parts from aluminum alloys for drives of aerospace products (in the form of a RC profile and parts of a pinion transmission of guidance mechanisms). At the same time, on the basis of a 3D model of products, control programs for CNC machines were created using MasterCAM. The practical significance and technical and economic efficiency of the proposed design and technological solutions is to increase productivity and reduce the complexity of processing (in comparison with the basic options) through the use of new multi-edge carbide tools for high-speed milling (including when processing composite materials).

Coloring lines and Delaunay graphs with respect to boxes

AbstractThe goal of this paper is to show the existence (using probabilistic tools) of configurations of lines, boxes, and points with certain interesting combinatorial properties. (i) First, we construct a family of lines in whose intersection graph is triangle‐free of chromatic number . This improves the previously best known bound by Norin, and is also the first construction of a triangle‐free intersection graph of simple geometric objects with polynomial chromatic number. (ii) Second, we construct a set of points in , whose Delaunay graph with respect to axis‐parallel boxes has independence number at most . This extends the planar case considered by Chen, Pach, Szegedy, and Tardos.

Kompiuteryje atliekamų pasikartojančių veiksmų automatizavimo sistemos kūrimas

As technology advances and time saves time, more and more tasks are being automated, reducing the need for manual work. The process of automation is beneficial in computer-based work as well. This article analyzes automation systems for mouse clicks, their benefits, and their applications in various fields. Project problem. The automated click systems do not provide flexible, reliable, and convenient algorithmic functions for the use of complex marketing systems, mobile games, or a broader market segment. The objective of this work is to create a system that simulates mouse clicks, swipes, and text input, allowing for repetitive actions, creating and saving action execution algorithms. The theoretical part discusses similar automated systems, their advantages and disadvantages, text and image recognition algorithms, and popular libraries. The compliance of the systems with the ISO/IEC 9126 standard is analyzed. The programming language chosen for development is C++, Qt framework, the Tesseract library is used for text recognition, while the OpenCV library is used for graphic objects. The practical part presents the project of the created automated action system, the development process, the system itself, and the system's application possibilities. The system includes 10 control tools: text, color, and image recognition systems, mouse click, text input, and swipe simulation systems, automated action deletion, algorithm execution/stop, settings selection, menu collapse/expand, and system shutdown. The system allows for the creation of mouse click, swipe, and text input algorithms, defining conditions, creating action instructions, and sharing instructions on a forum. The system recognizes texts, colors, and images. Keywords: automating click operations, automatic actions system, automated optical character recognition, automatic clicker.

Art Is Magic

Art Is Magic

Study on the brightness and graphical display object directions of the Single-Gaze-Gesture user interface

Single gaze gestures (SGGs), as the basic unit of gaze gestures, interact with graphical display objects (GDOs) on a graphical user interface (GUI) through user saccades to control the system. The brightness design of the interface and saccade direction can significantly affect interaction performance and user experience. Therefore, this study adopts the method of ergonomic experiments combined with subjective evaluation, proposing the design suggestions for the background brightness (BB), brightness contrast (BC), GDO (completion field) directions, and target brightness (TB) of the gaze gesture interface: (1) Background brightness: To ensure the efficiency and experience in actual use, the background of the interface should choose a brightness value slightly lower than 50%; (2) Brightness contrast: At 25% BB, it is advisable to choose a brightness value between 21.5% and 43.5%, and the best choice is 33.25%. Under the condition of BB above 50%, the brightness contrast value of 50% can meet the requirements of the operation task; (3) Target brightness: In the gaze gesture interface design, light color should be used to mark the target; (4) GDO Directions: The GDO should be placed on the upper side of the initiation field (IF), and it is best to be directly above the IF. The contribution of this research is the proposal of an interface design strategy that is beneficial for improving the performance and experience of gaze gesture interaction and can provide future directions and recommendations for interface design.