Obese Young Adults Research Articles

Anthropometric Measurements of Android and Gynoid Obesity and Their Association with Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Factors in Obese Young Adults

Background- Obesity is the leading risk-factor of cardiovascular-diseases, which accounts for 23% of Ischemic Heart-Diseases burden. Several studies are done to correlate the effect of BMI on cardiovascular risk-factors. But only few studies are done to compare the effect of obesity on cardiovascular risk-factors. Therefore, this study is to identify the effect of android & gynoid-type of obesity on CVD risk-factors. Method- Study conducted on 60 obese-adults; Age:20-45 years; BMI 25-29.9kg/m2 (Obese-class Ⅰ WHO-Asian Classification) Demographic and anthropometric data regarding WC, HC, and WHR were recorded. CVD risk-factors by ATP-III definition: High-BP, Low-HDL-C, High-triglycerides, Fasting-glucose. Thus, to observe association of CVD risk-factors between android-obesity & gynoid-obesity. Result- Result has been obtained from SPSS20. Mean-age & Mean-BMI in Android-obesity were (33.06+7.8) (27.33+1.24) and in Gynoid-obesity were (33.9+7.54) (27.26+1.15) respectively. Comparison between two groups found using independent t-tests. There was significant difference of Triglycerides, Fasting-glucose, Blood-pressure & HDL-C between both groups. Triglycerides (M=158.27), Fasting-glucose (M=121.30), Blood-pressure (SBP; M=132.69, DBP; M=89.03) were higher while HDL-C (M=35.10) is lower in Android-obesity than that of Gynoid(M=110.53), (M=95.77), (SBP; M=116.97, DBP; M=75.50) and (M=46.03), having significant difference p<0.05 Conclusion & Clinical-implications- This study concludes that CVD risk-factors are significantly associated with Android-obesity as compared to Gynoid-obesity. Keywords: Android-Obesity, Gynoid-obesity, CVD risk-factors, waist-hip-ratio

Impact of Physical Activity on Pulmonary Function and Respiratory Muscle Strength in Obese Young Adults

Physical inactivity is a crucial contributor to the obesity epidemic. Previous studies demonstrated that physical inactivity and obesity have been linked with the impairments of pulmonary and respiratory muscle function. However, the impact of physical activity (PA) on pulmonary and respiratory muscle function in obese young adults remains unclear. The study aimed to compare pulmonary and respiratory muscle function between physically inactive and active obese young adults. Obese young adults (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) aged between 18 - 25 years old were included. They were classified into 2 groups, physically inactive obese (IO, n = 16) and active obese (AO, n = 14) groups according to the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) obtained from the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). Then, pulmonary and respiratory muscle function were measured. The results showed that there were no differences in baseline data between groups. The AO group showed significantly higher forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) (2.90 ± 0.55 vs 3.40 ± 0.79, p = 0.04), and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) (96.25 ± 6.18 vs 124.50 ± 12.28, p = 0.01) than those IO group. There were no differences between the groups in regard to FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, %FVC, %FEV1, MVV, %MVV and maximum expiratory pressure (MEP) (all p > 0.05). In addition, FEV1 (r = 0.43, p = 0.01) and MIP (r = 0.40, p = 0.03) were positively moderately correlated with MET. Higher in FEV1 and MIP which observed in physically active obese young adults indicate that regular PA appears to be beneficial to pulmonary function and inspiratory muscle strength in obese individuals. HIGHLIGHTS Several epidemiological studies showed that obesity increases the prevalence of morbidity and clinical presentation of many respiratory diseases. Physical inactivity is one factor that affect respiratory function The pulmonary and respiratory muscle function between physically inactive and active obese young adults were compared Higher values of FEV1 and MIP were observed in obese young adults who were physically active, suggesting the benefits of PA in maintaining pulmonary function and inspiratory muscle strength GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Obesity-related cardiometabolic indicators modify the associations of personal noise exposure with heart rate variability: A further investigation on the Study among Obese and Normal-weight Adults (SONA)

Elucidating the associations between environmental noise and heart rate variability (HRV) would be beneficial for the prevention and control of detrimental cardiovascular changes. Obese people have been found to manifest heightened susceptibility to the adverse effects of noise on HRV. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Based on 53 normal-weight and 44 obese young adults aged 18–26 years in Beijing, China, this study aimed to investigate the role of obesity-related cardiometabolic indicators for associations between short-term environmental noise exposure and HRV in the real-world context. The participants underwent personal noise exposure and ambulatory electrocardiogram monitoring using portable devices at 5-min intervals for 24 continuous hours. Obesity-related blood pressure, glucose and lipid metabolism, and inflammatory indicators were subsequently examined. Generalized mixed-effect models were used to estimate the associations between noise exposure and HRV parameters. The C-peptide, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and leptin levels were higher in obese participants compared to normal-weight participants. We observed amplified associations between short-term noise exposure and decreases in HRV among participants with higher C-peptide, HOMA-IR, and leptin levels. For instance, a 1 dB(A) increment in 3 h-average noise exposure level preceding each measurement was associated with changes of −0.20% (95%CI: −0.45%, 0.04%) and −1.35% (95%CI: −1.85%, −0.86%) in standard deviation of all normal to normal intervals (SDNN) among participants with lower and higher C-peptide levels, respectively (P for interaction <0.05). Meanwhile, co-existing fine particulate matter (PM2.5) could amplify the associations between noise and HRV among obese participants and participants with higher C-peptide, HOMA-IR, and leptin levels. The more apparent associations of short-term exposure to environmental noise with HRV and the effect modification by PM2.5 may be partially explained by the higher C-peptide, HOMA-IR, and leptin levels of obese people.

Prevalence of different stages of periodontal diseases among a sample of young adult obese Egyptian patients: a hospital based Cross-sectional study over 1 year

BackgroundThis cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of different stages of periodontal diseases based on the recent classification in a sample of young adult obese Egyptian dental outpatients.MethodsThis study included 314 patients seeking dental treatment at the Diagnostic Center of the Dental hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University. Validated oral health questionnaire for adults regarding their age, gender, level of education and oral health routines as well as oral health impact profile questionnaire for chronic periodontitis (OHIP-CP) were filled by all patients. Obesity parameters were also assessed through person’s weight in kilograms, height in centimeters and waist circumference to determine the obesity stage. Diagnosis was made based on measurements of clinical periodontal parameters including a full mouth plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL) and gingival recession depth (RD). Radiographic examination was performed using periapical radiographs. Ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to determine significant predictors of periodontal diseases and discriminant analysis was performed to predict periodontal disease classification. ResultsThe age range in the study sample was 19–39 years old. The prevalence of different stages of periodontal diseases was 100%. Gingivitis was the most prevalent periodontal disease (63.7%) followed by Periodontitis Stage III (22.6%) then Stage II (11.1%). Stage I showed the least prevalence (2.5%). An increase in BMI was statistically associated with an increase in PD, CAL, RD, PI and vice versa (P-value < 0.05). The total OHIP-CP was 15.99 ± 3.06 for all participants.ConclusionsThere was a statistically significant association between periodontal diseases and obesity in young adults, as well as a statistically significant direct correlation between BMI and periodontal parameters. Self-assessment of oral health and obesity were significant predictors of periodontal disease.Clinical trial Registration IDNCT04618068.

Adiposity and insulin resistance moderate the links between neuroelectrophysiology and working and episodic memory functions in young adult males but not females

IntroductionObesity and insulin resistance negatively influence neural activity and cognitive function, but electrophysiological mechanisms underlying these interrelationships remain unclear. This study investigated whether adiposity and insulin resistance moderated neural activity and underlying cognitive functions in young adults. MethodsReal-time electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded in 38 lean (n = 12) and obese (n = 26) young adults with (n = 15) and without (n = 23) insulin resistance (18–38 years, 55.3% female) as participants completed three neurocognitive tasks in working memory (Operation Span), inhibitory control (Stroop), and episodic memory (Visual Association Test). Body fat percentage was quantified by a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan (DEXA/DXA). Fasting serum insulin and glucose were quantified to calculate Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) values, for which a higher value indicates more insulin resistance. Hierarchical moderated regression analysis tested these interrelationships. ResultsIn males, greater frontal negative slow wave (fNSW) and positive slow wave (PSW) amplitudes were linked to higher working memory accuracy in participants with low, but not high, body fat percentage and HOMA-IR levels. In contrast, body fat percentage and HOMA-IR did not moderate these associations in females. Furthermore, body fat percentage and HOMA-IR values moderated the relationship between greater fNSW amplitudes and better episodic memory accuracy in males, but not females. Finally, body fat percentage and insulin resistance did not moderate the link between neural activity and inhibitory control for either sex. ConclusionYoung adult males, but not females, with higher body adiposity and insulin resistance showed reduced neural activity and worse underlying working and episodic memory functions.

Managing PCOS with Samshodhan Therapy: A Case Report

Background: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is one of the most common metabolic and reproductive disorder among women of reproductive age. This condition is characterized by elevated androgen levels, anovulatory menstrual abnormalities and multiple small cysts in ovaries. This female endocrine disorder is prevalent in age group of 18-45 years with rate ranging from 2.2% to 26%. Sedentary life style, faulty dietary habits lead to obesity in young adults which results in metabolic and hormonal disturbances such as insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia etc. In Ayurvedic literature, the features associated with PCOS closely resemble with Nasta Artava, Ksheen Artava and a group of Yoni Vyapada like Bandhya, Arajska, Lohitkshara and Artava Vaha Strotas Viddh Lakshana mentioned by Acharya Sushruta. PCOS also has close resemblance with Pushpghani Jatharini mentioned by Acharya Kashyapa. Symptoms of PCOS mimic with conditions like Sthoulya, Aratava Kshaya, Agni Mandya, Rrakta/Medo Dhatu Dushti, Granthi Roga. So, based upon Rog lakshana and dosha dushya involvement, Ayurveda explains Nidana parivarjanam and Shamshodhan as a prime line of treatment for PCOS. Aim &amp; Objectives: The main aim of this study is to establish the role of Samshodhan therapy in PCOS. PCOS can be considered as Tridoshaj Vyadhi with Vata &amp; Kapha predominance that is the reason Vamana for Kapha Shodhan and Virechana for Vata and Pitta Sanshuddhi were planned to achieve desired results. Results: In this case study, a 27 years female patient suffering from symptoms like Ksheen Artava, Granthibhoot artava, Sthoulya, was managed with Samshodhan therapy and got complete relief from symptoms. Conclusion: This case study corroborates the importance of Samshodhan Chikitsa in PCOS.

Effect of Dietary Modification and Physical Activity on Obese Young Adults Going to Gym for Weight Loss in Central India: A Before and After Study.

An adequate diet is a prerequisite for appropriate growth anddevelopment so as to remain active. Balanced nutrition coupled with physical activity forms a healthy lifestyle which eventually leads to multiple health benefitssuch as positive mental health and a lower risk of noncommunicable diseases like diabetes, hypertension, etc.It has becomean upcoming trend for young adults to join a gym. In order to maintain weight members, go to the gym because they consider it as a positive opportunity to boost self-esteem and to make appropriate health decisions to feel better. There is a need to highlight with the help of research studies that lifestyle modification in the form of diet and physical activity on a regular basis can help in controlling obesity. A before and after the study was carried out in Nagpur city located in Central India for a period of 8 months (April 1, 2022 to November 30, 2022). The study subjects were obese young adults going to the gym in Nagpur city. Diet and physical activity interventions were given for a duration of three months to the study subjects. The study instrument was a predesigned and pretested questionnaire. In the present study, total 110 study subjects responded by completely filling out the questionnaire The total calorie and protein intake of the study subjects before and after giving intervention for three months was found to be highly significant (p-value < 0.0001). The change in mean anthropometric parameters of the study subjects before and after giving intervention for three months was found to be highly significant (p-value < 0.0001). Dietary modification combined with physical activity for an average of 75 minutes is the most effective short-term intervention for weight loss. The present study concludes that lifestyle modifications can reverse the trend of obesity. It is reversible, and obese individuals can normalize their BMI with appropriate interventions as was performed with the present obese study subjects.

Body Weight in Adolescent Men in Sweden and Risk of an Early Acute Coronary Event: A Prospective Population-Based Study.

Background Coronary heart disease remains the dominant cause of death worldwide. To improve cardiovascular disease prevention, knowledge of early key risk factors, especially those that are modifiable, is essential. The ongoing global obesity epidemic is of particular concern. We aimed to determine whether body mass index at conscription predicts early acute coronary events among men in Sweden. Methods and Results This was a population-based Swedish cohort study of conscripts (n=1 668 921; mean age, 18.3 years; 1968-2005), with follow-up through linkage to the nationwide Swedish patient and death registries. Risk of a first acute coronary event (hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction or coronary death) during follow-up (1-48 years) was calculated with generalized additive models. Objective baseline measures of fitness and cognition were included in the models in secondary analyses. During follow-up, there were 51 779 acute coronary events, of which 6457 (12.5%) were fatal within 30 days. Compared with men at the lowest end of the normal body mass index spectrum (body mass index, 18.5 kg/m2), an increasing risk for a first acute coronary event was observed, with hazard ratios (HRs) peaking at 40 years of age. After multivariable adjustments, men with a body mass index of 35 kg/m2 had an HR of 4.84 (95% CI, 4.29-5.46) for an event before the age of 40 years. Conclusions An increased risk of an early acute coronary event was detectable within normal levels of body weight at the age of 18 years, increasing to almost 5-fold in the highest weight category at 40 years of age. Given increasing levels of body weight and prevalence of overweight and obesity in young adults, the current decrease in coronary heart disease incidence in Sweden may flatten or even reverse in the near future.

A Review of Genes Associated with Obesity Susceptibility: Findings from Association Studies

Obesity is described as the accumulation of excess body fat. Several health issues are caused by excess fat, including cancer, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Additionally, obesity rates among schoolchildren and young adults are rising globally, putting young people at risk of chronic diseases. Genetics, epigenetic modification, epigenomics, and environmental factors influence inheritance patterns significantly. This systematic study aimed to classify and investigate the polymorphisms of novel candidate obesity genes. Several genes have been suggested, includingat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO), leptin gene (LEP), leptin receptor gene (LEPR), peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma gene (PPARG), melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), insulin-induced gene 2 (INSIG2), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSK1), adrenoceptor beta 2 (ADRB2), and uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2). The study’s literature review identified genes in scientific papers published in databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and others over the past three decades. There is evidence that genetic variations contribute to childhood obesity, adolescent obesity, and young adult obesity. Identifying functional differences and further defining the implicated molecularly and physiologically involved genes andpathways in efficient therapeutic approaches in fighting. Technological advances have recently demonstrated that genetic changes and mutations can be used as biological markers, risk indicators, and therapeutic targets.

Pattern of Factors Associated with Obesity in Young Adults of Ischemic Heart Disease

Abstract: Objectives: The objective of studying the pattern of factors associated with obesity in young adults with ischemic heart disease is to identify the various factors that contribute to the development of obesity in young adults that leads to ischemic heart disease in the population. By understanding the associated factors, healthcare providers can develop effective strategies for preventing and treating obesity in young adults with ischemic heart disease, which may ultimately help reduce their risk of heart disease and improve their overall health outcomes. Methodology: To better understand the pattern of risk factors responsible for obesity in young adults, we have conducted a cross-sectional in outpatient department (OPD) of Ch. Pervaiz Elahi Institute of Cardiology Multan. A non-purposive sampling technique was used. We have measured height, weight, body mass index BMI and collected data about their lifestyle, hypertension, diabetes and smoking status. Results: Out of 458 patients, after dichotomizing the BMI variable into &gt;30 BMI as obese and &lt;30 as non-obese, we studied the incidence of obese patients overall and the presence of different risk factors in the obese population. In the obese group, the significant risk factor in our sample population had either a sedentary lifestyle comprising 19.2% or Hypertension (19.6%). Conclusions: It has been concluded from the study that sedentary lifestyle is the most common risk factors in obesity among young adults. The incidence of hypertension in young adults is also significant.

Assessing the Link between Zinc Levels and Obesity in Young Adults

Background: Obesity is an international health issue associated to multiple long-term medical conditions like type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and different kinds of malignancies. There is strong evidence to show that obesity and zinc deficiency may be related. The objective of the research was to find out whether obesity in younger adults was related to serum zinc levels.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in Quaid-e-Azam Medical University, Bahawalpur, involving 123 young adults aged between 18 and 25 years. The study aimed to assess body weights based on BMI (Body Mass Index) and serum zinc levels. The study lasted six months from September 2022 to March 2023.&#x0D; Results: Serum zinc levels were significantly lower in overweight and obese younger adults compared to younger adults of normal weight. It was observed that an increase in BMI was associated with decreased serum zinc levels.&#x0D; Conclusion: These results suggested an association between obesity in younger adults and serum zinc levels. More research is needed in order to confirm these findings, verify the negative correlation between these two parameters and to examine the processes underlying the link between zinc and obesity.&#x0D; Keywords: BMI, serum zinc levels, young adults, obesity, cross-sectional study

Gender difference in parasympathetic function by HRR1min after graded treadmill exercise in healthy obese young adults

Background: Heart rate recovery at 1st min (HRR1min) following exercise, an indicator of parasympathetic function is found to be impaired in obese children, adolescents, and elderly people. In children, adolescents and elderly people impaired that HRR1min was significantly associated with obese females (OF) than in males. This study aims at establishing the gender difference in HRR1min among obese young adults (18–30 years age). Aims and Objectives: This study was conducted to assess parasympathetic function by HRR1min after graded exercise, in apparently healthy obese young adult males and females and to evaluate for gender difference in them. Materials and Methods: Fifty obese young adults (25 males and 25 females with body mass index [BMI] ≥30) and 50 age- and gender-matched controls (25 males and 25 females with BMI ≤24.9) were subjected to graded treadmill exercise. Maximum heart rate reached during exercise and heart rate at 1st min of recovery phase were recorded and HRR1min was calculated as the difference of above. The data were analyzed. Results: The study showed significant decrease in mean HRR1min in obese males compared to OF (mean 18.04±3.6 vs. 30.00±8.55, P&lt;0.001), there is significant delay in HRR1min when OF and males were compared with their gender-matched controls. Conclusion: Parasympathetic function by HRR1min after exercise is significantly decreased in male obese young adults when compared with female obese young adults and are at higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disorders.

No effects of different modalities of a single bout of exercise on sleep architecture and appetite in healthy overweight or obese young adults

BackgroundStudies on the effect of acute exercise on sleep quality and quantity reported contradictory results and the bulk of these studies were conducted in lean individuals. Furthermore, not many studies have assessed subsequent changes in appetite following an acute bout of exercise. Therefore, the exact effect of aerobic acute exercise on sleep parameters in overweight/obese young adults remains unclear. As such, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a single bout of aerobic exercise on sleep architecture in healthy, overweight/obese, young adults. MethodsEighteen participants (50% female; mean age 21±1 year) with no self-reported sleep disorders or chronic health conditions took part in this study. The Balke-Ware procedure (treadmill-graded test) was used to determine exhaustion peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak). The intervention consisted of three conditions (no exercise, moderate, and intensive). Heart rates corresponding to 50% and 75% VO2peak were used to establish work rates for moderate and intense exercise conditions, respectively. Following each intervention, sleep parameters were measured throughout the night using polysomnography. Additionally, participants completed appetite visual analogue scales before each meal, on the day of the exercise, and the following day. ResultsUnivariable analyses did not yield significant results between the independent variables (condition, order, and sex) and sleep parameters; however, the intense condition (normalised to the moderate condition) had a positive relationship with the number of arousals during the subsequent night. No significant effects were noted for the multivariate analysis. Further, there was no global effect of order (p = 0.651), sex (p = 0.628), and appetite time (p = 0.400) and individual sleep characteristics did not have an effect on the Hunger and Fullness scales. However, the percentage of stage 2 had a positive effect on the Quantity scale, and the amount and percentage of time spent in REM had a negative effect on the Quantity scale, but multivariable analyses were not significant. ConclusionAcute aerobic exercise (intense or moderate) does not have beneficial or adverse effects on sleep quality and quantity in young adults with overweight/obesity. Subjective appetite may have a relationship with REM and stage 2 sleep independent of exercise.

Effects of a 12-week walking intervention on circulating lipid profiles and adipokines in normal weight and abdominal obese female college students

Background/ObjectivesRegular exercise such as aerobic exercise has been shown to reduce the risk of some diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, only few studies have investigated the impact of regular aerobic exercise on non-obese and overweight/obese persons. Therefore, this study was designed to compare the effect of a 12-week 10,000 steps a day walking intervention on the body composition, serum lipids, adipose tissue function, and obesity-associated cardiometabolic risk between normal weight and overweight/obese female college students. MethodsTen normal weight (NWCG) and 10 overweight/obese (AOG) individuals were recruited in this study. Both groups performed a regular 10,000 steps a day walk for 12 weeks. Their blood pressure, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and blood lipid profiles were evaluated. Moreover, serum leptin and adiponectin levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ResultsOur results revealed that triglyceride (TG), TG/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio and leptin were significantly reduced in the AOG group after the 12-week walking intervention. However, total cholesterol, HDL-C, and adiponectin/leptin ratio were significantly increased in the AOG group. There was little or no change in these variables in the NWCG group after the 12-week walking intervention. ConclusionsOur study demonstrated that a 12-week walking intervention may help improve cardiorespiratory fitness and obesity-associated cardiometabolic risk by decrease resting heart rate, modulating blood lipid profiles, and inducing adipokine alterations in obese individuals. Therefore, our research encourages obese young adults to improve their physical health by participating in a 12-week walking program of 10,000 steps a day.

Retro walking treadmill training reduces C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese young adults: A randomized comparative study.

Retro walking has been shown to acquire a greater metabolic cost, placing a higher cardiopulmonary demand on the body, when compared with forward walking at a similar speed. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of retro walking with that of forward walking on C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure (BP) and to understand the influence of independent factors namely systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and BMI on CRP in untrained overweight and obese young adults. This was a randomised controlled trial whereby 106participants underwent either retro walking (n = 53) or forward walking (n = 53) treadmill training four times a week for 12 weeks before and after which CRP, BMI, and BP levels were measured. Comparison of the measured values before and after intervention and between the groups was done and influence of BMI and BP on CRP levels was determined. Both groups recorded a significant decrease (p < 0.001) in CRP, BMI, and BP levels postintervention. The participants who underwent retro walking training showed a significantly (p < 0.001) higher decrease in all the outcomes as compared with the forward walking group. C-reactive protein levels were seen to be influenced by BMI and DBP. Retro-walking training leads to greater decrease in CRP, BMI, and BP when compared with forward walking, andCRP levels are influenced by BMI and DBP. Retro walking treadmill training can be used preferentially to bring about reduction in cardiovascular risk factors.

Enhanced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with fatty liver in obese young adults

Systemic inflammation underlies the association between obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here, we investigated functional changes in leukocytes’ mitochondria in obese individuals and their associations with NAFLD. We analyzed 14 obese male Japanese university students whose body mass index was > 30 kg/m2 and 15 healthy age- and sex-matched lean university students as controls. We observed that the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity with complex I + II-linked substrates in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which was measured using a high-resolution respirometry, was significantly higher in the obese group versus the controls. The PBMCs’ mitochondrial complex IV capacity was also higher in the obese subjects. All of the obese subjects had hepatic steatosis defined by a fatty liver index (FLI) score ≥ 60, and there was a positive correlation between their FLI scores and their PBMCs’ mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity. The increased PBMCs’ mitochondrial OXPHOS capacity was associated with insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, and higher serum levels of interleukin-6 in the entire series of subjects. Our results suggest that the mitochondrial respiratory capacity is increased in the PBMCs at the early stage of obesity, and the enhanced PBMCs’ mitochondrial oxidative metabolism is associated with hepatic steatosis in obese young adults.

Association of metabolically healthy obesity in young adulthood with myocardial structure and function.

Obesity is major cause of cardiovascular diseases. Metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) may increase heart failure risk early in life, and may be reflected in impaired cardiac structure and function. Therefore, we aimed to examine the relationship between MHO in young adulthood and cardiac structure and function. A total of 3066 participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study were included, who completed echocardiography in young adulthood and middle age. The participants were grouped by obesity status (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2) and poor metabolic health (≥2 criteria for metabolic syndrome) into four metabolic phenotypes as follows: metabolically healthy non-obesity (MHN), MHO, metabolically unhealthy non-obesity (MUN), metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). The associations of the metabolic phenotypes (MHN serving as the reference) with left ventricular (LV) structure and function were evaluated using multiple linear regression models. At baseline, mean age was 25 years, 56.4% were women, and 44.7% were black. After a follow-up 25 years, MUN in young adulthood was associated with worse LV diastolic function (E/é ratio, β [95% CI], 0.73 [0.18, 1.28]), worse systolic function (global longitudinal strain [GLS], 0.60 [0.08, 1.12]) in comparison with MHN. MHO and MUO were associated with LV hypertrophy (LV mass index, 7.49 g/m2 [4.63, 10.35]; 18.23 g/m2 [12.47, 23.99], respectively), worse diastolic function (E/é ratio, 0.67 [0.31, 1.02]; 1.47 [0.79, 2.14], respectively), and worse systolic function (GLS, 0.72 [0.38, 1.06]; 1.35 [0.64, 2.05], respectively) in comparison with MHN. These results were consistent in several sensitivity analyses. In this community-based cohort using data from the CARDIA study, obesity in young adulthood was significantly associated with LV hypertrophy, worse systolic and diastolic function regardless of metabolic status. Relationship of Baseline Metabolic Phenotypes with Young Adulthood and Midlife Cardiac Structure and Function. Adjusted for year 0 covariates: age, sex, race, educational level, smoking status, drinking status, and physical activity; metabolically healthy non-obesity was used as a reference category for comparison. † Criteria for metabolic syndrome are listed in Supplementary Table S6. MUN metabolically unhealthy non-obesity, MHO metabolically healthy obesity, LVMi left ventricular mass index, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, E/A early to late peak diastolic mitral flow velocity ratio, E/é mitral inflow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity, CI confidence interval.

Young Adult Obesity Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors, A Cross-Sectional Anthropometric Study in local Population

Objective: This study was carried out to assess the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and risk factors among young adults in Pakistan. Study Design: A cross-sectional anthropometric study in local population to assess the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and risk factors among young male and female. Place and Duration: Present study was conducted in 25 high schools of Lahore, Islamabad and Karachi from January 2022 to November 2022. Methodology: In this study 1000 young adults (500 girls and 500 boys) of age 15-17 years were selected and used population-based stratified cluster sampling method. To determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity, the participant’s body mass indices (BMI) were compared to the BMI guidelines for Pakistani children and adolescents. In order to gather information about the study group's sociodemographic traits, Internet use, TV watching, physical activity, and family history of obesity, a standardized questionnaire was administered. Results: According to the findings, there were 8.9% of teenagers who were obese overall (9.6% of females and 7.2% of boys). It was shown that BMI went up when computer use did. Compared to their peers who were of normal weight, a higher percentage of overweight and obese teenagers watched TV and used computers for longer than two hours each day. It was discovered that the patients with normal weight participated more frequently in regular physical activity. 59.6% of the households of overweight adolescents were obese. Practical Implication:It will spread awareness among community about obesity prevalence in young adults and the risk factors associated with them ,controlling methods and things to prevent. Conclusion: Comparatively it was concluded that Pakistan has lower frequency of adolescent obesity than several developed countries. The usage of computer, mobile, television, physical exercise, and family dynamics are all significant risk factors for obesity. Keywords: Adolescent, Obesity, Body mass indices, Risk factors, Anthropometric

Comparing the effects of retro and forward walking on serum adiponectin levels in obese young adults

ObjectivesRetro walking or backward walking expends greater energy and places less stress on joints compared with forward walking at a similar speed. This study conducted in obese young men was primarily aimed at comparing the effects of backward walking with forward walking on adiponectin levels. The secondary aim was to describe the effects of concomitant factors, namely C-reactive protein, body mass index (BMI), waist to height ratio, and waist to hip ratio, on adiponectin levels in obese young men. MethodsIn this randomized comparative study, 102 participants underwent either retro walking or forward walking treadmill training four times a week for 12 weeks before and after which adiponectin, C-reactive protein, BMI, waist to height ratio, and waist to hip ratio were measured. Comparison of the measured values before and after intervention and between the groups was done, and the influence of C-reactive protein, BMI, waist to height ratio, and waist to hip ratio on adiponectin levels was determined. ResultsAdiponectin levels were significantly increased (p < 0.001) and C-reactive protein, BMI, waist to height ratio, and waist to hip ratio were significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.001) post-intervention. The participants who underwent retro walking training showed a significantly higher change in C-reactive protein levels, BMI, and waist to hip ratio compared to the forward walking group (p < 0.001). Adiponectin levels were influenced by BMI (p < 0.001). ConclusionRetro walking training leads to a greater increase in adiponectin and reduction in C-reactive protein, BMI, waist to height ratio, and waist to hip ratio compared to forward walking, and adiponectin levels are influenced by BMI. Retro walking treadmill training can be preferentially used to decrease cardiovascular risk factors.

Can Group Yoga Therapy Replace Aerobic Exercises in Controlling Obesity in Young Adults?

Yoga and aerobics are the two main protocols used widely for the reduction of weight in obesity management. This study have taken these two as the main variables in analysing their efficiency in reducing weight. Methodology: Only male subjects with an age of 15 to 25 years and BMI value more than 26 participated in this clinical trial. Subjects were randomly assigned to two groups namely group A and B. Group A subjects received a set or aerobic exercises that included elliptical exercises, tread mill walking, cycling in magnetic stationary cycling, floor exercises like squats, jumps and lunges. Group B subjects received a set of kriya, asana, pranayama, mudras and bandha. Observation: Outcome measures used in this study are lipid profile variables namely Triglycerides,Total cholesterol, Low density lipoprotein, High density lipoprotein. Results of this study concluded that both YOGIC practice and aerobic training are effective in reducing the lipid profile abnormalities. Though there is no significant difference between the two groups at the end of the 6th week, the results suggest that YOGA practice results in a constant and steady correction of lipid profile value in obese young adults. So this study concludes that YOGA is an effective way of normalising the lipid profile values in obese young adults