Obese Older People Research Articles

Influence of Body Mass Index on Indirect Measurements of Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass in Overweight and Obese Older People

Influence of Body Mass Index on Indirect Measurements of Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass in Overweight and Obese Older People

Prevalence of obesity and risk of chronic diseases in the elderly: The case of Turke

Obesity is a major factor in the development of chronic diseases and can be influenced by some unobserved factors as well as genetic predisposition. Since obese older people are more likely to develop chronic diseases, a better understanding of the relationship between overweight/obesity and chronic diseases may help to reduce unnecessary morbidity and mortality. Using a Seemingly Unrelated probit approach for unobserved heterogeneity and probable endogeneity, this study investigates the empirical connection between obesity and chronic diseases in the elderly. Data from the Turkish Health Survey collected by the Turkish Statistical Institute in 2014, 2016, and 2019 were used for the analysis. The empirical results indicate that there are unmeasurable common factors that influence both overweight/obesity and chronic diseases, with overweight/obesity being an important determinant of chronic diseases along with some socioeconomic factors such as gender, physical inactivity, smoking, age, depression, etc. The findings suggest that health policies to reduce preventable morbidity and mortality should take into account unmeasurable genetic factors as well as psychological support to activate sedentary lifestyles in older people and prevent depression and feelings of worthlessness.

Is It Possible to Improve the Perceived Quality of Life of Overweight or Obese Older People through a Multicomponent Physical Exercise Program?

Multicomponent exercise is a physical exercise modality in which various physical qualities (strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, and balance) are developed with an equal distribution of volume in the same session (approximately 60 min) and that has been little explored in improving the quality of life of older adults. The aim of this study was to verify the effect of multicomponent training on self-perceived quality of life in Chilean overweight or obese older people. To this end, a quasi-experimental study with a control group was designed to evaluate self-perceived Quality of Life using the World Health Organization Quality of Life, brief version [Overall Quality of Life (OQOL); Overall Health (OH); Physical Health (PH); Psychological Health (PsH); Social Relations (SR); Environment (E)]. Seventy overweight or obese people aged between 60 and 86 years participated (M = 73.15; SD = 5.94) and were randomized into a control group (CG, n = 35) and an experimental group (EG, n = 35). The results in the EG (pre vs. post-intervention) indicated that there were statistically significant differences in OQOL (p = 0.005), OH (p = 0.014), PH (p < 0.001), PsH (p < 0.001), E (p = 0.015), and SR (p < 0.001) which were not found in the CG in any of the variables (p > 0.050) except in SR (p < 0.001). Regarding sex, post-intervention differences were only found between CG and EG in women in OQOL (p = 0.002), PH (p < 0.001), PsH (p = 0.003), and SR (p < 0.001), but not in OH or E (p > 0.050). These differences were not found among men in any of the variables (p > 0.050). As a conclusion, we can say that a multicomponent physical exercise program applied for 6 months significantly improves the perception of OQOL, OH, PH, PsH, SR, and E in overweight or obese older people. This perception is greater in men than in women.

Incidence of a Multicomponent Physical Exercise Program on Body Composition in Overweight or Obese People Aged 60 Years or Older from Chile.

This research aimed to explore the changes produced in body mass index (BMI), fat mass percentage (FMP), muscle mass percentage (MMP), and visceral fat percentage (VFP) in 60-year-old or over overweight or obese people after a multicomponent exercise program. This quasi-experimental study involved 70 overweight or obese older people between 60 and 86 years old (M = 73.15; SD = 5.94) who were randomly assigned to a control group (CG, n = 35) and an experimental group (EG, n = 35). At the beginning and at the end of the intervention program, anthropometric and body composition data were collected. The results showed an increase in BMI after the intervention in the CG (p = 0.010) and a decrease in the EG (p < 0.001). The results regarding the FMP indicate a significant decrease in the EG (p < 0.001) after the intervention, as occurs with the VFP (p = 0.003). The MMP increased in the EG (p < 0.001) after the intervention program. Regarding gender, statistically significant differences were found in the MMP after the intervention (p = 0.025), with higher percentages in men in the EG. VFP decreased in both men (p = 0.005) and women (p = 0.019) in the EG. From the results obtained, we can say that a 6-month multicomponent program produces a decrease in BMI, FMP, and VFP and an increase in MMP in its participants. This type of intervention seems to produce a greater increase in muscle mass in men than in women and a decrease in VFP in both genders.

Considerations on the Weight Loss-Associated Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Older People.

Obesity rates for older people have increased around the world1 with rates tripling over the past four decades.² While previously considered a phenomenon of developed countries, the increased prevalence of obesity is now established in developing countries as well.³ Factors stimulating this epidemic include modifications in the global food supply chain, rise in consumption and availability of energy-dense, low-nutrient foods, sedentary occupations, expanding urbanization, changes in transportation means, as well as environmental components.³ The increasing prevalence of obesity in older people in the United States over time has been well documented by federal agencies. Over the time periods 1999-2002, 2003-2006, and 2007-2010, a linear increase in the prevalence of obesity among older men in all age groups was observed. The obesity prevalence among men 65 to 74 years of age increased from about 31.6% in 1999-2002 to 41.5% in 2007-2010. In men older than 74 years of age, obesity prevalence increased from 17.7% in 1999-2002 to 26.5% in 2007-2010. Of interest is that, in women, the change over the same time period was not statistically significant for the older age groups (40.3% obesity in 65- to 74-year-old women and 28.7% in women older than 74 years of age in the 2007-2010 analysis period).⁴.

Older-aged C57BL/6 mice fed a diet high in saturated fat and sucrose for ten months show decreased resilience to aging.

The ability to respond to physical stress that disrupts normal physiological homeostasis at an older age embraces the concept of resilience to aging. A physical stressor could be used to induce physiological responses that are age-related, since resilience declines with increasing age. Increased fat and sugar intake is a nutritional stress with a high prevalence of obesity in older people. In order to determine the effect of this type of diet on resilience to aging, 18-month-old C57BL/6J male mice were fed a diet high in saturated fat (lard) and sucrose (HFS) for ten months. At the end of the 10-month study, mice fed the HFS diet showed increased cognitive impairment, decreased cardiac function, decreased strength and agility, and increased severity of renal pathology compared to mice fed a rodent chow diet low in saturated fat and sucrose (LFS). The degree of response aligned with decreased resilience to the long-term adverse effects of the diet with characteristics of accelerated aging. This observation suggests additional studies could be conducted to investigate the relationship between an accelerated decline in resilience to aging and enhanced resilience to aging under different dietary conditions.

Obesity Prevalence Among Older People in Tabriz, Iran: Data from Health Status of Aged People in Tabriz (HSA-T) Study

Objectives: To estimate the obesity prevalence in a representative sample of community-dwelling older adults in Tabriz, Iran. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting(s): Tabriz, the capital of East Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Participants: A representative sample of 1071 (514 males and 557 females) community-dwelling older adults aged≥60 years were selected using the probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling method. Then, anthropometric measures were conducted on 1041 subjects (506 males and 535 females). Outcome Measures: Anthropometric measures including weight, height, body mass index (BMI), hip circumference (HC), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHpR) were conducted and used for the evaluation of overweight and obesity. Obesity was determined according to traditional BMI classifications and population-appropriate WC criterion cut-offs for the estimation of central adiposity. Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 37.4%, 95% CI: 34.5 to 40.4 and 34.3%, 95% CI: 31.4 to 37.3, respectively. Obesity was more prevalent in females (46.6%, 95% CI: 36.9 to 57.2) than in males (21.2, 95% CI: 13.5 to 30.3), but the overweight prevalence was greater in males. Moreover, mean BMI was lower in males than in females (26.9±4.2 kg/ m2 vs. 29.9±6.0 kg/m2 ; P&lt;0.001) and significantly decreased with increasing age. Similarly, mean WC was lower in males than in females (99.7±13.6 cm vs. 102.3±14.3 cm; P=0.002) and decreased significantly with age. Conclusions: The high prevalence of obesity in older people highlights the necessity of designing effective healthy lifestyle interventions and national policies to focus on dietary modification and lifestyle changes and promote physical activity to reduce obesity in aged people, particularly in older Iranian women.

Triglyceride-Glucose Index as a Potential Indicator of Sarcopenic Obesity in Older People.

This population-based cross-sectional study aimed to determine whether the triglyceride-glucose index (TyG index) is associated with sarcopenic obesity (SO) and whether it would be a helpful indicator of SO. A total of 3821 participants aged ≥ 60 years were selected for the study group, and 4919 participants aged 20-39 years were included as a reference group. The participants were allocated to sarcopenia, obesity, and SO groups depending on if their body mass index (BMI) was ≥25 kg/m2 and their sarcopenia index was ≤1 standard deviation (SD) lower than the mean of the reference group. The sex-specific differences and trends among the participants were analyzed by using the TyG index tertiles, and appropriate cut-off values of the TyG index for SO were calculated. As the TyG index increased, BMI increased, but the sarcopenia index decreased in both sexes. Males and females in the middle and highest tertiles of the TyG index were 1.775 and 3.369, and they were 1.993 and 3.157 times more likely to have SO, respectively. The cut-off values of the TyG index for SO in males and females were ≥8.72 and 8.67, respectively. A high TyG index is positively associated with SO, and the TyG index may be considered a potential indicator of SO.

Prevalence of Undernutrition and Risk of Undernutrition in Overweight and Obese Older People.

Older people with excess body weight are not spared from undernutrition. They may face appetite decline which may lead to insufficient nutrient intake. They also have a higher risk of developing chronic diseases which may have a negative impact on protein-anabolic pathways. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of undernutrition in overweight and obese older people from a secondary analysis on data collected through two French surveys among people aged 65 or over (n = 782; 31% men; 65–103 years old). Undernutrition was assessed using the MNA screening tool (Mini-Nutritional Assessment). Results showed that 2% of the respondents with a BMI over 25 were undernourished (MNA score below 17/30) and 23% were at risk of undernutrition (MNA score of 17–23.5). Specifically, 18% of overweight and 29% of obese respondents were at risk of undernutrition. Taking into account the most recent French census data, it can be estimated that in France, around 1,7 million people aged over 65 with a BMI over 25 are undernourished or at risk of undernutrition. Given the worldwide increase in the number of overweight/obese individuals in the last few decades, further research will be needed to develop strategies to tackle nutritional risk in overweight/obese older adults.

The social determinants of health influencing obesity for the aged in the Pakpoon community context: A qualitative study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to describe the social determinants of health influencing obesity for the aged in a community context and based on the perspectives of various stakeholders. MethodsThis was qualitative content analysis study using data from the focus group, individual in-depth interview, and observation. The study population was domiciled in Pakpoon Village, Mung District, Nakhon Si Thammarat Province, a tight-knit settlement typical of most retirement communities. Data were collected through two focus group discussions, direct observation, and in-depth interviews with 19 participants. Respondents represented key community groups: local nurses and public health officers, elderly residents, family caregivers (family members), and village health volunteers. ResultsThe participants shared similar perspectives about the social determinants of health influencing obesity in the aged, which spanned three themes. These were: 1) neighborhood food environment (easy access to unhealthy food, no choice to recruit healthy food); 2) social networks influencing obesity (family affects food choices and prohibitions on exercise; belief, and socially imposed body image perceptions contributing to obesity in the aged); and 3) knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs behind lifestyle choices that cause obesity in the elderly (lack of awareness, personal attitudes, job and familial duties as barriers to engaging in physical activities; over-consumption behaviors lead to obesity in older people). ConclusionThese three themes were the root causes of obesity in the elderly in Pakpoon’s retirement community. This finding suggests that policymakers and nurses can create healthy environments, both to treat and prevent obesity, by raising awareness in younger generations, providing aging the provision of healthy food choices for older adults, encouraging health care professionals to share knowledge, and by modifying the attitudes and beliefs of both caregivers and older adults.

An exploration of the challenges of providing person-centred care for older care home residents with obesity.

The aim of this study was to explore care home staff's views on the prevalence of obesity in older people and how well prepared they were for any rise in applications for placements. Thematic analysis was used to analyse focus group interview data collected from seven care homes/33 participants in N.E. England. Findings revealed rises in demand by older people with obesity for care home admittance, consistent with rising prevalence of obesity in this demographic nationally. Findings also highlight implications of rising prevalence of obesity in older people, particularly care home staff's ability to deliver person-centred care (PCC) and the importance of appropriate support/recognition of this as an emergent issue to be addressed at a higher executive level and by health/social care authorities. Ways of ensuring PCC are discussed. Given continuing trends towards rising prevalence of obesity in this population, the findings possess broader translational potential.

Effectiveness of a Weight-Loss Intervention in Preventing Frailty and Functional Decline in Community-Dwelling Obese Older People. A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Obesity is a risk factor for frailty and muscle weakness, so weight loss in obese older adults may prevent frailty and functional decline. To assess the safety and efficacy of a multimodal weight-loss intervention in improving functional performance and reducing frailty risk in obese older adults. Randomized controlled trial with 2 parallel arms. Community-dwelling obese adults aged 65-75 years with body mass index (BMI) 30-39 kg/m2. 6-month multimodal intervention based on diet and a physical activity program. Usual care. Main and secondary outcome measures: Frailty (Fried criteria) rate and functional performance at 6, 12, and 24 months of follow-up, respectively. Intermediate outcome measures: Weight loss, body composition changes, and metabolic and inflammatory biomarker changes. N=305. The study intervention increased gait speed at 12 and 24 months of follow-up, but had no significant effect on frailty prevention. It was effective in reducing weight, BMI, fat mass, interleukin 6, and insulin resistance and improving self-reported quality of life. The study intervention was not demonstrated to be effective in preventing frailty in obese people aged 65-75 years at 24 months of follow-up. However, it allowed weight loss and a reduction in inflammatory and insulin resistance markers, which could have a long-term effect on frailty that requires further research.

Agreement between laboratory methods and the 4-compartment model in assessing fat mass in obese older Hispanic-American adults

Densitometry (Siri's and Brožek's equations), hydrometry (by the deuterium dilution technique), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are three methods for estimating body composition. However, because they are all based on certain assumptions, they may not be applicable to aged and obese subjects due to changes in their body composition. Hence, the validity of these "laboratory methods" could be affected in obese older people. The main aim was to assess the agreement between densitometry, hydrometry, and DXA with the 4-compartment (4C) model to estimate fat mass (FM) in obese older Hispanic-American adults. As secondary goals, we explored whether the bias in densitometry and hydrometry results could be improved by modifying the assumptions regarding fat-free mass (FFM) density and hydration factor (HF) values, respectively. In the case of DXA, we explored the factors that contribute to bias. This is a cross-sectional study based on a sample of 171 obese subjects aged ≥60 years from 3 regions of northern Mexico. Body composition was assessed by the 4C model as the reference method and by all three laboratory methods. Agreement of the latter with the 4C model was probed by Bland and Altman analysis, a paired sample t-test, and simple linear regression analyses. In addition, the mean FFM density estimated in this sample, and HF values (published previously) of 0.737 and 0.753 for obese older Hispanic-American men and women, respectively, were considered as ethnic- and gender-specific values. These values were used to modify the densitometric and hydrometric equations in order to improve their bias. Finally, we tested whether the hydration status and indirect markers of adiposity are contributing factors to the bias of DXA using multiple linear regression analysis. Siri's equation overestimated FM by 0.57kg (p<0.01), while Brožek's equation, hydrometry, and DXA underestimated it by 1.24kg, 0.89kg, and 0.79kg (p<0.01), respectively, compared to the 4C model. The bias in the densitometry and hydrometry results was eliminated by substituting the ethnic- and gender-specific values into the equations. Finally, we found that hip circumference contributes to the bias in DXA. The densitometry, hydrometry, and DXA methods are not interchangeable with the 4C model for assessing fat mass in obese, older Hispanic-American adults. The lack of agreement could indicate that the assumptions of each method do not apply to this population.

Resistance Training Improves a Cellular Health Parameter in Obese Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Ribeiro, AS, Schoenfeld, BJ, dos Santos, L, Nunes, JP, Tomeleri, CM, Cunha, PM, Sardinha, LB, and Cyrino, ES. Resistance training improves a cellular health parameter in obese older women: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 34(10): 2996-3002, 2020-Phase angle (PhA) is a viable indicator of cellular health, with higher values reflecting better cellularity, cell membrane integrity, and cell function. Adaptive responses to resistance training (RT) on PhA may be important in obese older people. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of RT on PhA in obese older women. Thirty-three obese older women (68.1 ± 5.7 years, 71.6 ± 10.1 kg, 154.5 ± 6.7 cm, 30.0 ± 4.1 kg·m, and 45.0 ± 6.0% body fat) were randomly allocated into 1 of 2 groups: a training group that performed the RT program (TG, n = 18) or a nonexercise control group (CG, n = 15). The whole-body RT consisted of an 8-week RT program involving 8 exercises performed for 3 sets of 8-12 repetitions 3 times a week. Anthropometric, body fat and fat-free mass, PhA, total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water compartments were performed at before and after training. After the intervention period, the TG presented greater increases (p < 0.05) than CG for fat-free mass (TG = +1.3% and CG = -0.3%), TBW (TG = +2.0% and CG = -1.7%), ICW (TG = +3.1% and CG = -1.9%), and PhA (TG = +3.4% and CG = -1.4%), and lower values for percentage of body fat (TG = -1.3% and CG = +0.9%) and bioimpedance resistance (TG = -4.6% and CG = +2.3%). Our results suggest that 8 weeks of RT improves PhA-a cellular health parameter-in obese older women.

Effect of body mass on future long-term care use

BackgroundObesity is a known predictor of disability and functional limitations, and, in turn, of health care use. In this study, we aim to explore whether obesity is also a significant risk factor for future long-term care use, overall and by type of care.MethodsWe use multinomial logistic regression analysis on data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) for individuals aged 65 and older between 2002 and 2011. Selection issues are tackled using the rich set of control variables, exploiting the data’s longitudinal structure and accounting for loss to follow-up (including death). Control factors include health-related behaviours (physical activity, alcohol and tobacco consumption), functional limitations (related to ADLs, iADLs and mobility) and specific existing health conditions, notably diabetes, high blood pressure and cardio-vascular diseases.ResultsWe find that obese older people are 25% (p < 0.01) more likely to receive informal or privately-paid care in the future, but this does not hold for formal care. This is an additional direct effect after controlling for a wide range of health conditions and functional limitations. We document some evidence that this effect is due to the development of new functional limitations. Sensitivity analyses suggest that the results are robust to controlling for prediabetes, subjective health, depression, or unobserved heterogeneity.ConclusionsThis study provides new evidence of a positive direct effect of obesity on the future use of long-term care services. Accordingly, it adds evidence of further economic benefits to any overall evaluation of policies to promote a healthy weight in the population, particularly in the older population.

Protocol and recruitment results from a 13-week randomized controlled trial comparing the effects of different doses of nitrate-rich beetroot juice on cognition, cerebral blood flow and peripheral vascular function in overweight and obese older people

BackgroundNitrate-rich food can increase NO production and may induce positive effects on brain function. This study examined the feasibility of a randomized clinical trial (RCT) testing the effects of prolonged consumption of incremental doses of dietary nitrate (NO3−) in overweight and obese older participants. Secondary aims tested dose-dependent changes in cognitive, vascular and pulmonary functions and cerebral blood flow (CBF). MethodsThis was a single blind, four-arm parallel RCT conducted in 60 overweight and obese older participants. Eligible participants were randomized to:1) high NO3− (140 ml of beetroot juice (BJ) per day, ~800 mg of NO3−/day), 2) moderate NO3− (70 ml of BJ per day, ~400 mg of NO3−/day), 3) low NO3− (70 ml on alternate days, ~400 mg of NO3−) or 4) NO3− depleted (70 ml on alternate days, ~0.001 mg of NO3). Measurements of cognitive, vascular and pulmonary functions and CBF were conducted at baseline and 13-weeks NO3− intake was assessed by six 24-h recalls, and by measuring NO3− intake biomarkers. Feasibility was assessed by obtaining qualitative feedback and evaluating trial recruitment, retention, compliance with study visits and measurement protocols. ResultsParticipant recruitment started in July 2018 and ended in April 2019. Of all the recruitment strategies that were used, advertisement of the study via Facebook generated the highest response rate. Sixty-two participants consented and were enrolled. Overall, characteristics of included participants matched our recruitment criteria. ConclusionThe findings from this study provide evidence of the acceptability and feasibility of an intervention investigating the effects of incremental doses of high-nitrate BJ over a prolonged period. Trial registrationThe intervention study was registered with clinical trial ISRCTN registry (ISRCTN14746723) on 27 December 2018.

Opinion of community-dwelling elderly obese about the barriers and facilitators to engage physical exercise

Adherence of elderly population to physical exercise programs is scarce. Our objective was to identify perceived barriers and facilitators reported by obese older adults to engage in regular physical activity and to explore their association with poor active life. A cross-sectional survey was performed. One hundred and eighty community-dwelling, obese (BMI > 30 and < 40), 65–75-year-old adults were recruited. Participants were asked to answer the “barriers and facilitators for exercise” survey and to report their usual physical activity. Approximately 60% of obese older adults engaged in poor physical activity. Lack of motivation/willpower and pain were the most reported reasons not to exercise, but significant differences exist between sexes. Women were more likely not to exercise due to pain or fatigue, while lack of time was more frequently reported in men. Age, female sex, pain, and lack of motivation and willpower were independent risk factors for not exercising, while the desire to go outdoors and to the nature was an independent protective factor for exercising. There are some important barriers which prevent obese older people to exercise. These aspects should be taken into account when designing physical exercise programs for the elderly, since considering patient’s preferences and personal limitations would improve adherence to such programs and their effectiveness.

Transition to a More even Distribution of Daily Protein intake Is Associated with Enhanced Fat Loss during a Hypocaloric and Physical Activity Intervention in Obese Older Adults.

Optimization of intentional weight loss in obese older adults, through preferential fat mass reduction, is challenging, as the concomitant lean mass loss may exacerbate sarcopenia. Recent studies have suggested within-day distribution of protein intake plays a role in determining body composition remodeling. Here, we assessed whether changes in within-day protein intake distribution are related to improvements in body composition in overweight/obese older adults during a hypocaloric and exercise intervention. Thirty-six community-dwelling, overweight-to-obese (BMI 28.0-39.9 kg/m2), sedentary older adults (aged 70.6±6.1 years) were randomized into either physical activity plus successful aging health education (PA+SA; n=15) or physical activity plus weight loss (PA+WL; n=21) programs. Body composition (by CT and DXA) and dietary intake (by three-day food records) were determined at baseline, 6-month, and 12-month follow-up visits. Within-day protein distribution was calculated as the coefficient of variation (CV) of protein ingested per defined time periods (breakfast [5:00-10:59], lunch [11:00-16:59] and dinner [17:00-1:00]). Secondary analysis was performed to determine associations between changes in protein intake distribution and body composition. In both groups, baseline protein intake was skewed towards dinner (PA+SA: 49.1%; PA+WL: 54.1%). The pattern of protein intake changed towards a more even within-day distribution in PA+WL during the intervention period, but it remained unchanged in PA+SA. Transition towards a more even pattern of protein intake was independently associated with a greater decline in BMI (P<0.05) and abdominal subcutaneous fat (P<0.05) in PA+WL. However, changes in protein CV were not associated with changes in body weight in PA+SA. Our results show that mealtime distribution of protein intake throughout the day was associated with improved weight and fat loss under hypocaloric diet combined with physical activity. This finding provides a novel insight into the potential role of within-day protein intake on weight management in obese older people.

Sarcopenic obesity in older people

ENWEndNote BIBJabRef, Mendeley RISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA Bobowik P. Sarcopenic obesity in older people. Advances in Rehabilitation. 2020;34(4):25-35. doi:10.5114/areh.2020.100297. APA Bobowik, P. (2020). Sarcopenic obesity in older people. Advances in Rehabilitation, 34(4), 25-35. https://doi.org/10.5114/areh.2020.100297 Chicago Bobowik, Patrycja Żaneta. 2020. "Sarcopenic obesity in older people". Advances in Rehabilitation 34 (4): 25-35. doi:10.5114/areh.2020.100297. Harvard Bobowik, P. (2020). Sarcopenic obesity in older people. Advances in Rehabilitation, 34(4), pp.25-35. https://doi.org/10.5114/areh.2020.100297 MLA Bobowik, Patrycja Żaneta. "Sarcopenic obesity in older people." Advances in Rehabilitation, vol. 34, no. 4, 2020, pp. 25-35. doi:10.5114/areh.2020.100297. Vancouver Bobowik P. Sarcopenic obesity in older people. Advances in Rehabilitation. 2020;34(4):25-35. doi:10.5114/areh.2020.100297.

Experiences and expectations of obese older people on the care received in the primary health care network.

to understand the experiences and expectations of obese elderly people on the care they received in the primary health care network. phenomenological study, in which 16 obese elderly people living in a municipality in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, were interviewed. Their statements were organized into categories and analyzed according to Alfred Schütz's social phenomenology and thematic literature. the following categories emerged: "Care neglected to obese elderly people in the primary health care network", "Group activities as a way to provide primary health care to obese elderly people: a present past", and "Qualified longitudinal care, centered in the needs of obese elderly people". offering comprehensive and longitudinal primary health care to obese older people was difficult, and there was instability in the consolidation of public policies, which pointed out the need for effective bonds between different healthcare network services and between professionals and users.