Oak Tannins Research Articles

White wines aged in barrels with controlled tannin potential exhibit correlated long-term oxidative stability in bottle

Chardonnay and Sauvignon blanc wines aged in oak wood barrels with low and medium tannin potentials were discriminated for their abilities to resist against oxidation during bottle storage. The oak wood tannin potential was positively correlated to wines antioxidant capacity after 2 and 4 years of bottle aging. Untargeted molecular analysis revealed that the Sauvignon blanc metabolome was more affected by the tannin potential than the Chardonnay. Supervised statistical analysis highlighted the extensive oak wood contribution to the wine chemical fingerprints. Wines aged in barrel of medium tannin potential were associated with higher concentrations in antioxidant compounds such as dipeptides. Moreover, quantitative differences were observed between oak barrel derived volatile compounds. Sauvignon blanc volatile thiols appeared to decrease during bottle aging, regardless of the oak tannin potential. This study highlights the post bottling positive impact of oak wood barrel aging on wines oxidative stability, related to oak barrel tannin potential.

The Effect of Supplementation of Oak Tannin Extract on Digestibility, Metabolisable Energy, Methane Production and Ammonia Production in Lamb Diets

The aim of current experiment was to determine the effect of supplementation of oak tannin extract on gas production, methane production, digestibility, metabolisable energy and ammonia production of lamb diets using in vitro gas production technique. Oak tannin extract was included into total mixed ration at the 0, 2, 4 and 6 % on a dry matter basis. Although supplementation of oak tannin had no significant effect on gas, methane whereas supplementation had a significant effect on ammonia production of lamb diets. Gas and methane production of total mixed rations ranged from 50.25 to 53.25 ml and 7.72 to 8.15 ml respectively. Ammonia concentration of mixed rations ranged from 54.97 to 62.67 mg/100 ml. The decrease in ammonia of lamb diets per g oak supplementation was 0.1263 mg /100 ml. Metabolisable energy and organic matter digestibility of lamb diets ranged from 10.42 to 10.80 MJ kg DM and 70.27 to 73.02 % respectively. This study clearly showed that oak tannin had an anti-proteolytic potential for ruminant animals and supplementation of oak tannin significantly reduced ammonia production without compromising digestibility of diets. Therefore, oak tannin can be used to manipulate the rate and extent of degradation of protein in the rumen. However, before large implication, oak tannin should be further investigated using in vivo experiment to determine the toxic level of oak tannin in ruminant animals.

«Алкогольная» ферментация табака в дубовых бочках. Часть 1. Массообмен танина и его косвенное количественное определение методом ВЭЖХ

The quantitative transition of oak tannin into raw tobacco during its fermentation in oak barrels in the gas-liquid medium of cognac distillate was studied. The object of research was Cuban cigar tobacco of the HP variety. The fermentation process was carried out for six months with periodic (1–2 weeks) treatment of the inner surface of the barrel with cognac distillate with an alcohol content of 70 vol.% in an amount of 1,5 cm3/dm2. To obtain data on tannin mass transfer, we developed a method for the quantitative indirect determination of tannin in oak and tobacco raw materials using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP HPLC) through preliminary hydrolysis of tannin to gallic acid. The determination of gallic acid/tannin was carried out on a liquid chromatograph with a spectrophotometric detector (UV) at a wavelength of 280 nm using the external standard method. The analysis of unfermented tobacco raw materials did not reveal the presence of tannin. It has been shown that under the specified conditions, during 6 months of fermentation, diffusion of tannin from oak staves into tobacco is observed in an amount of 0,11% by weight of tobacco. The mass fraction of tannin in oak staves was 0,81%. At the same time, the most intense saturation occurs in the 1st, 4th, and 5th months of fermentation.

Quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) mixture silages depending on the share in the mixture and additives

Alfalfa silage has a high potential for improving ruminant nutrition. A problem that frequently occurs during its preparation is the process of proteolysis, which could partially be avoided with the use of certain techniques and materials. Red clover, often used in form of silage, expresses weaker proteolysis due to the possession of certain chemical compounds. This research was conducted to study the effects of ensiled alfalfa and red clover mixtures, mixed at different ratios (100:0, 90:10, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70, and 0:100), as well as the influence of additives – two doses of oak tannin extract (6 g kg-1 DM and 12 g kg-1 DM) and bacterial inoculant (Enterococcus faecium, Bacillus plantarum, and Bacillus brevis) on fermentation parameters and protein fractions of the silages. The treatments which contained any of the used percentages of red clover, as well as the ones which received the higher dose of oak tannin (12 g kg-1 DM), reduced the ammonia nitrogen content, which is one of the main indicators of proteolysis. On the other hand, considering non-protein nitrogen, as another of the indicators of proteolysis, there was no positive sign of the contribution of red clover to the reduction of proteolysis in alfalfa, and neither there was a significant impact of additives that were applied in this experiment.

Long-term study on the nitrogen retention potential of bark extracts and a polymer based thereof in cattle manure slurry

The addition of tree bark extracts, commercial tannin powder and a tannin-based polymer to cattle manure was investigated for its influence on the gaseous emission and nitrogen conservation potential for 28 days. In lab trials with ammonia solution as reference, the retention of ammonia was 13%, 40% and up to 65% for untreated solution, spruce bark extract and chestnut tannin respectively. The gaseous emission from manure was reduced by 40%, 58% and 66% for chestnut tannin and spruce bark extract, larch bark extract and the tannin polymer, and oak tannin, respectively. For long-term nitrogen loss mitigation, 20% more nitrogen was preserved when spruce or larch bark extract or oak tannin was added to the manure compared to the reference measurements. A combination of the pH lowering effect of tannins and covalently bonding ammonia to flavonoid hydroxy groups provides a viable method for reduction of nitrogen loss in cattle manure.

Influence of tannin and iron ions on the water resistance of clay materials

The objective of this paper is to propose a simple and robust additive solution to improve the water-resistance of clay materials by revisiting a traditional recipe of vernacular construction. The influence of the combination of oak tannin with iron chloride on the properties of clay materials in terms of rheological behavior, compressive strength, and water resistance was studied. We show that adding iron chloride can annihilate the deflocculation action of tannin by a complexation reaction between iron ions and tannin. The accumulation and oxidation of formed complex at the sample surface, identified by TGA and SEM, prevent water ingression.

Intake of an enological oak tannin powder alters hepatic gene express patterns indicative of a reduction of inflammation in male mice fed an obesogenic diet.

Hydrolysable tannins, mainly gallotannins and ellagitannins, either extracted directly from oak or as a part of lyophilized extracts from finished wine, have been associated with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that may benefit human health. In this work we hypothesized that a commercially available oak tannin powder provided to C57BL/6J male mice fed a western-style obesogenic diet for 10 weeks would significantly alter hepatic gene expression patterns as determined by RNA sequencing. Over two-thousand genes were uniquely expressed between three different diet groups. Among the 25 canonical pathways that were significantly regulated, intake of oak powder reduced the TNF-alpha/NF-κB, complement activation, IL-5, and Type II interferon signaling; these significant reductions are consistent with a reduction in chronic systemic inflammation associated with consumption of a commercially prepared enological oak tannin.

Mechanisms for efficient clay dispersing effect with tannins and sodium hydroxide

Substituting the industrial additives in building materials with natural ones can reduce the embodied carbon in the construction sector. In this paper, the dispersing effect of oak tannin as natural dispersant on clay materials is studied in combination with sodium hydroxide. Through rheological measurements, adsorption tests, and zeta potential measurements, the deflocculation mechanism of tannin under varied NaOH environments has been highlighted. The results show that the dispersing ability of tannin can be increased greatly with the incorporation of NaOH. By adding NaOH in the system, the kaolinite deflocculation mechanism of tannin is changed from steric hindrance to combined steric hindrance and electrostatic repulsion forces. This shift stems from two aspects: the transformation of the tannin chemical structure and the modification of kaolinite by NaOH. The results indicate that tannin coupled with NaOH can be a promising superplasticizer for earthen materials, with the potential of producing poured earth based on this combination. • Oak tannin is an efficient and natural dispersant for clay materials. • In combination with sodium hydroxide, the deflocculation action of tannin is amplified. • Oak tannin and NaOH disperse clay particles via combined steric repulsion forces and electrostatic repulsive forces. • Oak tannin coupled with NaOH is a promising superplasticizer for earthen materials and an environmentally friendly alternative to industrial product.

Metabolic Syndrome Is Reduced in C57BL/6J Mice Fed High-Fat Diets Supplemented with Oak Tannins.

ABSTRACTBackgroundWine aged in oak barrels will incorporate polyphenols inherent in the staves, suggesting that wine stored in these wooden containers will introduce oak compounds into the human body after consumption.ObjectiveThe purpose of the present study is to test whether consumption of these oak compounds could favorably influence metabolism in mice fed an obesogenic diet.MethodsC57BL/6 male mice (n = 8) were fed diets for 10 wk as follows: low-fat (LF), high-fat (HF), and HF containing 0.17% of oak tannin (HF+OT). A second 10-wk study was completed; mice were provided LF, HF, and HF diets supplemented with 7.0% of concentrates made from oaked wine (HF+OWC) or unoaked wine (HF+UWC). Physiological parameters were measured during the feeding trial and serum markers and hepatic gene expression measured from samples obtained at necropsy.ResultsIntake of HF+OT significantly reduced body-weight gain (18.4 ± 1.2 g in HF vs. 13.2 ± 1.4 g in HF+OT, P < 0.05). Serum resistin concentrations were lower in HF+OT mice compared with HF mice (301 ± 10.1 pg/mL in HF+OT vs. 374 ± 10.9 pg/mL in HF; P < 0.05). Hepatic lipid accumulation and expression of glutathione-S-transferase-m2 (Gstm2) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (Nqo1) mRNAs were significantly decreased in HF+OT compared with HF mice (P < 0.05). When compared with HF-fed mice, intake of both OWC and UWC decreased body-weight gain (P < 0.05), with no significant impact on food consumption. Fasting glucose concentrations, serum insulin, and hepatic lipid accumulation were reduced in HF+OWC-fed mice compared with HF+UWC-fed mice (P < 0.05). Furthermore, hepatic glutathione-S-transferase-a1 (Gsta1) mRNA levels were significantly reduced in OWC-supplemented (0.25 ± 0.08) compared with UWC-supplemented (1.71 ± 0.24) mice (P < 0.05).ConclusionsIn this mouse model of metabolic disease, intake of OTs and a concentrate made from an oaked wine had a potent impact on alleviating HF-induced metabolic syndrome. Thus, intake of OTs, provided passively in oaked wine or as a dietary supplement, may act as an agent to attenuate the markers of metabolic syndrome.

Oxygen and SO2 Consumption of Different Enological Tannins in Relationship to Their Chemical and Electrochemical Characteristics.

The oxidative behavior of five commercial enological tannins of different sources (tea, grape marc, grape seed, untoasted oak, and toasted oak) was investigated in model wine solutions in the presence or absence of SO2. Solutions of the tannins were also analyzed for total phenolics, methyl cellulose precipitable tannins, high-performance liquid chromatography, and linear sweep voltammetry. Tea and oak-derived tannin solutions were characterized by the highest oxygen consumption rates, with oak-derived tannins exhibiting the highest oxygen consumption rates per milligram of phenolic material present. Linear sweep and derivative voltammetry parameters were well-correlated with oxygen consumption rates, whereas total phenolics or total tannins were not. All tannins were associated with consumption of SO2 upon reaction with oxygen, with the lowest rate of SO2 lost per milligram of O2 reacted being observed for oak tannins.

Effects of hydrolysable tannin-treated grass silage on milk yield and composition, nitrogen partitioning and nitrogen isotopic discrimination in lactating dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of oak tannin extract (OTE) added in forage before ensiling on dairy cows fed at 92% of their digestible protein requirements. Six multiparous lactating Holstein cows were used in a crossover design (two treatments × two periods). The control treatment (CON) was based on a diet including 50% of grass silage, whereas the experimental treatment (TAN) included grass silage sprayed with OTE (26 g/kg DM) just before baling. Milk yield (on average 24 kg fat protein corrected milk per day) was not affected, but both milk and rumen fatty acids profiles were impacted by OTE. Nitrogen intake (415 g N per cow per day) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE; 0.25 on average) were not affected, but a shift from urine (−8% of N intake relatively to control, P = 0.06) to faecal N (+5%; P = 0.004) was observed with the TAN diet (P ≤ 0.05). Nitrogen apparent digestibility was thus reduced for TAN (−3%; P ≤ 0.05). The effect of OTE on ruminal and milk FA profiles suggests an impact on rumen microbiota. Nitrogen isotopic discrimination between animal proteins and diet (Δ15N) was evaluated as a proxy for NUE. While no differences in NUE were observed across diets, a lower Δ15N of plasma proteins was found when comparing TAN v. CON diets. This finding supports the concept that Δ15N would mainly sign the N partitioning at the metabolic level rather than the overall NUE, with the latter also being impacted by digestive processes. Our results agree with a N shift from urine to faeces, and this strategy can thus be adopted to decrease the environmental impact of ruminant protein feeding.

Effect of oak acorn with or without polyethylene glycol in diets containing extruded soybean on milk fatty acid profile, ruminal fermentation and plasma metabolites of lactating goats

Oak (Quercus persica) acorn (OA) contains high levels of hydrolysable tannins that can alter the biohydrogenation (BH) of unsaturated fatty acids (FA) in the rumen. Addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to diet containing OA may reduce the inhibitory effect of oak tannins on BH of FA by rumen bacteria. Furthermore, increasing BH intermediates is more pronounced with extruding than other thermal processing of oilseeds. This study assessed the effect of OA with or without PEG in diets containing extruded soybean seed on intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, plasma metabolites, and milk production, composition and FA profile of lactating goats. Twenty-one multiparous lactating goats (BW = 42.7 ± 6.1 kg; DIM = 14 ± 2) were divided into three groups (7 animals/group) based on BW and milk yield. The animals assigned randomly to one of the three experimental diets- control diet (C; without OA and PEG), and diets containing 100 g/kg DM of OA without PEG (OA−PEG) or with 20 g/day PEG (OA+PEG). All diets contained 150 g/kg DM extruded soybean seed. Goats fed both OA−PEG and OA+PEG diets had greater DMI compared to the C diet (p < 0.01). Milk yield and composition were not affected by experimental diets (p > 0.05), whereas goats fed the OA−PEG diet had higher milk protein, lactose and solid not fat yield (p < 0.01). Digestibility of crude protein was lower in goats fed the OA−PEG diet than other groups (p < 0.01). Experimental diets had no effect on ruminal fluid pH and volatile FA concentrations (p > 0.05), but NH3–N concentration was lower in goats fed the OA−PEG diet than other groups (p < 0.01). Plasma glucose, urea, total protein, total cholesterol, triglyceride and albumin concentrations were not affected by inclusion of OA and PEG to the diet (p > 0.05). Goats fed the OA−PEG diet had higher milk vaccenic acid (trans-11 C18:1) and conjugated linoleic acid (cis-9, trans-11 C18:2) concentrations compared to those fed the C and OA+PEG diets (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the addition of OA (100 g/kg DM) to a diet containing extruded soybean seed not only had no adverse effects on performance, ruminal fermentation and plasma metabolites but also improved the nutritional value of goat‘s milk fat for human consumption. In addition, inclusion of PEG to diet containing OA decreased the beneficial effect of OA tannins on milk cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 and trans-11 C18:1 concentrations.

Oak or chestnut tannin dose responses on silage pH, proteolysis and in vitro digestibility in laboratory-scale silos

Description of the subject. This short note documents the use of hydrolyzable tannins as silage additives to reduce proteolysis thanks to a laboratory-scale ensiling method. Objectives. To study oak (OTE) and chestnut tannin extract (CTE) dose responses on chemical composition, pH and ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) content of silage. Method. A mixture of cocksfoot, white and red clovers was ensiled in vacuum packs, with OTE or CTE at doses of 0, 10, 30, 50 and 70 g·kg-1 DM. Results. Hydrolyzable tannin extracts decreased N-NH3 content of silage up to 18% (p &lt; 0.05). For the investigated range of doses, OTE induced a linear decrease of N-NH3 content (R² = 0.76) whereas CTE resulted in a quadratic decrease (R² = 0.68). High doses of tannin extracts reduced in vitro organic matter digestibility (OMD) by 3% (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions. Both tannins reduced proteolysis in silos but highest doses induced a decrease in OMD.

The effect of oak tannin (Quercus robur) and hops (Humulus lupulus) on dietary nitrogen efficiency, methane emission, and milk fatty acid composition of dairy cows fed a low-protein diet including linseed

The objective of this study was to test the effects of inclusion of hop pellets (HP) and oak tannin extracts (OT) alone or in combination on N efficiency, methane (CH4) emission, and milk production and composition in 2 experiments with dairy cows fed low-N rations supplemented with linseed. In both experiments, 6 lactating Holstein cows were assigned to 3 dietary treatments in a 3 × 3 duplicated Latin square design (21-d periods). Cows were fed a total mixed ration at a restricted level to meet their nutrient requirements. In experiment 1, 169 g dry matter (DM) of OT or 56 g DM of HP was included separately in the control diet (C1). In experiment 2, the additives were included together (OT-HP) in the control diet (C2) similar to C1. Diet C2 was compared with a control without linseed (C0). In experiment 1, the supplementation of the control diet with OT decreased urinary N excretion by 12%. In experiment 2, the combination of OT and HP decreased urinary N by 7%. Oak tannin extracts and HP alone or in combination did not influence the daily enteric CH4 production of cows. Cows fed diet C0 produced 17% more enteric CH4 daily than those fed diet C2. Intake of diet C2, which contained 6.7% extruded linseed on a DM basis (experiment 2), decreased the sum of 6:0 to 14:0 fatty acids (-16%) and palmitic acid (-26%) and increased the stearic acid (+50%), oleic acid (+36%), vaccenic acid (trans-11 18:1; +285%), rumenic acid (cis-9,trans-11 18:2; +235%), and α-linolenic acid (+100%) in milk fat. The supplementation of diet C2 with the OT-HP mixture further improved the milk's fatty acid composition. Intake of the OT alone increased α-linolenic acid by 17.7% (experiment 1). The results of this study show that at the economically acceptable dose we tested, hops had no effect on urinary N excretion, CH4 emission, milk production, and milk composition. By contrast, supplementation of diets with oak tannin extract can be considered for reducing urinary N excretion. The combination of oak tannin and hops had no more effect than oak tannin alone except on the milk fatty acid profile, which was favorably influenced from a nutritional point of view.

Silage additives to reduce protein degradation during ensiling and evaluation of in vitro ruminal nitrogen degradability

AbstractDespite the high degradability of their proteins, grass and legume silages represent an important option to reach more sustainable livestock systems. To improve the nitrogen use efficiency of these crops, this study assessed the potential of several additives (chestnut tannins, oak tannins, zeolite, erythritol by‐product solution and wood molasses) to reduce proteolysis in the silo and in vitro nitrogen degradability. Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and red clover (Trifolium pratense) were ensiled in varying proportions in laboratory‐scale silos made of vacuum‐packed plastic bags. Dry‐matter content, chemical composition, pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acids content were analysed after 34 days of ensiling. Ruminal nitrogen degradability was assessed in vitro (Aufrère &amp; Cartailler, ). We observed that the proportion of ammonia in silage was reduced by the addition of oak tannin (−12%) and zeolite (−16%). The addition of zeolite lowered in vitro organic matter digestibility. Rapidly degradable nitrogen (1‐hr degradability) was reduced in vitro by both tannins (−6.8% for chestnut and −6.6% for oak) and zeolite (−5.8%), but total degradable nitrogen (24‐hr degradability) was only reduced by oak (−6.5%) and chestnut tannins (−7.3%). It suggests that tannins protected proteins from plant and bacterial enzymes by forming a complex that better resists silage fermentations and in vitro protease action. The reduction effects on proteolysis in the silo and on in vitro ruminal nitrogen degradability are limited individually but could be cumulative. Erythritol by‐product solution and wood molasses had no effect on silo or in vitro proteolysis.

The Wood Preservative Potentials of Valonia, Chestnut, Tara and Sulphited Oak Tannins

This study investigated antifungal properties of four different tannins as potential environmentally friendly wood preservatives. Scots pine wood samples were impregnated with 3, 5, 10, and 15% valonia, chestnut, tara, and sulphited oak tannins, and then were exposed to brown rot fungi Coniophora puteana and Postia placenta, and white rot fungi Trametes versicolor and Pleurotus ostreatus attack to determine the best tannin type and the optimum concentration level for sufficient decay resistance. Leaching test was conducted in order to evaluate any loss in effectiveness in decay resistance due to possibility of tannin leaching. Tannins were found efficacious in suppressing brown rot fungi attacks when no leaching prior the decay test was used, however, they seemed to be ineffective against white rot fungi attacks. The lowest weight losses were obtained with valonia and chestnut tannins both for brown and white rot fungi probable related with their high ellagic tannin content.

Efficacy of Hydrophobic Coatings in Protecting Oak Wood Surfaces during Accelerated Weathering

The durability of transparent coatings applied to an oak wood exterior is relatively low due to its anatomic structure and chemical composition. Enhancement of the protection of oak wood against weathering using transparent hydrophobic coatings is presented in this study. Oak wood surfaces were modified using UV-stabilizers, hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS), and ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticles before the application of a commercial hydrophobic topcoat. A transparent oil-based coating was used as a control coating system. The artificial weathering test lasted 6 weeks and colour, gloss, and contact angle changes were regularly evaluated during this period. The changes in the microscopic structure were studied with confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results proved limited durability against weathering of both tested hydrophobic coatings. The formation of micro-cracks causing the leaching of degraded wood compounds and discolouration of oak wood were observed after 1 or 3 weeks of the weathering test. Until then, an oil-based coating film had protected the wood sufficiently, but after 6 weeks the wood was fully defoliated to its non-homogenous thickness, which was caused by the presence of large oak vessels, and by the effects of specific oak tannins. Using transparent hydrophobic coatings can prolong the service life of the exteriors of wood products by decreasing their moisture content. Without proper construction protection against rainwater, the hydrophobic coating itself cannot guarantee the preservation of the natural appearance of wood exteriors.

Metabolic Disease Symptoms are Reduced in C57BL/6J Mice Fed High‐fat Diets Supplemented with Oak Tannins

Previous work has demonstrated that moderate red wine consumption, and intake of some bioactive compounds in wine including quercetin and resveratrol correlate with a reduced incidence of metabolic disease symptoms. The aging of wine in oak barrels adds to the polyphenolic content of wine by introducing oak tannins to the wine. Tannins have been suggested to be related to the hypothesized beneficial effect of wine against the progression of cardiovascular and metabolic disease.The objective of the present study is to investigate the influence of oak tannin intake on the symptoms of metabolic syndrome induced by the consumption of a high fat diet fed C57BL/6J (C57) mice. C57 mice were fed low fat (LF), high fat (HF), and HF containing 0.16% (w/w) of oak tannin powder (HF+OT) for 10 weeks. HF + OT intake significantly reduced body weight (42.4g±1.2g [HF] vs. 38.2g±1.4g [HF+OT]). Glucose homeostasis was regulated by OT intake, e.g., serum resistin levels were lower in HF+OT‐fed mice, compared to HF‐fed mice (374±11 pg/mL in HF vs.301±10 pg/mL). Further, hepatic lipid accumulation was lower in the HF+OT‐fed group (p&lt;0.05). To further understand the underlying mechanisms of how OT intake regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, hepatic gene expression related to lipid, glucose, and xenobiotic metabolism was evaluated. Relative expression of Gstm2 was significantly decreased in the HF+OT group (p&lt;0.05). Scd1 gene expression was increased in the HF‐fed group, and reduced to a value resembling the LF‐fed group in HF+OT fed mice. Nqo1 and Cyp2b10 gene expression was decreased with OT intake. Serum levels of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine MCP‐1, was marginally reduced HF+OT‐ vs. HF‐fed mice (p=0.0877).A follow‐up study was completed to determine whether the consumption of oaked vs. unoaked red wine can influence metabolic syndrome parameters in HF‐fed mice. In a ten‐week trial, mice were fed LF or HF diets, and HF diets with an oaked wine concentrate (HF+OWC) or unoaked wine concentrate (HF+UWC). Intake of both the HF+OWC and HF+UWC reduced body weight gain, compared to HF‐fed mice. Hepatic gene expression evaluation of Lipe, Cyp2b10, and Gsta showed more significant regulation of these mRNAs with intake of OWC vs. UWC.We conclude that intake of oak tannins have the potential to act as an agent to ameliorate symptoms of metabolic syndrome.Support or Funding InformationDesert Heart Foundation

Effects of the Hydrolysable Oak Tannins on the Quail Performance

In the present study effects of different levels of hydrolyzed oak tannin on Japanese quail, live body weight and live body weight gain, food intake, food conversion efficiency and mortality rate were investigated. Therefore, a total of 240 quails were weighed and divided into 4 treatment groups each with 3 replicates containing 20 birds and reared in flat for 42 days as experimental period. While one of the groups was fed control diet with no additives (0% tannin A), other groups were fed with the different percentages of tannin on their diets, which are 0.5% (B), 1.0% (C), 1.5% (D) respectively. It has been observed that Japanese quails that fed the oak tannin containing diet had slower growth rate and poorer feed conversion efficiency and high mortality rate than birds fed with a tannin-free diet.

Mechanical Performance of Woodwork Joinery Produced by Industrial Methods

In this study, the improvement of the mechanical properties of wood material were investigated to determine the effects of heat treatment (thermo-process) and impregnation processes held in open-air conditions on the mechanical performance of woodwork joinery. To this end, pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and chestnut (Castanea sativa) species grown in our country were used which have significant natural and commercial value. Actual sizes of the examples of woodworks were set out diagonally. In the double-tenon construction and glue type polyurethane (PU) and D4 adhesives used. Diagonal woodwork and the test samples prepared by class at 185°C temperature with a thermo-vapor process protections apply. Thus, thermo-treated wood joinery was obtained. After application of the heat treatment by immersion, the test samples, and a 5% solution of tannin and oak with a natural pine cone resin made impregnation process. Then, the impregnation of natural wood (control) only heat-treated and heat treatment+impregnated samples kept for one year in outdoor conditions. At the end of the waiting period, on samples prepared by the principles stated in TS 2472 and TS 7251 EN 107 standard “Windows-Test Methods-Mechanical Experiments,” according to the principles specified in standard performance tests (diagonal compression test, windows hang test) and microscopic observations and investigations to determine the cellular changes were made. These observations suggest that the natural form treated and untreated samples and comparison of window wings holding the external environment gained strength during the degradation and the reasons for this deterioration was detected against the impregnated material. Experimental density measurements on samples without waiting in outdoor conditions before, after waiting and waiting, as periodic process was determined by performing the difference. In this study, experiments were carried out on diagonal examples and especially examples in actual size woodwork. In addition, natural oak tannin solution impregnation process was used. From previous research literature diagonal examples have been used not only in instances of life-size woodwork. In addition, thermo-transaction and impregnation process used in conjunction studies, natural pine resin is used, and there is no such study created a solution. This also shows that the original value of our work.