Nymphoides Indica Research Articles

Haplotype-resolved genome assembly provides insights into the evolution of S-locus supergene in distylous Nymphoides indica.

Distyly has evolved independently in numerous animal-pollinated angiosperm lineages. Understanding of its molecular basis has been restricted to a few species, primarily Primula. Here, we investigate the genetic architecture of the single diallelic locus (S-locus) supergene, a linkage group of functionally associated genes, and explore how it may have evolved in distylous Nymphoides indica, a lineage of flowering plants not previously investigated. We assembled haplotype-resolved genomes, used read-coverage-based genome-wide association study (rb-GWAS) to locate the S-locus supergene, co-expression network analysis to explore gene networks underpinning the development of distyly, and comparative genomic analyses to investigate the origins of the S-locus supergene. We identified three linked candidate S-locus genes - NinBAS1, NinKHZ2, and NinS1 - that were only evident in the short-styled morph and were hemizygous. Co-expression network analysis suggested that brassinosteroids contribute to dimorphic sex organs in the short-styled morph. Comparative genomic analyses indicated that the S-locus supergene likely evolved via stepwise duplications and has been affected by transposable element activities. Our study provides novel insight into the structure, regulation, and evolution of the supergene governing distyly in N. indica. It also provides high-quality genomic resources for future research on the molecular mechanisms underlying the striking evolutionary convergence in form and function across heterostylous taxa.

Comparative Pharmacognostic study of market samples of Tagara collected from five different markets of Kerala with the official source plant Valeriana jatamansi Jones ex Roxb.

Tagara is a very popular Ayurveda herb used in the treatment insomnia, epilepsy, neurosis, hepatoprotective, anticancerous, and analgesic. Characteristic smell is the typical feature of it. As per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and many other classical texts, rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansi of the family Valerianceae is the accepted source of the drug. From some of the reports from early 1980s, it was found that roots of some aquatic plants such as Nymphoides macrospermum, Nymphoides hydrophylla, Nymphoides indica, and Limnanthemum cristatum were said to be used as Tagara instead of V. jatamansi in the South Indian markets. This study proposed to assess the present status of Tagara available in herbal raw drug markets of Kerala. Five market samples of Tagara were collected from selected markets of Kerala, and some of the reported aquatic plants, collected from natural habitats nearby. Macroscopic, microscopic, histochemical, and powder microscopic characterization of all these samples were done as per the standard procedure mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and characters observed were compared with official source plant and pharmacopoeial standard. Morphological characters of market samples of Tagara collected from the various markets of Kerala were not matching with the rhizomes of genuine drug V. jatamansi and that of Uttarakhand sample. The microscopic and histochemical examination also gave the same result. However, these samples showed similarities with the roots of Nymphoides macrospermam. Sample collected from Uttarakhand was the rhizome of V. jatamansi. The collected market samples of Tagara from various Kerala markets were not the rhizomes of V. jatamansi but the roots of N. macrospermam.

Chromosome-level genome assembly of the aquatic plant Nymphoides indica reveals transposable element bursts and NBS-LRR gene family expansion shedding light on its invasiveness.

Nymphoides indica, an aquatic plant, is an invasive species that causes both ecological and economic damage in North America and elsewhere. However, the lack of genomic data of N. indica limits the in-depth analysis of this invasive species. Here, we report a chromosome-level genome assembly of nine pseudochromosomes of N. indica with a total size of ∼ 520 Mb. More than half of the N. indica genome consists of transposable elements (TEs), and a higher density of TEs around genes may play a significant role in response to an ever-changing environment by regulating the nearby gene. Additionally, our analysis revealed that N. indica only experienced a gamma (γ) whole-genome triplication event. Functional enrichment of the N. indica-specific and expanded gene families highlighted genes involved in the responses to hypoxia and plant–pathogen interactions, which may strengthen the ability to adapt to external challenges and improve ecological fitness. Furthermore, we identified 160 members of the nucleotide-binding site and leucine-rich repeat gene family, which may be linked to the defence response. Collectively, the high-quality N. indica genome reported here opens a novel avenue to understand the evolution and rapid invasion of Nymphoides spp.

Identification of <i>Nymphoides indica</i> and <i>Eichhornia crassipes</i> as Potential Plants for the Phytoremediation of Batik Wastewater

This study was conducted to investigate the potential of water snowflake, Nymphoides indica and water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes to remediate batik wastewater. The endurance studies of both plant species showed that water hyacinth had a higher endurance limit toward batik wastewater than water snowflakes. Therefore, the phytoremediation study of batik wastewater was further conducted with water hyacinth as the agent. The results from phytoremediation had shown that water hyacinth was capable of reducing the concentration of sodium (Na), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) by 30.8 mg/L, 0.014 mg/L, 0.089 mg/L, and 0.007 mg/L, respectively. In addition, Na was found to be highly accumulated in the stems of water hyacinth, while Cu, Pb, and Cr were all found to be highly accumulated in the roots of water hyacinth.

THE TOXIC EFFECT OF AN ANIONIC DETERGENT ON A ROOTED FLOATING MACROPHYTE

In this study the toxic effect of a commonly used anionic synthetic detergent on the growth and biochemical characteristics of Nymphoides indica, a rooted floating macrophyte was evaluated for different concentrations. The effect was studied for a period of one month. The growth characteristics of the plant were assessed in terms of specific leaf area (SLA). Biochemical analysis was done for total chlorophyll content, total protein, membrane lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage from tissues. Chlorophyll Stability Index (CSI) and percent Membrane Injury (MI %) were also assessed. The results revealed that the anionic detergent inflicted adverse effects on all the parameters considered. Lipid peroxidation and electrolyte leakage serve as more relevant parameters for detergent induced stress.

Alien invasive macrophyte put into the shade: The native floating‐leaved macrophyte Nymphoides indica reduces Cabomba caroliniana growth performance through competition for light

Abstract Alien invasive aquatic macrophytes tend to displace native species and transform diverse macrophyte communities into monospecific stands. It is often thought that superior competitiveness allows alien invaders to achieve this. Cabomba caroliniana is a submersed macrophyte that is highly invasive worldwide and frequently monopolises habitats. However, field observations in Queensland, Australia, found that the native floating attached Nymphoides indica can co‐exist with C. caroliniana, highlighting N. indica as a potential candidate for habitat restoration. To identify factors and processes that regulate the coexistence of these species, we conducted a field survey and two experiments in artificial mesocosms. We found that N. indica leaf areal coverage of the water surface significantly reduced C. caroliniana standing crop biomass in the field. C. caroliniana growth was also linked to water depth; N. indica was not able to grow beyond 2 m depth. There was a small reduction in N. indica root and shoot biomass when co‐cultured with C. caroliniana in our experiment. Therefore, there was reciprocal competitive inhibition between the two species. However, the effect of N. indica on C. caroliniana was much larger. There was evidence that a reduction of C. caroliniana biomass below a threshold of c. 300 g dry mass/m is critical for protecting native submersed macrophyte diversity and abundance. Once C. caroliniana biomass exceeds this threshold, it dominates plant communities and forms high biomass monocultures. The experimental work identified shading as the most important factor that reduces C. caroliniana biomass, corroborating the relationship between leaf areal cover and C. caroliniana biomass found in the field. Based on these findings, N. indica could be useful for restoring the shallow lake littoral habitat, because it suppresses biomass of the invasive species to a level that allows other macrophytes to coexist and additionally increases habitat heterogeneity. Similarly, N. indica could be suitable to restore areas where C. caroliniana was previously removed to reduce the likelihood of future habitat monopolisation by C. caroliniana and realise long‐term ecological benefits from invasive macrophyte management.

Inventarisasi Dan Kajian Etnobotani Tanaman Akuatik Di Taman Akuatik Kebun Raya Eka Karya Bali

Eka Karya Botanic Garden is an ex situ conservation area located in Bali's Biosphere Reserve. As part of the biosphere reserve, the Eka Karya Botanical Garden plays an important role in conservation, research, tourism and education programs. The purpose of this study is to inventory the types of aquatic plants found in the Aquatic Park of the Eka Karya Bali Botanic Garden and to reveal ethnobotanical aspects of the aquatic plants. This study uses an exploration method, with Aquatic Park as a location for sampling and observation. The results of the study showed that 12 aquatic plants were found, namely Nasturtium officinale, Cyperus flabelliformis, C. papyrus, Acorus calamus, Pontederia cordata, Echinodorus paleafolius, Eichhornia crassipes, Nymphaea pubescens, Nymphoides indica, Zantedeschia aethiopica, Hydrilla verticillata, and Pistia stratiotes. Besides being used as food, phytoremediation, handicraft, and ornamental plants, aquatic plants are also useful as herbal medicines such as anti-inflammatory drugs, mouth ulcers, diaphoretics, diuretics, flu, stomach ache, fever, headaches, dysentery, antimicrobials, antioxidants, and so forth. The processing method is by grinding, boiling, chewing, drying, and eaten directly

Cryopreservation of Multiple Shoot Primordia of Endangered Plant Nymphoides indica and Regeneration of Plants from Cryopreserved Tissues

Cryopreservation of Multiple Shoot Primordia of Endangered Plant Nymphoides indica and Regeneration of Plants from Cryopreserved Tissues

Anti-Inflammatory and Skin-Moisturizing Effects of a Flavonoid Glycoside Extracted from the Aquatic Plant Nymphoides indica in Human Keratinocytes.

Nymphoides indica, an aquatic plant, is used as folk medicine in some countries. Our previous study demonstrated that the methanol extract of N. indica inhibited the activity of tyrosinases, tyrosine related protein (TRP)1 and TRP2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, as well as the activity of protein kinase A, by effectively inhibiting cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Although the biological activities of N. indica extract have been reported, there are no reports on the skin bioactivity of the main compound(s) on human keratinocytes. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory and moisturizing effects of quercetin 3,7-dimethyl ether 4′-glucoside (QDG) isolated from N. indica. In brief, ultraviolet B irradiated keratinocytes were pretreated with different concentrations of QDG, and the effects of QDG on various inflammatory markers were determined. QDG significantly inhibited inflammation-related cytokines and chemokines and enhanced the activation of skin barrier factors. Additionally, QDG also attenuated phosphorylation inhibition of the upstream cytokines and nuclear factor-κB expression. These results suggest that QDG isolated from N. indica may serve as a potential source of bioactive substances for chronic inflammatory skin diseases.

Field spectroradiometry for discrimination of wetland components: a case study of a tropical inland wetland in India

Remote sensing has emerged as an effective tool for mapping, monitoring and assessment of wetland ecosystems. Spectral resolution of hyperspectral imagery allows collection of extensive information on dynamics of wetland components. Development of comprehensive spectral libraries using field spectroradiometry is imperative to tap the potential of hyperspectral imagery. In this study, an attempt has been made (i) to test the efficacy of field spectroradiometry data and processing techniques for identification and discrimination of wetland components, and (ii) to develop an approach for creating an extensive library for wetland components. Canopy level spectra of 13 macrophyte species representing different life-forms and water column reflectance spectra were collected seasonally at 16 sites in Bhindawas wetland of India for the years 2014 and 2015. Field spectra were processed using spectroscopic techniques including smoothing, derivative analysis and continuum removal. Results show derivative transforms to be efficient in identification and discrimination of wetland components. Magnitude and position of red-edge peak successfully discriminated different macrophytes with maximum and minimum value for Nymphoides indica and Hydrilla verticillata respectively. Continuum removal further strengthens the attributes of spectral data for species discrimination. Algorithms developed based on derivative transforms of water column spectra allow for continuous monitoring of bio-optical parameters and trophic status of the wetland. As a result of this research, sample-sets of field spectra providing a sound base for mapping and monitoring of wetland components were compiled, leading to the development of the first spectral library for an inland freshwater wetland in the Indian subcontinent. This research output in conjunction with advanced analytical tools and algorithms shall be utilized for wetland assessment in future studies.

Invertebrate herbivory on floating-leaf macrophytes at the northeast of Argentina: should the damage be taken into account in estimations of plant biomass?

We assessed the damage produced by invertebrate herbivores per leaf lamina and per m2 of populations floating-leaf macrophytes of Neotropical wetlands in the growth and decay periods, and assessed if the damage produced by the herbivores should be taken into account in the estimations of plant biomass of these macrophytes or not. The biomass removed per lamina and per m2 was higher during the growth period than in decay period in Nymphoides indica and Hydrocleys nymphoides, while Nymphaea prolifera had low values of herbivory in growth period. During decay period this plant is only present as vegetative propagules. According to the values of biomass removed per m2 of N. indica, underestimation up to 17.69% should be produced in cases that herbivory do not should be taking account to evaluate these plant parameters on this macrophyte. Therefore, for the study of biomass and productivity in the study area, we suggest the use of corrected lamina biomass after estimating the biomass removed by herbivores on N. indica. The values of damage in N. indica emphasize the importance of this macrophyte as a food resource for invertebrate herbivores in the trophic networks of the Neotropical wetlands.

挺水植物与浮叶植物光合荧光特性的差异

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 挺水植物与浮叶植物光合荧光特性的差异 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201704120652 作者: 作者单位: 南京大学生命科学学院,南京大学生命科学学院,南京大学生命科学学院,南京大学生命科学学院,南京大学生命科学学院,南京大学生命科学学院,南京大学生命科学学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 江苏省重点研发计划（现代农业项目）（BE2015357）；江苏省林业三新工程项目（LYSX[2015]16）；国家海洋局海洋公益性行业科研专项经费项目（201505023）；国家基础科学人才培养基金项目（J1210026）；中央高校基本科研业务经费项目（020814380026，020814380034） Photosynthetic characteristics differ between emergent and floating-leaved macrophytes Author: Affiliation: Nanjing University,Nanjing University,Nanjing University,Nanjing University,Nanjing University,Nanjing University,Nanjing University Fund Project: Fundamental Research Plan of Jiangsu Province (Modern Agriculture program, BE 2015357), Forestry “San-Xin” project of Jiangsu Province ( LYSX [2015] 16), The State Oceanic Administration of public welfare scientific research funding (201505023), National Undergraduate Innovation Program of China (J1210026), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (020814380026, 020814380034) 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:为探讨自然生境中不同生活型水生植物光合生理特征的差异，选取4种挺水植物菖蒲（Acorus calamus L.）、再力花（Thalia dealbata Fraser）、梭鱼草（Pontederia cordata L.）、茭草（Zizania latifolia（Griseb.）Stapf），以及4种浮叶植物黄睡莲（Nymphaea mexicana Zucc.）、莼菜（Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmel.）、金银莲花（Nymphoides indica（L.）O.Kuntze）、菱（Trapa bispinosa Roxb.）为研究对象，比较其叶绿素荧光参数、色素组成和比叶重的差异。研究发现，高光强下挺水植物电子传递速率（ETR）、非光化学淬灭（NPQ）等光合荧光参数、以及低光强下ETR拟合曲线的初始斜率（α）均值显著大于浮叶植物。不同挺水植物间光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、ETR、NPQ、最大潜在电子传递速率（Ps）、最大电子传递速率（ETRm）及饱和光强（Em）变化幅度较大；不同浮叶植物间上述参数变化幅度较小。挺水植物叶绿素（Chls）、类胡萝卜素（Cars）含量均值也高于浮叶植物。但由于比叶重（SLW）的影响，不同水生植物间单位叶面积和单位叶鲜重色素含量的变化规律略有不同。挺水植物中再力花、梭鱼草光合能力较强，其光合荧光参数和色素比例均符合典型阳生型特征；菖蒲、茭草光合能力略弱，部分指标符合阴生型特征。4种浮叶植物各指标均符合阳生型特征。实验推测，挺水植物和浮叶植物由于叶片所处环境不同，其光合适应机制存在明显分化。挺水植物叶片所处环境异质性较大，因而不同物种之间光合参数适应范围也大；浮叶植物叶片所处环境相对均一，因而光合参数差异也小。浮叶植物也不依赖NPQ进行高光保护。在湿地植被恢复工具种筛选过程中应综合考虑环境异质性和不同物种光适应能力的差异。 Abstract:Emergent and floating-leaved macrophytes, two different life forms of primary producers in shallow lakes and riparian zones, play important roles in nutrient cycling and energy flow of aquatic ecosystems. To investigate the differences in photosynthetic characteristics between the two forms of macrophytes, chlorophyll fluorescence, pigment composition, and special leaf weight (SLW) of four emergent macrophytes (Acorus calamus L., Pontederia cordata L., Thalia dealbata Fraser, Zizania latifolia (Griseb.) Stapf) and four floating-leaved macrophytes (Nymphaea mexicana Zucc., Brasenia schreberi J. F. Gmel., Nymphoides indica (L.) O. Kuntze, Trapa bispinosa Roxb.) growing in natural habitats were compared. In general, emergent macrophytes showed higher electron transport rate (ETR) and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) under high irradiation, as well as relatively higher initial slope (α) of ETR curve under low light, than did floating-leaved plants. Broader ranges on maximum quantum yield of PSⅡ (Fv/Fm), ETR, NPQ, maximum potential ETR (Ps), maximum ETR (ETRm) and saturating irradiance (Em) were also found among different species of emergent macrophytes. Average chlorophyll (Chls) and carotenoid (Cars) contents were also higher in emergent macrophytes than in floating-leaved ones. However, due to the discrepancy of SLW, the trends of pigment amount among species on a fresh matter basis differed from those per leaf area unit. Among the four emergent macrophytes, T. dealbata and P. cordata exhibited relatively higher photosynthetic ability, and all fluorescence parameters together with pigment ratios (Chl a/b, Chls/Cars) indicated they belonged to the sun type. However, A. calamus and Z. latifolia exhibited relatively lower photosynthetic ability, and part of the parameters were closer to the shade type. All four floating-leaved species exhibited as sun type. This suggests that the heterogeneity of environments contributes to the discrepancy of leaf photosynthetic abilities. Emergent leaves grow in highly diverse environments, so their photosynthetic parameters have broad ranges, whereas the environments for floating leaves are relatively stable, so their parameters are limited to small ranges. It may not be necessary for floating-leaved macrophytes to develop NPQ and internal heat dissipation to prevent high irradiation damage. In conclusion, special attention should be paid to both environmental heterogeneity and discrepancy of adaptation abilities when selecting aquatic macrophytes for wetland restoration. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Macrophyte beds in a subtropical reservoir shifted from a nutrient sink to a source after drying then rewetting

AbstractMacrophytes play a key role in assimilating and storing nutrients in shallow aquatic ecosystems, but their capacity to act as a long‐term nutrient sink can be affected by water level fluctuations. Water level drawdown in reservoirs followed by rewetting may mobilise a significant nutrient pool. These nutrients can be stored in the littoral zone in dead or dormant macrophytes, and in the desiccated sediments within the macrophyte beds. However, the contribution of desiccated macrophyte beds to nutrient release upon rewetting has not been well quantified.Our study examined the effect of rewetting the previously desiccated waterlilyNymphoides indica(Menyanthaceae) in treatments (1) without sediments (N.i.−Sed), and (2) with sediments inN. indicabeds (N.i.+Sed) on water quality.We found that longer drying duration increased dissolved nutrients (nitrate/nitrite, ammonium and total dissolved organic nitrogen/phosphorus) and organic carbon release fromN.i.+Sed andN.i.−Sed treatments after rewetting. In theN.i.+Sed treatment with <4 weeks of desiccation, allN. indicaplants regenerated from roots after subsequent rewetting. In addition, the resulting nutrient/carbon release was not significantly different to the control treatment which did not have desiccation. A significant increase in dissolved nutrient and carbon concentrations in the water column was found in treatments with more than 10 weeks of desiccation followed by rewetting. This coincided with the sediment reaching its minimum moisture content. Furthermore, chlorophylla(Chl‐a) concentrations in the overlying water also increased with more than 10 weeks of desiccation, presumably in response to the increased nutrient availability and the removal of competition for nutrients from macrophytes.On the basis of our laboratory experiments, we calculated the potential effect of desiccated and rewettedN. indicabeds on water quality in a localN. indica‐dominated reservoir after water level drawdown. We also separated the contribution ofN. indicaplants from their macrophyte beds on water quality changes. Fourteen days after rewetting, the total dissolved nutrients released fromN. indicaalone (N.i.−Sed) could contribute 0.5% of the total nitrogen and 29% of total phosphorus to the water column concentrations in the whole reservoir. In contrast,N. indicabeds (N.i.+Sed) contributed more total dissolved nitrogen (4.3%) but less total dissolved phosphorus (0.3%) release into the water column. The higher nitrogen release for theN.i.+Sed treatment was likely due to the organic matter decomposition in the sediment in macrophyte beds. In contrast, the less dissolved phosphorus release, compared with theN. indicaalone, was likely the result of phosphate adsorption by previously desiccated soil particles and/or assimilation by phytoplankton, since the phytoplankton biomass (as measured by Chl‐aconcentrations) was significantly higher in theN.i.+Sed treatment.This study highlights the importance of managing both the duration and rate of water level drawdown in reservoirs to prevent rooted macrophytes, likeN. indica,from becoming a source of nutrients, which may cause deterioration in water quality.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Investigations on Nymphoides indica Leaf Extracts.

Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze (Menyanthaceae) is traditionally used in the Indian subcontinent. However, scientific data reporting its constituents are poor. This study aimed at evaluating its phytochemical constituents and various biological activities. Phytochemical investigations of the extracts and fractions resulted in the isolation of 5 lipophilic compounds, i.e. azelaic (nonanedioic) acid (1) and 4-methyl-heptanedioic acid (3), hexadecanoic (2) and stearic acid (5) and the fatty alcohol hexadecanol (4); 3 seco-iridoids, i.e. 7-epiexaltoside (6), 6″,7″-dihydro-7-epiexaltoside (7) and menthiafolin (8); 3 flavonoids, i.e. 3,7-di-O-methylquercetin-4'-O-β-glucoside (9), 3-O-methylquercetin-7-O-β-glucoside (10) and 3,7-di-O-methylquercetin (11); scopoletin (12) and ferulic acid (13); and the monoterpenoids foliamenthoic acid (14) and 6,7-dihydrofoliamenthoic acid methyl ester (15). Compounds 1-5 showed moderate antimicrobial activities, whereas compound 9 presented mild antiprotozoal activities against Trypanosoma brucei (IC50 8 μM), Leishmania infantum (IC50 32 μM) and Trypanosoma cruzi (IC50 30 μM). Antiglycation activity was shown by compounds 7 (IC50 0.36 mM), 10 (IC50 0.42 mM) and 15 (IC50 0.61 mM). Finally α-glucosidase inhibition was shown by compounds 7, 9, 11 and 13-15. It could be concluded that N. indica leaf extracts possess mild to moderate antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A review of the genus Nymphoides (Menyanthaceae) in Iran

The genus Nymphoides is a freshwater aquatic dicot represented by two species in Iran. Based on our current regional taxonomic revision of this genus, we recognize Nymphoides cristata, previously identified as Nymphoides indica in Flora Iranica. However, these species are easily distinguished from each other by having crested petal lobes in the latter. We investigated the morphology and anatomy of Nymphoides cristata and Nymphoides peltata. The most important morphological features for differentiation between these species are corolla color and inflorescence type. The anatomy of cross-sections of leaf, petiole, stem and the surface sections of leaf were studied. The following characters were found to be taxonomically informative: the presence of stellate, polyramous and ramiform foliar sclereids as well as the presence of astrosclereids in petioles and stems of both examined taxa, while spheroidal sclereids are only observed in the stems of Nymphoides peltata.

Aquatic Ornamental Macrophytes in Kole Wetlands: An Untapped Resource for Sustainable Utilisation

Kole wetlands in Kerala, holds very high diversity of untapped endemic aquatic plant resources which have high potential on ornamental plants for the aquarium industry. The paper presents an overview of the floristic survey of aquatic ornamental plants carried out during the year 2012–2014 in the Kole wetland ecosystem of Kerala. The study aimed at exploring and documenting the ornamental plant wealth of this area, which still remains unknown. The investigation on the availability and abundance of ornamental plants in the Ponnani Kole revealed the presence of 32 species under 24 genera and 19 families. In the present analysis of Kole wetland flora, members of the family Scrophulariaceae were predominant followed by Lentibulariaceae and Hydrocharitaceae. Nymphaea nouchali, Nymphaea pubescence, Myriophyllum oliganthum, Nymphoides indica, Nymphoides crystatum, Bacopa monnieri, Limnophila heterophylla, Limnophila repens, Utricularia aurea, Utricularia exoleata, Alternanthera philoxeroides, Hydrilla verticillata, Vallisneria natans Eichhornia crassipes, Hygroryza aristata, Najas graminea Marsilea quadrifolia and Ceratopteris thalictroides are frequent in all seasons in the study area. The abundance of these plants in the Kole wetlands has been worked out with a view to develop harvest strategies and suggest management measures. The increased popularity of water gardening and aquarium planting in turn augment the harvest of the freshwater plants which may result in depletion of these resources. Therefore, population of these plant species needs to be maintained in-situ by adopting structured cultivation techniques and suitable conservation methods. Kole wetlands are not only important in terms of making the ecological system available for a variety of animals and maintaining the micro-climate of the region, but also for providing useful resources for livelihood, healthcare and aesthetic interest.

Nymphoides grayana(Menyanthaceae) in Florida verified by DNA and morphological data1

Abstract In the genus Nymphoides (floating-heart), at least six native and naturalized species are known to occur in the USA. Among the native species is Nymphoides humboldtiana, a species recently confirmed to reach its northern range limit in southern Texas. Plants similar in appearance to N. humboldtiana have been reported from Florida, where both white- and yellow-petaled variants have been identified as Nymphoides indica, a paleotropical species. We examined specimens using molecular (DNA) and morphological data to ascertain correct species identifications for the Florida plants. Sequence data from nuclear internal transcribed spacer and plastid trnK/matK regions indicated that Florida plants are not conspecific with N. humboldtiana, and that the white and yellow floral color variants attributed to N. indica actually represent separate species. We identified the white-petaled plants as N. indica, a likely escapee from the water garden trade in which the species is commonly grown. The yellow-petaled p...

Antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, antioxidant and antidiabetic compounds from Nymphoides indica; the first comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological study

Nymphoides indica (L.) Kuntze (Menyanthaceae) is traditionally used in many ethnomedicinal formulations in Asia [1]; however, scientific data reporting its constituents are poor. N. indica leaves were macerated with methanol 90% and subsequently extracted using various solvents. After successful extraction, each fraction was evaluated for various claimed bioactivities such as antibacterial, antifungal, cytotoxic, antioxidant and antiglycation activity. The microorganism used included S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans, M. canis and MRC-5 cells. The methanol 90% fraction showed notable cytotoxic properties (IC50 38.9 µg/mL). Antifungal and antibacterial activities were observed for the methanol 90% (IC50 32 µg/mL) and n-hexane (IC50 19.15 µg/mL) fractions respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction was found to present the highest antioxidant activity (IC50 147 µg/mL) followed by methanol 90% (IC50 211 µg/mL) and chloroform (IC50 380 µg/mL) fractions. The n-butanol fraction had the highest (IC50 32 µg/mL) anti-glycation (Advanced Glycation Endproducts, AGEs) activity, followed by the chloroform (IC50 64 µg/mL), ethyl acetate (IC50 69 µg/mL) and methanol 90% (IC50 86 µg/mL) fractions. All extracts were further fractionated using repeated flash chromatography and analysed using TLC and HPLC-DAD. For the isolation of major compounds, a semi preparative HPLC(RP)-DAD-MS system was used. Subsequently NMR and mass spectra were recorded to elucidate the structure of the isolated compounds. Isolated compounds included flavonoids (1 – 4), seco-cyclopentane glucosides (5 – 7), caumerine (8), phenolic acids (9) and monoterpenes (10 – 11).

UNCONVENTIONAL AQUATIC PLANTS WITH ORNAMENTAL POTENTIAL AS A NEW FLORICULTURAL CROP

Nymphoides indica (L.) O. Kuntze and Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verd. are two common macrophyte plants native to Brazil. Both are evergreen; N. indica during seasonal periods (winter) lacks shoots (leaves) and the aquatic shoot of Myriophyllum is very sensitive to frost. Both prefer aquatic environments with stagnant water with high nutrient content. Propagation of N. indica is by stolons (rooted stems rooted in the soil/sediment) holding floating leaves. It is also propagated by rhizomes, corms and seeds. Flowers are pentamerous, small and solitary, appearing in spring and summer. Myriophyllum aquaticum is propagated by stems rooted in the soil/sediment and it is considered an emerging plant tolerant to salinity. Its propagation can be by cuttings and stem fragmentation. The flowers are not very apparent. Nymphoides has ornamental potential due to its bluish green leaves and the distinctive color of its spots; its cuticle is thick, and its flowers and floating leaves, giving a sense of lightness to the environment. Myriophyllum aquaticum is easily propagated and is cited in the global database of invasive species, mainly for rice crops and dams. It is marketed, being collected from populations in nature, and is valued by aquarists as an ornamental flower, providing an alternative food source for fish and their protection. Its use is indicated for ecological landscaping with low maintenance cost. All rhizomes with three internodes of N. indica leaves issued in 14 days and flowered during 150 days of evaluation. Myriophyllum aquaticum did not produce flowers; all the cuttings had been viable in seven days. Both species showed positive characteristics for their use in horticulture.

창원시 주요지역의 식물상 및 보전관리방안

The vascular plants of major sites in Changwon-si were listed 456 taxa (9.3% of all 4,881 taxa of vascular plants); 112 families, 293 genera, 371 species, 2 subspecies, 66 varieties and 17 forms. The vascular plants of Changwon-cheon were listed 133 taxa, Junam reservoir were listed 90 taxa, Seongju-sa were listed 293 taxa, and Yungji park were listed 164 taxa. Divided into 456 taxa; woody plants were 160 taxa (35.1%) and herbaceous plants were 296 taxa (64.9%). Furthermore, therophytes (Th) were 111 taxa (24.3%), hemicryptophytes (H) were 75 taxa (16.4%), megaphanerophytes (MM) were 63 taxa (13.8%) showed high proportional ratio in life form. Based on the list of rare plants by the Korea Forest Service and Korea National Arboretum, 10 taxa (1.8% of all 571 taxa of rare plants); Aristolochia contorta (LC), Euryale ferox (VU), Melothrua japonica (LC), Utricularia pilosa (CR), Hydrocharis dubia (LC), Carex idzuroei (DD), Acorus calamus var. angustatus (LC), etc. Based on the list of endemic plants by the Korea National Arboretum, 10 taxa (3.0% of all 328 taxa of endemic plants); Salix pseudolasiogyne, Philadelphus incanus, Indigofera koreana, Lespedeza <TEX>${\times}$</TEX> maritima, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Weigela subsessilis, Carex okamotoi, etc. Based on the list of specific plants by floral region were total 43 taxa (4.0% of all 1,071 taxa of specific plants); 4 taxa (Euryale ferox, Hydrocharis dubia, Carex idzuroei, etc.) in class IV, 9 taxa (Ilex crenata, Acer palmatum, Stewartia pseudocamellia, Melothria japonica, Fatsia japonica, etc.) in class III, 3 taxa (Caltha palustris var. membranacea, Nymphoides indica, etc.) in class II, 26 taxa (Cyrtomium fortunei, Chloranthus japonicus, Quercus variabilis, Ulmus parvifolia, Aphananthe aspera, etc.) in class I. Based on the list of naturalized plants, 48 taxa (Rumex crispus, Chenopodium album var. album, Amaranthus patulus, Phytolacca american, Brassica juncea var. integrifolia, Potentilla paradoxa, Robinia pseudoacacia, Euphorbia maculata, Oenothera odorata, Cuscuta pentagona, Veronica persica, Plantago lanceolata, Diodia teres, Helianthus tuberosus, Dactylis glomerata, etc.), naturalization rate was 10.5% of all 456 taxa of vascular plants and urbanization index was 15.0% of all 321 taxa of naturalized plants. Ecosystem disturbing wild plants were 3 taxa (Rumex acetocella, Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia).