Nylon Cord Research Articles

A New Method for Strain Measurement in the Tensile Testing of Filamentous Materials

Abstract A new method (common mode subtraction) for strain measurement in the tensile testing of filamentous materials is presented. In this method, crosshead displacements were divided into the specimen extension and the specimen extension error, the latter is associated with the testing system (machine frame, load-cell, load-string, and grips) and force, but assumed to be independent of the gage length. Common mode tension tests for steel and nylon tire cords at different gage lengths with two types of grips were performed at first. The test results showed an obvious existence of the specimen extension error, which leads to a dependence of the engineering strain on the gage length. The specimen extension error was found to be indeed independent of the gage length and increase with force nonlinearly. Then subtractions between any two of the obtained force–crosshead displacement curves were carried out to remove the specimen extension error, and then the actual force–strain curves (linear for steel cord and nonlinear for nylon cord) were obtained. Finally, comparisons between the common mode subtraction method and other methods, which were reported to be able to correct the specimen extension error, were made. The comparison revealed the relative stiffness is the key, that is, when the specimen is “weak” in relation to the testing system, the grip is the main source of error, but if the specimen is much “stronger,” the influence of the system compliance will become significant. The comparison also showed the common mode subtraction method is clearer and more general in theory, as well as more applicable and efficient in practice.

Nylon 6/clay nanocomposite filaments and their cords

AbstractThe present study focuses on the preparation and characterization of nylon 6/clay nanocomposite filaments and their cords. Two different organo modified clays: the ditallodimethyl ammonium salt with bentonite clay (Claytone HY), a commercially available clay from M/S Southern Clay products, USA and silane modified montmorillonite clay (Silane‐MMT), synthesized in the laboratory were used to prepare nylon 6/clay nanocomposite filaments. The nanocomposite filaments were tested for tensile and creep properties and compared with nylon 6/sodium montmorillonite (Na‐MMT) nanocomposite filaments as well as neat nylon 6 filaments. The clay dispersion within the nanocomposite filaments was analyzed by using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The creep resistant property of all the nanocomposite filaments showed 10–19% improvement over the neat nylon filament. However, there is a marginal improvement in tenacity in case of nylon 6/silane MMT nanocomposite filament as compared to the neat nylon filament. All the nylon 6/clay nanocomposite filaments were converted into the cords and tested for various tire cord related properties such as tensile strength, rubber to cord adhesion, and fatigue resistance. The nanocomposite cords showed a significant improvement in tensile property (7–21%) as well as cord to rubber adhesion strength (34–55%) over the neat nylon cords, however, the fatigue resistance was inferior in case of nanocomposite cords. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012

House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Resting Preference on Various Cords and Potential of Fipronil- or Indoxacarb- Impregnation on Cords for Fly Control

Fly preference for resting on various cords was evaluated, and preferred cords were impregnated with insecticides for control of house flies, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae). Numbers of house flies attracted to and resting on natural (manila, cotton, cotton wick, wool, and leather) and synthetic (nylon, polypropylene, and parachute cord) cords were counted. Synthetic cords attracted significantly fewer flies than natural cords, and the plant-based cords were more attractive than the animal-based cords. Manila cord had significantly more flies resting on it than any other cord. The most attractive cords were treated with 0.1% fipronil or 0.6% indoxacarb for laboratory testing. Insecticide-treated wool cord had the lowest LT50's (fipronil: LT50 = 12.9 h; indoxacarb LT50 = 32.6 h), and the impregnated cotton cord had the highest LT50's. The LT50's for the synthetic cords were significantly lower than those for the cotton and manila cords. Field evaluations in cages were conducted with wool cords impre...

Effectiveness of tori-lines for further reduction of incidental catch of seabirds in pelagic longline fisheries

To improve the performance of tori-lines (bird-scaring lines) in reducing incidental catch of large seabirds (albatrosses and giant petrels) in the pelagic longline fishery, we analyzed factors affecting the performance of tori-lines based on data collected by Japanese scientific observers in the southern bluefin tuna Thunnus maccoyii fishery from 2002 to 2005. We classified the variety of tori-lines by the main tori-line length and the streamer type. Two types of streamers were identified: type A, several long streamers made of nylon cord attached to the main tori-line by metal swivels; type B, many short streamers made of polypropylene packing bands braided into the main tori-line. In a model analysis, we found that the main tori-line length was an important factor affecting tori-line performance, and the two types of streamers had similar effectiveness. Since the light type B streamer has the advantage of practical feasibility, this type can be another option for use in tori-lines if used with a main tori-line of sufficient length.

Modeling the response of monofilament nylon cords with the nonlinear viscoelastic, simplified potential energy clock model

The Simplified Potential Energy Clock Model has been previously shown to predict accurately glassy polymer responses such as yield, creep, enthalpy relaxation, and physical aging. It was now used to predict the behavior of monofilament Nylon fiber. Even though the fibers showed process-induced anisotropy, the simpler isotropic model could be used to describe uniaxial tests. The model predictions again accurately predicted a wide range of Nylon experimental data.

Effect of twist level on tyre cord performance

The effect of twist level on the mechanical and thermal properties of nylon 66 and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) tyre cords has been studied. Effects of the twist on some critical cord properties such as tensile properties, shrinkage, shrink force, adhesion and fatigue have been evaluated. Breaking strength was decreased between 3.1 and 7.3 twist factor values, whereas breaking elongation was increased, on both nylon 66 and polyester cords. The tensile behaviour of high twist factor PET is similar to that of low twist factor nylon cords. This is an advantage for the possibility to get closer the properties of different materials by adjusting theirs twist factors. The shrinkage values increase with increasing twist factor, whereas shrinks force values decrease for greige nylons and polyester cords. Adhesion and fatigue resistance is increased with increasing twist factors.

Acute Forearm Compartment Syndrome Secondary to Digit Avulsion Injury

Patients with mutilating hand and finger injuries often present first to orthopaedic, plastic, or general surgeons covering emergency room call and sometimes present only by telephone consultation. The present report describes a patient who presented with a severe finger avulsion in whom the most urgent issue was an ipsilateral forearm compartment syndrome secondary to the avulsion. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and he consented. A fifty-five-year-old man was using a high-speed rotary tool, which caught a nylon cord that became wrapped around the right, dominant index finger. He presented to the emergency room with an open dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint. The soft tissues were nearly circumferentially avulsed (Fig. 1). Distally, the finger was dusky and insensate. The remaining fingers had normal color and capillary refill. The patient was otherwise healthy and denied taking any regular medications, including Coumadin (warfarin) and anti-inflammatory medications. Fig. 1 Near circumferential degloving injury of the index finger. The patient complained of severe and worsening pain in the forearm and required 8 mg of intravenous hydromorphone in one hour. Physical examination revealed tense swelling and tenderness, which was greatest at the volar aspect of the middle part of the forearm and was worse with passive extension of the uninjured digits. He also complained of numbness in the median and ulnar nerve distributions, where he had corresponding decreased sensibility on examination. Radial and ulnar pulses were palpable at the wrist. Radiographs of the hand reflected dislocation of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the …

Heat Transfer Properties of Cord-reinforced Rubber Composites

In this article the results of the measurements of thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, and specific heat of some rubber compounds reinforced with polyamide textile cords (nylon cords) are presented. For thermal diffusivity the relationship between this quantity and temperature was measured within the temperature range 20-170° C. Both type and arrangement of reinforcement and matrix composition have an effect on thermal properties. For the heat flow perpendicular to the fiber direction, the rate of heat conduction is limited by the properties of the matrix. In this case, thermal properties of composites are approaching the properties of this component. Thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity increase with the number of twists per 1 m of cord length because of the effect of thermal contact resistance in textile cords on the thermal properties perpendicular to the fiber direction. The thermal diffusivity parallel to the fiber direction is compared with the thermal diffusivity perpendicular to the fiber direction and to the thermal diffusivity of the matrix.

Estimation of dynamic adhesion from static test results in the model cord–RFL–rubber system

Generally, nylon and polyester cords are used to reinforce rubber compounds. These composites are used in many sectors, such as tire and belt manufacturing. To increase adhesion performance a resorcinol–formaldehyde–latex (RFL) adhesive is applied on the cord, which bonds chemically to both cord and rubber and, thus, it improves both the thermodynamic work of adhesion and the loss function at the cord/rubber interface. Adhesion strength between the cord and rubber determines the performance of the system. So to study the performance of the cord–rubber system, adhesion strength must be evaluated. Cord–rubber adhesion strength can be evaluated in static and dynamic modes. The H-Pull (H-adhesion) test method is a static and relatively simple method that is usually employed to control raw material quality. Fatigue test is one of dynamic adhesion test methods that are used to determine the performance of cord–rubber interface. Some important factors such as cyclic stress and heat buildup are involved in this test procedure. To investigate the accuracy of the H-Pull test results, the cord–rubber samples were prepared using poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) cord and NR/SBR rubber. Then H-adhesion was determined at elevated temperatures. The adhesion strength was also evaluated in dynamic (fatigue) mode at different temperatures. Authors have proposed an equation to estimate dynamic adhesion from H-Pull test results.

상세 유한요소 모델을 이용한 섬유 보강사의 등가물성 유도

Reinforced braid layer (RBL) in automobile power steering hose plays an important role in power steering system. When the working oil is applied to the power steering hose, RBL suppresses rubber hose deformation from internal pressure and heat expansion. RBL is woven textile composites having a double-row structure of nylon cords twisted with the specific helix angle. In this paper. effective material properties of RBL are estimated using a detailed 3-D finite element model considering its complicated geometry. Numerical experiments based on a superposition method are carried out to simulate uniaxial tensile loading condition.<br/>

The fundamental thumb-tip force vectors produced by the muscles of the thumb

A rigorous description of the magnitude and direction of the 3D force vector each thumb muscle produces at the thumb-tip is necessary to understand the biomechanical consequences to pinch of a variety of paralyses and surgical procedures (such as tendon transfers). In this study, we characterized the 3D force vector each muscle produces at the thumb-tip, and investigated if these thumb-tip force vectors scaled linearly with tendon tension. In 13 cadaver specimens, we measured the output 3D thumb-tip force vector produced by each tendon acting on the thumb, plus two common tendon transfers, as a function of input tendon tension. After fixing the hand to a rigid frame, we mounted the thumb by configuring it in standardized key or opposition pinch posture and coupling the thumb-tip to a rigidly held 6 degree-of-freedom force/torque sensor. Linear actuators applied tension to the distal tendons of the four extrinsic thumb muscles, and to six Nylon cords reproducing the lines of action of (i) the four intrinsic thumb muscles and (ii) two alternative tendon transfers commonly used to restore thumb opposition following low median nerve palsy. Each computer-controlled linear actuator ramped tendon tension from zero to 1/3 of predicted maximal muscle force expected at each tendon, and back to zero, while we measured the 3D force vector at the thumb-tip. In test/re-test trials, we saw thumb-tip force vectors were quite sensitive to mounting procedure, but also sensitive to variations in the seating of joint surfaces. We found that: (i) some thumb-tip force vectors act in unexpected directions (e.g., the opponens force vector is parallel to the distal phalanx), (ii) the two tendon transfers produced patently different force vectors, and (iii) for most muscles, thumb-tip force vectors do not scale linearly with tendon tension––likely due to load-dependent viscoelastic tendon paths, joint seating and/or bone motion. Our 3D force vector data provide the first quantitative reference descriptions of the thumb-tip force vectors produced by all thumb muscles and two tendon transfers. We conclude that it may not be realistic to assume in biomechanical models that thumb-tip force vectors scale linearly with tendon tensions, and that our data suggest the thumb may act as a “floating digit” affected by load-dependent trapezium motion.

Crash analysis of motorcycle tire

When a motorcycle crashes, the front tire receives the reaction force first. This force influences the following motions of the motorcycle and the rider. The reaction force for the tire should therefore be calculated with considerable accuracy, otherwise the evaluation of injury through motorcycle crash simulation may contain serious error. This paper describes the development of an FE model of a tire containing rubber, nylon cord and air, with an aluminum rim. The results of the tire crash simulation using this model were in good agreement with the data from both static and dynamic experiments.

Development of techniques for the cultivation of Lessonia trabeculata Villouta et Santelices (Phaeophyceae: Laminariales) in Chile

Large quantities of brown algae have traditionally been exported from Chile as a raw material, of which Lessonia spp. has amounted to over 130 000 tons annually since 1995. To the export demand has recently been added the new demand for high-quality Lessonia spp. as a foodstuff for the expanding abalone culture industry in Chile. The present study is based on efforts to produce significant quantities of Lessonia trabeculata in long-line culture as food for tank-cultured Haliotis rufescens Swainson and Haliotis discus-hannae Ino, which accept it as an excellent source of nutrition. Small sporophytes of L. trabeculata were propagated in the laboratory from reproductive blades harvested by diving near Coquimbo (30°S). The best culture substrate was polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in small pieces, inserted into the nylon cord for final culturing. Enrichment of sea water with agricultural-grade fertilizer produced no differences in growth and development of the Lessonia compared with results obtained using Provasoli medium. Sporophytes 1–2 cm in length cultured on 12-mm cord were transferred to outdoor tanks with circulating sea water and strong aeration where they were outgrown to 15–20 cm length; at this size, they were transferred to a 50-m long line in the ocean. In a 1-year period, individual plants reached up to 1.7 kg in mass, with average values per cord of about 9 kg. Total production from the long line was about 500 kg fresh weight of the alga. In comparative testing, H. discus hannae grew as well on the cultured algae as on naturally occurring L. trabeculata.

Análise temporal do crescimento vegetativo de Egeria najas a partir de fragmentos da planta

O estudo de caracteres botânicos de plantas infestantes pode ser de grande valia na tomada de decisões quanto aos métodos de controle a serem empregados. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar o crescimento vegetativo de plantas de Egeria najas a partir de fragmentos de 5 cm da planta. O experimento foi desenvolvido na fazenda Nova Estrela, situada a 20º30'19,7'' de latitude e 51º14'56,3'' de longitude, no município de Pereira Barreto, na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas diferentes posições dos fragmentos das plantas. No tratamento 1, os fragmentos foram retirados da extremidade final (ápice) das plantas (0 a 5 cm); no tratamento 2, eles foram retirados com 5 a 10 cm; no tratamento 3, dos 10 aos 15 cm; e no tratamento 4, dos 15 aos 20 cm. Os fragmentos foram amarrados com linhas de náilon, fixadas em um suporte de ferro, e devolvidos à água, onde permaneceram até o final do estudo. A avaliação de crescimento foi realizada aos 12 dias após os tratamentos. Observou-se que, independentemente da posição, todos os fragmentos tiveram pelo menos uma brotação, o que confirma a elevada atividade vegetativa de E. najas. Os fragmentos retirados do ápice foram significativamente mais ativos na retomada do crescimento, proporcionando maior número de brotos e maior comprimento.

Diet of East Pacific Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Central Gulf of California, México

We studied the diet of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) at Bahía de los Angeles in the Gulf of California, México. From 1995–1999, we collected esophageal lavage and fecal samples from live-captured turtles and analyzed stomach contents from stranded carcasses encountered in the study area. Foods ingested did not vary with carapace length. Turtles consumed diverse marine algae, with the filamentous red alga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis the most abundant; other common genera included Gracilaria, Codium, Ulva, and Chaetomorpha. Turtles also augmented their diet with animal matter; 25 nonalga food items were identified, including sponges, tube worms, sea pens, and sea hares. Substratum and anthropogenic debris such as plastic bags and nylon cord were commonly recovered in diet samples.

Diet of East Pacific Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Central Gulf of California, México

Abstract We studied the diet of green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) at Bahia de los Angeles in the Gulf of California, Mexico. From 1995–1999, we collected esophageal lavage and fecal samples from live-captured turtles and analyzed stomach contents from stranded carcasses encountered in the study area. Foods ingested did not vary with carapace length. Turtles consumed diverse marine algae, with the filamentous red alga Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis the most abundant; other common genera included Gracilaria, Codium, Ulva, and Chaetomorpha. Turtles also augmented their diet with animal matter; 25 nonalga food items were identified, including sponges, tube worms, sea pens, and sea hares. Substratum and anthropogenic debris such as plastic bags and nylon cord were commonly recovered in diet samples.

EFFECT OF BONDING SYSTEMS ON THE ADHESION OF NITRILE RUBBER TO NYLON CORD

A tricomponent system composed of resorcinol, hexamethylene tetramine (HMT), and hydrated silica was used as an adhesion promoter with a nitrile rubber (NBR) mix. The resorcinol was replaced by o-aminophenol, m-aminophenol, p-aminophenol, or m-phenylene diamine. The rubber–textile cord samples were subjected to aging or exposed to ionizing radiation and their adhesions were examined. The effect of the cross-link density of different nitrile rubber mixes on the adhesion was also studied. The results showed that aminophenols and m-phenylene diamine used have an effect on the adhesion. However, their adhesion levels are lower than those obtained by resorcinol. The results also showed that, on aging, m-aminophenol and m-phenylene diamine have either better stability or enhancement of adhesion levels than other bonding systems. On exposure to radiation, the results showed that the bonds formed between NBR mixes, containing different types of bonding material, and undipped nylon cords are more stable than those formed with dipped ones.

PM—Power and Machinery: Soya Bean Threshing by Nylon Cords on Rotating Shafts

An experimental device was built for threshing standing, uncut soya bean plants. It used impact energy provided by nylon cords, fixed on counter-rotating shafts, striking the soya beans from both sides of the plant row. The device threshed up to 99% of the beans depending on the ground speed. The material-other-than-grain removed at slower speeds was significantly more than that removed at faster ground speeds. Ground speed had no effect on seed vigour. However, the vigour of seeds harvested with the experimental device was significantly higher compared to those harvested conventionally. The estimated average energy required by the threshing device was 4 MJ/ha.

A formulation of elasticity and viscoelasticity for fibre reinforced material at small and finite strains

The combination of unidirectional fibres embedded in matrix yields a novel material which is heterogeneous on the micro level and exhibits new mean characteristics on the macro level. Due to the fact that the length scale of a composite structure is several orders larger compared to the micro scale, the composite material is assumed to be homogeneous on the structural level. Therefore, a homogeneous anisotropic constitutive formulation has to be introduced in order to represent the material and the composite structure efficiently, for example by a finite element discretization. In case of unidirectional reinforced composites a transversely isotropic idealization is meaningful. One typical class of composites is manufactured, for example, from glass or carbon fibres combined with an epoxy matrix. Usually, structures produced from these materials are subjected to small strains. A geometrically nonlinear description is essential when modelling steel or nylon cord reinforced elastomeric material. The investigation of biomaterials like muscles or bones, which also have a fibrous microstructure, is accomplished on the basis of finite strains, too. The static and the dynamic response of a structure can be simulated with the finite element method. The stiffness is characterized by anisotropic elastic properties. For the dynamic response, the dissipative behaviour, originated in the viscoelastic properties of the polymeric material, is of great importance. Depending on the class of composites investigated, the elastic and the viscoelastic behaviour of fibre reinforced material has to be formulated by a transversely isotropic approach at small and at finite strains respectively. With these models at hand, realistic finite element simulations may be carried out.

Effect of non-oiled sulfur concentration on the adhesion between nitrile rubber and nylon cord

The effect of non-oiled sulfur concentration on the adhesion between nitrile rubber (NBR) and dipped or undipped Nylon 6,6 cords is discussed. The results show that using undipped cords with NBR (grade 34/50) enhance adhesion. In this article, the crosslink density of different nitrile rubber mixes were estimated to illustrate their effect on adhesion. The resistance to heat aging and ionizing radiation were also studied. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 762–771, 1999