Nutritional Studies Research Articles

Validity and Reproducibility of a Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire and Food Picture Book in Nigeria

BackgroundIncreasing noncommunicable diseases in Nigeria are partly related to dietary factors. However, the lack of validated nutrition assessment tools hinders the conduct of nutritional epidemiology research in this population. ObjectivesTo develop a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and Food Picture Book (FPB) for Nigerian adults, and to assess its reproducibility and validity compared with 24-h dietary recalls (24DRs) during different seasons in the year. MethodsWe compiled 202 foods for the FFQ through focus groups and consultations with local dietitians. We created an FPB with standardized food portion images to enhance the accuracy of reports of dietary intakes. We administered the FFQs to 205 purposively selected adults in Ibadan, Nigeria at ∼6 monthly intervals between November 2018 and October 2020. We evaluated the FFQ’s reproducibility and validity compared with 24DR across the dry and rainy seasons by examining the consumption of common food and mixed dishes. We computed the Spearman’s correlation coefficients (SCC), intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and generated Bland and Altman plots. ResultsOverall, we studied 110 women (53.7%) and 95 men (46.3%) with a mean age of 45.0 ± 13.4 y (mean ± SD). The reproducibility tests showed a mean ± SD SCC of 0.39 ± 0.14 and mean ± SD ICC of 0.32 ± 0.12. Higher mean ± SD SCC values were noted for cereal products (0.43 ± 0.09), starchy roots and tubers (0.45 ± 0.17), and soups (0.44 ± 0.20). Conversely, lower mean ± SD SCC values were observed for milk products (0.29 ± 0.02), solid fats (0.29 ± 0.26), and fish (0.22 ± 0.19). Regarding validity tests, the overall mean ± SD SCC was 0.27 ± 0.16 and mean ± SD ICC was 0.26 ± 0.16. We observed seasonal variations in intakes of fruits, cassava flour-based products, and nuts, although most foods did not show significant differences in intakes between seasons. ConclusionsOur FFQ and FPB demonstrated moderate correlations and seasonal variations in intakes of certain foods, emphasizing the need to account for seasonality in dietary intakes in nutritional studies in Nigeria and similar countries.

The Role of Micronutrients in The Nutrition of School Children

The article is devoted to the study of the actual nutrition of 1-4 graders living in rural areas. The number of micronutrients in the daily food of the respondents was determined and compared with the relevant standards. According to the obtained results, it was found that the amount of some vitamins in the daily diet of the subjects is much less than the norm. In the work, necessary recommendations are also given to eliminate the lack of micronutrients and its prevention.

The dominant factors associated with stunting among two years children in five provinces in Indonesia

Stunting is a significant malnourishment problem in Indonesia. The 2021 Indonesian Nutritional Status Study (SSGI) reported that there are five provinces with a high prevalence of stunting (>30%). Age under two years (old age) is the golden period during which children overgrow, and malnutrition during this period can still be corrected. This study analyzed the dominant factors associated with stunting in two-year-old children from five provinces: Aceh, NTB, NTT, West Sulawesi, and Southeast Sulawesi. This cross-sectional study used secondary data from the SSGI 2021. The subjects were 4,554. Children (0-23 months) under five. The 2021 SSGI study was conducted in 34 provinces and 514 regencies/cities from January to December 2021. Data were collected through interviews using the SSGI 2021 questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Statistical applications were used for data processing. Data analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression tests with the criteria of p<0,05 and a confidence interval (CI) of 95%. The risk factors associated with stunting in children from the five provinces were underweight (OR=9,367), age 6-11 months (OR=1,386), age 12-23 months (OR=1,386), diagnosis of measles (2,5681 CI), male sex (OR=1,400), family size ≥ 8 people (OR=1,612), poor sanitation (OR=1,273 CI 95% 1,041-1,556), and the father's occupation as a farmer/occupation/fisherman/driver (OR=1,278). In conclusion, being underweight is the dominant factor associated with stunting in toddlers.

Hair-Derived Exposome Exploration of Cardiometabolic Health: Piloting a Bayesian Multitrait Variable Selection Approach.

Cardiometabolic health is complex and characterized by an ensemble of correlated and/or co-occurring conditions including obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. It is affected by social, lifestyle, and environmental factors, which in-turn exhibit complex correlation patterns. To account for the complexity of (i) exposure profiles and (ii) health outcomes, we propose to use a multitrait Bayesian variable selection approach and identify a sparse set of exposures jointly explanatory of the complex cardiometabolic health status. Using data from a subset (N = 941 participants) of the nutrition, environment, and cardiovascular health (NESCAV) study, we evaluated the link between measurements of the cumulative exposure to (N = 33) pollutants derived from hair and cardiometabolic health as proxied by up to nine measured traits. Our multitrait analysis showed increased statistical power, compared to single-trait analyses, to detect subtle contributions of exposures to a set of clinical phenotypes, while providing parsimonious results with improved interpretability. We identified six exposures that were jointly explanatory of cardiometabolic health as modeled by six complementary traits, of which, we identified strong associations between hexachlorobenzene and trifluralin exposure and adverse cardiometabolic health, including traits of obesity, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. This supports the use of this type of approach for the joint modeling, in an exposome context, of correlated exposures in relation to complex and multifaceted outcomes.

The effectiveness of “RS Centing” intervention to improve knowledge and behavior among adolescents to prevent stunting

Introduction: Based on data from the 2021 Indonesian Nutritional Status Study (SSGI), the prevalence of stunting in Gresik Regency is 23%, close to the prevalence rate of stunting in East Java of 23.5%. Despite the decline, stunting is still a challenge for the government. The Gresik Regency government is focusing on ten sub-districts as priority focus locations for reducing stunting, one of which is the Kebomas Sub-District. Therefore, the researchers analyzed the implementation of Remaja Sehat Cegah Stunting/Healthy Youth Posyandu Prevent Stunting (RS Centing) program, which focuses on educating youth about stunting. Methods: Pre-experimental research, with a population of 75 teenagers, was selected based on inclusion: (1) age criteria (17-21 years old), (2) respondents who actively participate in youth activities, and (3) live in areas focused on stunting. The sampling technique used simple random sampling, which obtained 64 respondents. The dependent variable is adolescents’ level of knowledge and attitudes toward stunting—data analysis using simple linear regression analysis test. The research (1) gives a pre-test about knowledge and behavior for preventing stunting, (2) the “RS Centing” program provides assistance and outreach to young people in stunting focus locations. Then, (3) after assisting for three months, the team gave a post-test knowledge and behavior about stunting. The instruments used to conduct the research were questionnaires, pre and post-respondent knowledge, and behavior towards stunting, which would be given to respondents by Google link.Results: There was an influence of the RS Centing program on increasing knowledge (P-value <0.01) and attitudes (P-value <0.01) of adolescents in preventing stunting in Kebomas District, Gresik. Conclusion: The knowledge factor has the greatest influence (P-value 0.041, and relative value 0.000-0.376). Through this research, the Gresik Regency Government can optimize the RS Centing Program to reduce stunting in the Gresik Regency and achieve a stunting prevalence target of 10% in 2024. Keywords: attitudes of adolescents; knowledge; stunting

Circadian Syndrome Is Associated with Dietary Patterns among Middle-Older Americans: The Health and Retirement Study.

Population aging is a global demographic characteristic of the 21st century, and healthy eating is a core component of healthy aging. However, limited evidence is available among older adults for associations between diet quality and circadian syndrome (CircS). Thus, this study examined associations between dietary patterns and CircS among a representative sample of middle-older adults in the US. The sample comprised middle-older adults enrolled in the 2016 core wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and one of its sub-studies, the 2013 Health Care and Nutrition Study (HCNS). A food frequency questionnaire was used to quantify habitual food intake and identify dietary patterns using a factor analysis. CircS was defined based on the existence of ≥4 components of metabolic syndrome and indicators of sleep disorders and depression. A total of 4253 middle-older adults with a mean age (SD) of 65.4 (10.0) years were included in the study. The prevalence of CircS was 35.9%. Comparing extreme quartiles of the "Prudent Pattern", the odds ratio (95% CI) for CircS was 0.72 (0.55-0.94), and it was 1.47 (1.10-1.95) for the "Western Pattern". The "Western Pattern" was positively associated while the "Prudent Pattern" was inversely associated with the odds of CircS among middle-older adults.

Gut microbiome features and metabolites in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among community-dwelling middle-aged and older adults

BackgroundThe specific microbiota and associated metabolites linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are still controversial. Thus, we aimed to understand how the core gut microbiota and metabolites impact NAFLD.MethodsThe data for the discovery cohort were collected from the Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study (GNHS) follow-up conducted between 2014 and 2018. We collected 272 metadata points from 1546 individuals. The metadata were input into four interpretable machine learning models to identify important gut microbiota associated with NAFLD. These models were subsequently applied to two validation cohorts [the internal validation cohort (n = 377), and the prospective validation cohort (n = 749)] to assess generalizability. We constructed an individual microbiome risk score (MRS) based on the identified gut microbiota and conducted animal faecal microbiome transplantation experiment using faecal samples from individuals with different levels of MRS to determine the relationship between MRS and NAFLD. Additionally, we conducted targeted metabolomic sequencing of faecal samples to analyse potential metabolites.ResultsAmong the four machine learning models used, the lightGBM algorithm achieved the best performance. A total of 12 taxa-related features of the microbiota were selected by the lightGBM algorithm and further used to calculate the MRS. Increased MRS was positively associated with the presence of NAFLD, with odds ratio (OR) of 1.86 (1.72, 2.02) per 1-unit increase in MRS. An elevated abundance of the faecal microbiota (f__veillonellaceae) was associated with increased NAFLD risk, whereas f__rikenellaceae, f__barnesiellaceae, and s__adolescentis were associated with a decreased presence of NAFLD. Higher levels of specific gut microbiota-derived metabolites of bile acids (taurocholic acid) might be positively associated with both a higher MRS and NAFLD risk. FMT in mice further confirmed a causal association between a higher MRS and the development of NAFLD.ConclusionsWe confirmed that an alteration in the composition of the core gut microbiota might be biologically relevant to NAFLD development. Our work demonstrated the role of the microbiota in the development of NAFLD.

Nutrition employability and graduate readiness: The Australian Working in Nutrition study.

Nutrition science graduates contribute to the nutrition workforce by bringing specialist knowledge and skills needed to address future food challenges. This study aims to provide a snapshot of the current employment landscape for nutrition science graduates in Australia and how well their degrees prepare them for employment. A cross-sectional survey of Australian tertiary nutrition graduates was conducted to explore tertiary training, employment pathways and their perceived preparedness for practice. This study included a final sample of 119 graduates from 17 Australian tertiary institutions. Almost two-thirds of respondents had completed further training. Most graduates (77%, n = 91) had worked in a food, nutrition science or health-related role after their degree; the most frequently cited employment settings were government or public health organisations; research, not-for-profit or nongovernment organisations; and the food industry. Work-integrated learning was identified as a key predictor of graduates working in a role that differed from their expectations as a student. The skill categories developed during nutrition training that were most valued in the workplace included nutrition and scientific knowledge, and professional and communication skills. This study offers first insights into the current employment landscape for nutrition graduates across Australia. Findings show that current nutrition science professionals are highly qualified and prepared to navigate the evolving demands of nutrition practice. Regular review of graduate employment will inform nutrition science curriculum to enable graduates to be well equipped in the face of dynamic practice settings.

Understanding and applying gene-environment interactions: a guide for nutrition professionals with an emphasis on integration in African research settings.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are influenced by the interplay between genetics and environmental exposures, particularly diet. However, many healthcare professionals, including nutritionists and dietitians, have limited genetic background and, therefore, they may lack understanding of gene-environment interactions (GxEs) studies. Even researchers deeply involved in nutrition studies, but with a focus elsewhere, can struggle to interpret, evaluate, and conduct GxE studies. There is an urgent need to study African populations that bear a heavy burden of NCDs, demonstrate unique genetic variability, and have cultural practices resulting in distinctive environmental exposures compared with Europeans or Americans, who are studied more. Although diverse and rapidly changing environments, as well as the high genetic variability of Africans and difference in linkage disequilibrium (ie, certain gene variants are inherited together more often than expected by chance), provide unparalleled potential to investigate the omics fields, only a small percentage of studies come from Africa. Furthermore, research evidence lags behind the practices of companies offering genetic testing for personalized medicine and nutrition. We need to generate more evidence on GxEs that also considers continental African populations to be able to prevent unethical practices and enable tailored treatments. This review aims to introduce nutrition professionals to genetics terms and valid methods to investigate GxEs and their challenges, and proposes ways to improve quality and reproducibility. The review also provides insight into the potential contributions of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics to the healthcare sphere, addresses direct-to-consumer genetic testing, and concludes by offering insights into the field's future, including advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning.

Кластерный подход в изучении рисков здоровью населения, обусловленных контаминацией пищевых продуктов тяжелыми металлами

Food products are a source of energy and essential substances but also of anthropogenic contaminants such as heavy metals. The aim of the study was to assess population health risks posed by contamination of food products with heavy metals, taking into account peculiarities of food preferences. An epidemiological study of actual nutrition of adult population of Samara region was conducted, the sample size was 1,856 people. At the first stage, using factor analysis, respondents' adherence to a certain model of food preferences was established; at the second stage, 5 homogeneous groups (clusters) of people with similar types of nutrition were formed using cluster analysis. The first cluster included individuals with maximum commitment to a high level of consumption of all studied foods; the second cluster was characterized by commitment to consumption of high-calorie foods such as baked goods, confectionery, sausages, potatoes, eggs, and cheese. Individuals from the cluster 3 showed a distinct preference for consumption of vegetables, fruit and dairy products. Individuals from the cluster 4 had no special preferences for any of the studied foods. The fifth cluster included people who had maximum preference for meat and meat products, smoked meats, pickles and salted fish. The content of cadmium, mercury, lead, and arsenic in food products was assessed via atomic absorption and photometric methods. The study relied on using social and hygienic monitoring data from the Samara Regional Rospotrebnadzor (Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights and Human Wellbeing) collection. Risk assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects was carried out in each of the five formed clusters taking into account modern methodological approaches. It was found that in all food clusters, the hazard coefficients for intake of contaminants in median concentrations and in the 90th percentile did not exceed permissible levels. In all clusters, the endocrine system was most at risk (HI = 1.68 ÷ 1.25). For all clusters, carcinogenic risk (for median concentrations) was created by arsenic both at the individual and the population level. The risk was the highest for people whose diets were characterized by high levels of consumption of high-calorie products. Cluster approach makes it possible to identify the most vulnerable groups of population in terms of risk burden for making managerial decisions and carrying out preventive measures.

Cluster approach to the study of population health risks posed by contamination of food products with heavy metals

Food products are a source of energy and essential substances but also of anthropogenic contaminants such as heavy metals. The aim of the study was to assess population health risks posed by contamination of food products with heavy metals, taking into account peculiarities of food preferences. An epidemiological study of actual nutrition of adult population of Samara region was conducted, the sample size was 1,856 people. At the first stage, using factor analysis, respondents' adherence to a certain model of food preferences was established; at the second stage, 5 homogeneous groups (clusters) of people with similar types of nutrition were formed using cluster analysis. The first cluster included individuals with maximum commitment to a high level of consumption of all studied foods; the second cluster was characterized by commitment to consumption of high-calorie foods such as baked goods, confectionery, sausages, potatoes, eggs, and cheese. Individuals from the cluster 3 showed a distinct preference for consumption of vegetables, fruit and dairy products. Individuals from the cluster 4 had no special preferences for any of the studied foods. The fifth cluster included people who had maximum preference for meat and meat products, smoked meats, pickles and salted fish. The content of cadmium, mercury, lead, and arsenic in food products was assessed via atomic absorption and photometric methods. The study relied on using social and hygienic monitoring data from the Samara Regional Rospotrebnadzor (Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights and Human Wellbeing) collection. Risk assessment of carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects was carried out in each of the five formed clusters taking into account modern methodological approaches. It was found that in all food clusters, the hazard coefficients for intake of contaminants in median concentrations and in the 90th percentile did not exceed permissible levels. In all clusters, the endocrine system was most at risk (HI = 1.68 ÷ 1.25). For all clusters, carcinogenic risk (for median concentrations) was created by arsenic both at the individual and the population level. The risk was the highest for people whose diets were characterized by high levels of consumption of high-calorie products. Cluster approach makes it possible to identify the most vulnerable groups of population in terms of risk burden for making managerial decisions and carrying out preventive measures.

L-arginine supplementation abrogates hypoxia-induced virulence of Staphylococcus aureus in a murine diabetic pressure wound model.

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are the most common complications of diabetes resulting from hyperglycemia leading to ischemic hypoxic tissue and nerve damage. Staphylococcus aureus is the most frequently isolated bacteria from DFUs and causes severe necrotic infections leading to amputations with a poor 5-year survival rate. However, very little is known about the mechanisms by which S. aureus dominantly colonizes and causes severe disease in DFUs. Herein, we utilized a pressure wound model in diabetic TALLYHO/JngJ mice to reproduce ischemic hypoxic tissue damage seen in DFUs and demonstrated that anaerobic fermentative growth of S. aureus significantly increased the virulence and the severity of disease by activating two-component regulatory systems leading to expression of virulence factors. Our in vitro studies showed that supplementation of nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor promotes anaerobic respiration and suppresses the expression of S. aureus virulence factors through inactivation of two-component regulatory systems, suggesting potential therapeutic benefits by promoting anaerobic nitrate respiration. Our in vivo studies revealed that dietary supplementation of L-arginine (L-Arg) significantly attenuated the severity of disease caused by S. aureus in the pressure wound model by providing nitrate. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of anaerobic fermentative growth in S. aureus pathogenesis and the potential of dietary L-Arg supplementation as a therapeutic to prevent severe S. aureus infection in DFUs.IMPORTANCES. aureus is the most common cause of infection in DFUs, often resulting in lower-extremity amputation with a distressingly poor 5-year survival rate. Treatment for S. aureus infections has largely remained unchanged for decades and involves tissue debridement with antibiotic therapy. With high levels of conservative treatment failure, recurrence of ulcers, and antibiotic resistance, a new approach is necessary to prevent lower-extremity amputations. Nutritional aspects of DFU treatment have largely been overlooked as there has been contradictory clinical trial evidence, but very few in vitro and in vivo modelings of nutritional treatment studies have been performed. Here we demonstrate that dietary supplementation of L-Arg in a diabetic mouse model significantly reduced duration and severity of disease caused by S. aureus. These findings suggest that L-Arg supplementation could be useful as a potential preventive measure against severe S. aureus infections in DFUs.

Analisis Status Gizi Mahasiswi Gizi Universitas Aisyah Pringsewu Berdasarkan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT) dan Lingkar Lengan Atas (LILA)

Nutritional status reflects the balance between nutrient intake from food and the body's metabolic needs. Students, as a productive age group transitioning from adolescence to adulthood, have specific nutritional requirements depending on age, gender, body weight, and height. This study aims to assess the nutritional status of female students in the Nutrition Study Program at Aisyah Pringsewu University by screening weight, height, and upper arm circumference. The indicators used are Body Mass Index (BMI) and Upper Arm Circumference (UAC). This quantitative descriptive research with a cross-sectional method was conducted in March 2024. The research subjects consisted of 50 second-semester female students aged >18 years selected using purposive sampling technique. The results showed that 60% of the students had normal nutritional status based on BMI, 24% were overweight, and 16% were underweight. Based on UAC, 76% had normal nutritional status and 24% experienced Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED). These findings indicate the need for tailored nutritional education approaches considering the students' age characteristics to support their nutritional well-being, given the potential health issues that may arise.

Berat Basah dan Kadar Vitamin C pada Nata De Soya Limbah Cair Tahu dengan Pemanis Gula Batu

Nata is a food product fermented by Acetobacter xylinum which has a white to light gray color, a sour aroma, a bland or slightly sweet taste, slightly transparent, and a chewy texture. Tofu liquid waste still contains nutrients such as 2 g carbohydrates, 1.75 g protein, 1.25 g fat, 0.001 g crude fiber and 4.5 mg calcium which have the potential to be developed into food products that are beneficial for health. This research aims to determine the characteristics of nata de soya with the addition of rock sugar which is assessed based on wet weight and vitamin C content. Fermentation was carried out for 14 days in the Culinary and Dietetics Laboratory of the Nutrition Study Program, Aisyah Pringsewu University. Vitamin C levels were analyzed at the Lampung State Polytechnic Agricultural Products Technology Laboratory (POLINELA). The research results revealed that nata de soya with the addition of 42 g of rock sugar produced a wet weight of 317 g and a vitamin C content of 0.36 mg/g.

Letter from the Editor

Dear Reader, We are excited to share The Columbia University Journal of Global Health Fall 2023 Issue with you. As a journal we strive to uplift diverse perspectives that address the most pressing challenges to health equity faced by communities across the globe. This issue highlights the work of four academics, whose research explores themes of silence and confinement within healthcare systems. Ranging from the impacts of COVID-19 on incarcerated people to the overlooked struggles of obstetric fistulas among Ethiopian women, the articles critically examine the health environments of different marginalized groups. We hope you find their manuscripts to be insightful and thought-provoking. We have continued to host events that promote health and wellbeing in our community, including a food and nutrition event that brought together the expertise of Dr. Jessica Bihuniak, Assistant Professor of Clinical Nutrition in the Department of Nutrition and Food Studies at New York University, and the cooking skills of Columbia Gormand to discuss affordable, nutritious meals for college students. In our journal’s aim of highlighting student voices, we have been increasing our efforts in staff writing and publication. Our staff members have shared their perspectives on public health through our “What is Global Health?” blog and podcast, discussing important topics ranging from community health workers to asbestos in homes. Our most recent podcast features a discussion of careers in scientific research with Dr. Rachel Narehood Austin, Diana T. and P. Roy Vagelos Professor of Chemistry at Barnard College. On our blog, we were able to publish our first bilingual staff article “Obesity in Latine Communities in the U.S: What is at play? / Obesidad en Comunidades Latinas en Estados Unidos: ¿Qué está en juego?”. As we consider how to make our journal more accessible, we hope to continue to share staff perspectives across multiple subject areas and in multiple languages, furthering our journal’s mission of diversity and inclusivity. The past year has been an exciting one for our journal: we published ten new articles that accumulated almost 22,000 downloads and were accessed by over 10,000 site users from 143 countries. We are honored to publish work that has reached such a wide, diverse community, and we hope to continue to expand this impact with the publication of our Fall 2023 Issue. We also recently welcomed two new faculty advisors, Dr. Julianna A. Bol, PhD and Dr. Ana Navas-Acien, MD, PhD, MPH, who will assist our journal in this growth while maintaining the academic rigor that we have always been proud of. Our journal would not be possible without the dedication of our incredible team, which has grown in the past year. We are truly grateful for the support of our faculty advisor Esther Jackson, the resilience of our journal team, the insight of our peer reviewers, and the submissions from our authors. As always, thank you to our readers and listeners for engaging with our work and forming a vital part of The Columbia University Journal of Global Health community. Sincerely, Kairaluchi Oraedu & Ann Phan Co-Editors-in-Chief, The Columbia University Journal of Global Health

Use of oral health care services among older home care clients in the context of an intervention study.

An increasing number of care-dependent older people living at home need external support to receive regular dental care. To investigate the use of oral health care services among old home care clients who participated in an intervention study focusing on oral self-care and nutrition. This study employed data from the multidisciplinary Nutrition, Oral Health and Medication (NutOrMed) intervention study with a population-based sample of 245 home care clients (74% female) aged 75 or more divided in intervention (n = 140) and two control groups (n = 105). The data were collected through interviews at baseline and 6-month follow-up. At baseline, 43% of participants reported visits to oral health care within the previous year. At 6-month follow-up, this proportion was 51%. In the intervention group, the corresponding figures were 46% and 53%, and in the controls 39% and 48%. Adjusted regression analyses showed that this change was statistically significant (p = 0.008). In addition, higher education and toothache or other discomfort related to teeth or dentures at baseline were associated with increased use after the 6-month follow-up (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 1.0-1.2; OR = 3.4, 95% CI = 1.5-7.9) but being edentulous indicated the opposite (OR = 0.2, 95% CI = 0.1-0.4). Belonging to the intervention group was not associated with increased use. In older adults, any efforts to raise awareness of oral health are of great potential to increase use of services.

Orthorexia nervosa in dietitians and dietetics students-prevalence, risk factors, and interventions: a scoping review using a systematic approach.

Orthorexia nervosa (ON) is characterized by compulsive behaviors and increased concerns about healthful eating. Dietitians appear to be especially vulnerable to ON, and it is still debatable whether the disordered eating behaviors motivate individuals to enroll in nutrition programs, or whether these behaviors result from an exaggerated preoccupation with healthy eating triggered during their nutrition studies. The aim was to provide an overview of the present state of knowledge about the prevalence, risk factors, and interventions addressing ON among dietitians and dietetics students. More specifically, it was examined whether dietitians and dietetics students differ from students attending different education programs or other health professionals with regard to the severity and risk factors of ON, and whether the extent of ON changes during the progression in the nutrition education years of study. MEDLINE (Ovid), PubMed, EMBASE (Ovid), PsycInfo (EBSCO), CINAHL (EBSCO), Cochrane, ProQuest Central, CABI, ProQuest Dissertations, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink were searched on May 8, 2021, and updated on November 12, 2022. Records were screened for eligibility; study characteristics, methodology, and findings of included articles were extracted; and the methodological quality assessed using the AXIS tool. Each step was preceded by a calibration exercise and conducted independently and in duplicate by pairs of 2 reviewers. Any disagreements were resolved through discussions. A narrative synthesis was performed, whereby the characteristics, methodologies, and results of included studies were compared. Results were inconclusive; yet, a general status of the relatively "high" prevalence of ON among dietitians and dietetics students was established, stressing the need for systematic research to understand and mitigate orthorexic tendencies in this group. It is still too early to answer questions pertaining to prevalence, risk factors, interventions, and differences between dietetics students and other majors when it comes to severity and progress of ON throughout the continuing years of study, or between dietitians and other professional groups. Open Science Framework Identifier: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/BY5KF.

Spleen and Pancreatic Tissue Change after Genetically Modified Soybean Oil Consumption Among Male Wistar Rats

<strong data-sider-select-id="b8bf10e1-996e-4fe0-a16e-f65aaaaf6a6c">Background: Over the past 20 years, the increased consumption of transgenic products for humans and animals led to the conduction of nutritional studies in this regard. However, these studies were limited, and they did not find a definitive answer to the possible health hazards of transgenic products. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effects of a diet containing transgenic soybean oil on rats. <strong data-sider-select-id="0d24514e-9731-4303-8701-71ae0f71f52c">Methods: Accordingly, male Wistar rats (N=6/group) were given a nutritionally moderate purified diet with 10% genetically modified soybean oil for 90 days. Two control groups receiving nongenetically modified soybean oil and a standardized diet were also enrolled. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tuky post hoc analysis was used to compare the values between groups and to detect the effects of transgenic soybean oil. <strong data-sider-select-id="6e6a93c9-227f-45c1-a050-9f3b96ecc42d">Results: Rats fed on transgenic soybean oil demonstrated several histologic changes in pancreas tissues, including changes in severe congestion, the presence of inflammatory cells, and changes in the Langerhans islands. However, no changes were observed in the spleen, except for negligible congestion in all treatment groups. Regarding blood indicators, hemoglobin levels in the transgenic soybean oil group decreased compared to the other two groups (P<0.05). <strong data-sider-select-id="103c4ab9-7a19-4a38-8077-e5b11eb6caee">Conclusion: According to our results, a 90-day treatment with transgenic soy-based oil caused significant organ changes in the pancreas tissue of rats. Further studies evaluating the long-term effects are also needed to better elucidate these effects.

Personalized Versus Non-personalized Nutritional Recommendations/Interventions for Type2 Diabetes Mellitus Remission: A Narrative Review.

It is a well-evidenced fact that diet significantly impacts type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) prevention and management. However, dietary responses vary among different populations, necessitating personalized recommendations. Substantial evidence supports the role of diet in T2DM remission, particularly low-energy or low-carbohydrate diets that facilitate weight loss, enhance glycemic control, and achieve remission. This review aims to comprehensively analyze and compare personalized nutritional interventions with non-personalized approaches in T2DM remission. We conducted a literature search using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics guidelines, focusing on clinical and observational trials published within the past decade. We present the strengths and drawbacks of incorporating personalized nutrition into practice, along with the areas for research in implementing personalized interventions, such as cost-effectiveness and accessibility. The findings reveal consistently higher diabetes remission rates in personalized nutrition studies compared to non-personalized interventions.

Identification of genomic regions and pathways associated with traits related to rumen acidosis in feedlot Nellore cattle.

There may be an increased risk of metabolic disorders, such as rumen acidosis, in cattle fed high-concentrate diets, particularly those from Bos taurus indicus genotypes, which have shown to be more sensitive to ruminal acidification. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate (co)variance components and identify genomic regions and pathways associated with ruminal acidosis in feedlot Nellore cattle fed high-concentrate diets. It was utilized a dataset containing a total of 642 Nellore bulls that were genotyped from seven feedlot nutrition studies. The GGP Indicus 35k panel was used with the single step genome-wide association study methodology in which the effects of the markers were obtained from the genomic values estimated by the GBLUP model. A bivariate model to estimate genetic correlations between the economically important traits and indicator traits for acidosis was used. The traits evaluated in this study that were nutritionally related to rumen acidosis included average daily gain (ADG), final body weight, time spent eating (TSE), time spent ruminating, rumenitis score (RUM), rumen absorptive surface area (ASA), rumen keratinized layer thickness (KER) and hot carcass weight (HCW). The identified candidate genes were mainly involved in the negative or non-regulation of the apoptotic process, salivary secretion, and transmembrane transport. The genetic correlation between HCW and ASA was low positive (0.27 ± 0.23), and between ADG and ASA was high moderate (0.58 ± 0.59). A positive genetic correlation between RUM and all performance traits was observed, and TSE correlated negatively with HCW (-0.33 ± 0.21), ASA (-0.75 ± 0.48), and KER (-0.40 ± 0.27). The genetic association between economically important traits and indicator traits for acidosis suggested that Nellore cattle may be more sensitive to acidosis in feedlot systems.