Nutritional Status Of Pregnant Women Research Articles

Evaluation of the nutritional status and care of pregnant women in the Allada-Toffo-Zè health zone (Benin)

This work aims to assess the nutritional status of pregnant women in the health zone of Allada-Toffo-Zè. It consisted of conducting an interview with pregnant women meeting the criteria of pregnant women and coming for prenatal consultation. During this study, 200 pregnant women were surveyed in health facilities in the health zone. The results showed that 80% of pregnant women have never received nutritional advice, which leads them to not control their diet. In addition, there is a relationship between the malnutrition of pregnant women and the age of pregnant women, and their profession. Indeed, pregnant women aged over 30 years are 1.85 times more malnourished than pregnant women under 20 years of age (p=0.007). Also, resellers or shopkeepers are 1.49 times more malnourished than housewives (p=0.001). Finally, weight and MUAC were associated with malnutrition in pregnant women. Therefore, pregnant women weighing more than 55 kg were malnourished than pregnant women weighing less than 55 kg (p=0.01). Those whose MUAC greater than 24 cm were malnourished (p=0.003).

Traditional Knowledge Systems: Cross-Culturally Exploring The Medical Anthropology of Diet Wellness

Traditional Knowledge Systems (TKS) in Indigenous communities worldwide shape lifestyle and eating habits, with a focus on the thermostatic properties of food and balance in the body. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Ayurveda are examples of TKS that emphasize individualized diets based on factors such as age, season, and constitution. In Indigenous communities, cultural beliefs about food during pregnancy influence dietary choices. Villagers in South India consider pregnancy a "hot" condition and restrict the consumption of "hot" foods to prevent excessive heat in the body. Additionally, climate change impacts food security in Indigenous communities, affecting the nutritional status of pregnant women. In Uganda, the Batwa community experienced a loss of traditional food sources due to eviction from their lands, exacerbating food insecurity during pregnancy. Climate change also affects food accessibility and the gender disparities in agriculture contribute to food insecurity. Furthermore, gender differences play a role in the relationship between interpersonal stress and shape and weight concerns, with girls showing stronger correlations in these areas. In this review, we uncover the intricacies associated with creating a diet and emphasize the wide range of cultural influences that shape these choices on an individual and communal scale.

Effectiveness of nutrition counseling for pregnant women in low- and middle-income countries to improve maternal and infant behavioral, nutritional, and health outcomes: A systematic review.

Nutritional counseling, which includes two-way interactive education, has been hypothesized to improve the health and nutritional status of pregnant women, but little is known about the impact such practice of care might have on maternal and infant health and behavioral outcomes of pregnant women living in low income, low-middle income, and upper-middle-income countries (LMIC)s. We conducted a systematic review to appraise the effectiveness and impact on health equity of two-way nutritional counseling practices in LMICs on maternal and infant behavioral, nutritional, and health outcomes. We conducted electronic searches for relevant studies on Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsychInfo, and the Cochrane CENTRAL for randomized and non-randomized trials on the effectiveness of two-way interactive nutritional counseling among pregnant women from the date of database inception up to June 22, 2021. In addition, we searched references of included studies in systematic reviews, gray literature resources, and unpublished studies or reports that satisfied our eligibility criteria using a focused Google search. We included randomized and non-randomized controlled studies (NRS), controlled before and after, and interrupted time series that assessed the effectiveness of two-way interactive nutrition counseling targeting pregnant women in LMICs. Data extraction and risk of bias were conducted in duplicate. The risk of bias (ROB) for randomized trials (RCT) was assessed according to the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews, and ROB for NRS was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). RCT and NRS were meta-analyzed separately. Our search identified 6418 records and 52 studies met our inclusion criteria, but only 28 were used in the quantitative analysis. Twenty-eight studies were conducted in Asia, the most in Iran. Eight studies were conducted in Africa. Two-way interactive nutritional counseling during pregnancy may improve dietary caloric intake (mean difference [MD]: 81.65 calories, 95% confidence interval [CI], 15.37-147.93, three RCTs; I 2 = 42%; moderate certainty of evidence using GRADE assessment), may reduce hemorrhage (relative risk [RR]: 0.63; 95% CI, 0.25-1.54, two RCTs; I 2 = 40%; very low certainty of evidence using GRADE assessment), may improve protein (MD: 10.44 g, 95% CI, 1.83-19.05, two RCTs; I 2 = 95%; high certainty of evidence using GRADE assessment), fat intake (MD: 3.42 g, 95% CI, -0.20 to 7.04, two RCTs; I 2 = 0%; high certainty of evidence using GRADE assessment), and may improve gestational weight gain within recommendations (RR: 1.84; 95% CI, 1.10-3.09, three RCTs; I 2 = 69%). Nutrition counseling probably leads to the initiation of breastfeeding immediately after birth (RR: 1.72; 95% CI, 1.42-2.09, one RCT). There was little to no effect on reducing anemia (RR: 0.77; 95% CI, 0.50-1.20, three RCTs; I 2 = 67%; very low certainty of evidence using GRADE assessment) risk of stillbirths (RR: 0.81; 95% CI, 0.52-1.27, three RCTs; I 2 = 0%; moderate certainty of evidence using GRADE assessment) and risk of cesarean section delivery (RR: 0.96; 95% CI, 0.76-1.20, four RCTs; I 2 = 36%; moderate certainty of evidence using GRADE assessment). Our review highlights improvements in maternal behavioral and health outcomes through interactive nutrition counseling during pregnancy. However, we are uncertain about the effects of nutrition counseling due to the low certainty of evidence and a low number of studies for some key outcomes. Moreover, the effects on health equity remain unknown. More methodologically rigorous trials that focus on a precise selection of outcomes driven by the theory of change of nutrition counseling to improve maternal and infant behavioral and health outcomes and consider equity are required.

The Influence of Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women with StuntingIncidence in Pantoloan Health Center, Palu City

The Influence of Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women with StuntingIncidence in Pantoloan Health Center, Palu City

FRI484 Assessment Of Early-trimester Maternal Thyroid Function And Iodine Nutritional Status Of Pregnant Women In Northern Taiwan

Abstract Disclosure: G. Su: None. C. Yeh: None. C. Yang: None. C. Hwu: None. H. Chen: None. F. Wang: None. C. Huang: None. Background: The American Thyroid Association (ATA) has proposed to lower the early-trimester upper limit of the TSH reference interval to become 0.5 mIU/L less than the non-pregnant value. The local-regional reference intervals in Taiwan is unknown. The aim of the study is to evaluate the early-trimester thyroid function and iodine nutritional status of pregnant women in Taiwan. Methods: Women aged ≥20 years-old and in gestation 8 to 15 weeks were recruited in Taipei Veterans General Hospital from March 2019 to July 2022. Thyroid function and antibodies, including TSH, free T4, free T3, total T4, total T3, anti-thyroglobulin antibody (aTG) and anti-thyroidperoxidase antibody (aTPO), TSH receptor antibody, were measured. The gestation-specific thyroid function reference range was derived from the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles of the studied women. Random spot urine sample was collected and urinary iodine concentration was checked by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. A simple food frequency questionnaire was also completed. Results: A total of 211 women were enrolled and the derived early-trimester upper limit of serum TSH (median: 0.92 [0.007-3.08] uIU/mL) was lower than the value provided by the manufacturer (0.27-4.2 uIU/mL), while the upper limit of free T4 (median: 1.28 [0.93-2.15] ng/dL) and free T3 (3.00 [2.30-5.10]ng/dL) were both higher than the non-pregnant value (0.93-1.7 ng/dL and 2.0-4.4 ng/dL, respectively). The range of total T4 (median: 9.90 [6.39-15.36] ng/dL) and total T3 (median: 136 [89.50-223.20] ng/dL) in the studied women were similar to the non-pregnant range (5.1-14.1 ng/dL and 80-200 ng/dL, respectively). The positivity rate of aTG & aTPO were 8.6%. Two patients with mild Graves’ disease and three patients with subclinical hypothyroidism were incidentally detected and treated. The positive predictive value for detecting thyroid dysfunction using the non-pregnant reference interval was only 15.9% because subclinical hyperthyroidism (18.2%, n=37) would be over-diagnosed and subclinical hypothyroidism (1.0%, n=2) would be under-diagnosed. The overall median UIC was 160.9 μg/L, indicating a sufficient iodine status. Dairy products were the most commonly consumed iodine-containing food type with 71.8% of the pregnant women ingesting dairy products ≥3 days/week. The median intake frequency for seaweed, fish, and seafood were one day per week. Approximately 34.0% of the women took multivitamin every day, but 58.4% of the women never took multivitamin. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the iodine nutritional status in the early trimester of pregnancy is adequate and that the upper limit of serum TSH was approximately 1.12 uIU/mL lower than the upper limit provided by the manufacturer. Gestation-specific thyroid function reference intervals are needed for correct diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy. Presentation: Friday, June 16, 2023

THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF PREGNANT WOMEN AND STUNTING IN TODDLER AT THE HUSADA CLINIC, JOMBANG

Background: The occurrence of failure to thrive in children under five is caused by chronic malnutrition so that children under five are short according to their age, which is usually called stunting. One of the factors causing stunting is pregnancy. Pregnant women with CED (Chronic Energy Deficiency) cause the reserves of nutrients needed by the fetus in the womb to be weak. Objective: This study aimed to determine the relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women and stunting in toddlers at the Husada Clinic, Jombang. Method: This research was conducted in July at the Husada Clinic, Jombang. This type of research is retrospective analytical. The population in this study was 55 toddlers with a sample of 33 toddlers. The sampling technique is simple random sampling. The independent variable in this research is the Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women, the dependent variable is Stunting in Toddlers. The instrument in this research is a questionnaire. Results: The results of the research from 33 respondents at the Husada Clinic showed that the majority of toddlers, 59.22%, had the status of pregnant women with CED (Chronic Energy Deficiency). The majority of toddlers, 62.14%, experienced stunting in the short category. Data analysis from the Chi-Square correlation test and asymptotic significance (2-sided) resulted in a p-value of 0.02 < 0.05. The conclusion is that there is a relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women and stunting in toddlers at the Husada Clinic, Jombang. Conclusion: Based on this research, it can provide input and information to health workers to provide education about nutrition for pregnant women through activities, namely pregnant women's classes and posyandu so that health workers play a big role in efforts to prevent stunting.

Behavioral risk factors and maternal nutrition as predictors of pre-eclampsia among pregnant women in rural areas: cross-sectional study

Introduction: The behavior of pregnant women in caring for pregnancy is influenced by the environment, culture, and lifestyle of the community. This study aimed to analyze the behavior of pregnant women and their nutritional status during pregnancy contributes to the incidence of pre-eclampsia in rural areas. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional approach to 210 pregnant women who visited a community health center in East Java, Indonesia, in the period June 2020-February 2022. Potential risk factors, including maternal behavior in care during pregnancy, and obesity were evaluated as determinants of pre-eclampsia and its subtypes. The assessment instrument uses a structured questionnaire and has been tested for validity and reliability. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine potential risk factors. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated to estimate the effects of individual factors. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 22.0 with a p-value < 0.05 considered significant. Results: There were 65 (31%) pregnant women experiencing pre-eclampsia from 210 samples. Maternal behavior during pregnancy could predict the incidence of pre-eclampsia (p = 0.001; 95% CI 0.121-0.583; OR = 0.266) while obesity was able to predict pre-eclampsia (p = 0.00; 95% CI 1.705-5.209; OR = 3.00). the age of pregnant women p = 0.014; 95% CI 1.143-3,355; OR = 1.959), and history of hypertension p = 0.036; 95% CI 1.053 – 4.550; OR = 2.189). Conclusions: The behavior and nutritional status of pregnant women have been proven to influence the incidence of pre-eclampsia.

Pemenuhan Gizi Ibu Hamil KEK melalui Program Pendampingan Ibu Hamil di Kelurahan Graha Indah Balikpapan

Nutritional problem due to prolonged lack of food intake is a Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED). There is a risk of impairing fetal growth and development which results in stunting, prematurity, birth defects, LBW, and fetal/baby death. Efforts to improve the nutritional status of pregnant women with CED include nutrition education through assistance by cadres/ health workers. The purpose of this community service is to assist in fulfilling the nutrition of pregnant women with SEZ through home visits. Assistance methods include nutrition education, PMT, giving blood supplement tablets and multivitamins, and ANC checks. Assistance was carried out 2 times: first pretest nutrition education, PMT, blood tablets, and multivitamins, second 2 weeks from the first visit to monitor pregnancy conditions, and post-test. The number of participants was 20 people. The results of the activity increased knowledge from the average pre-test score of 7 to 11, on the attitude of the average score of 12 to 16, and behavior from the average score of 9 to 13. The results of statistical tests using the Wilcoxon Test obtained a value of p = 0.000. This explains that there is a significant increase in knowledge, attitude, and behavior before and after the assistance of pregnant women. It is hoped that assistance in fulfilling the nutrition of pregnant women with CED can improve the fulfillment of nutrition for pregnant women with CED, reduce the risks that occur to mothers and babies, and can be used as one of the programs in preventing stunting.

PENGARUH INFUSED WATER KURMA TERHADAP KADAR HEMOGLOBIN PADA IBU HAMIL ATERM DI UPTD PUSKESMAS KAWALIMUKTI DINAS KESEHATAN KAB. CIAMIS TAHUN 2022

Hemoglobin level is a biochemical indicator to determine the nutritional status of pregnant women. Consuming date palm infused water regularly increases iron intake which of course will further increase the hemoglobin level of pregnant women, so that pregnant women who experience complaints and discomfort as a result of the side effects of blood supplement tablets are recommended to consume date infused water This study aims to determine whether there is an effect of date infused water on hemoglobin levels in term pregnant women at the UPTD Kawalimukti Health Office, Ciamis District Health Office in 2022. This type of research was quasi-experimental with a one group pretest posttest design. The population in the study were all term pregnant women at the UPTD Health Center Kawalimukti District Health Office. Ciamis as many as 30 pregnant women. As for the sampling technique using total sampling. The sample in this study were 30 respondents. It can be concluded that the date infused water has an effect on hemoglobin levels in term pregnant women at the UPTD Health Center Kawalimukti District Health Office. Ciamis in 2022 (p value 0.001 > 0.05)

Epidemiology of Maternal Nutritional Status and Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes in Undernourished Mothers with Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol.

In pregnancies complicated by sickle cell disease (SCD), the maternal-fetal dyad is at high risk for mortality and morbidity. In healthy pregnancies, maternal nutritional status is a critical factor for the healthy growth and development of the fetus. However, there are no reviews of the current research on the nutritional status of pregnant women with SCD and pregnancy outcomes. First, we aim to assess the burden of malnutrition in pregnant women with SCD. Next, we aim to systematically evaluate if pregnant women with SCD who have poor nutritional status are at increased risk for adverse birth outcomes compared to pregnant women with sickle cell disease and normal nutritional status. We will systematically search multiple electronic databases. Our exposure is pregnant women with SCD and poor nutritional status. The primary outcomes of interest include low birth weight (categorical) and birth weight z-scores (continuous). We will also evaluate maternal and perinatal outcomes as secondary outcomes. We will evaluate the risk of bias and overall certainty of evidence with Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies-of Interventions (ROBINS-I), and the overall evidence will be assessed using Grading of Recommendation Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. We will pool findings with a meta-analysis if sufficient homogeneity exists among studies. Findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated to SCD advocacy groups. PROSPERO registration number: 429412.

Effect of Pumpkin Seed Capsules on Nutritional Status and Hemoglobin Levels of Pregnant Women with Chronic Energy Deficiency

The nutritional state of pregnant women will affect the growth and development of the fetus from birth to adulthood. One of the nutritional problems of pregnant women is Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED). CED is one of the malnutrition problems that often occur in pregnant, caused by a lack of food intake and energy over a long period of time. One of the effects of pregnant suffering from CED is to increase the risk of maternal and short baby mortality. Pumpkin seeds are rich in macro and micronutrients. The content of micronutrients in pumpkin seeds can improve the nutritional status of pregnant women.

Effect of Peanut Addition (Arachis hypogea) On Organoleptic Properties, Nutritional Value, and AcceptabilitySnack Peanbars for Pregnant Women in the Working Area

Background: Snack bars, which are rectangular and contain all the nutrients humans need, can be a great option to meet the nutritional needs of pregnant women because pregnant women need a balanced and nutrient-rich intake to meet the needs of the fetus and mother. One of the most common health problems in developing countries is malnutrition among pregnant women. One of the efforts to be made is to improve the nutritional status of pregnant women by providing local food-based snacks, namelysnack peanbars.Research Methods: In this study, experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD), consisting of five treatment levels, by collecting data on organoleptic properties, data on nutrient values, and data on acceptability. Organoleptic quality was analyzed by hedonic test while the nutrient content (moisture content, ash content, protein content, fat content, and carbohydrate content) was tested in the laboratory Research Result: The results showed that adding peanuts significantly affected aroma and texture (p<0.05). The selected products are formulationsSnack Peanbars t4 (42 g peanuts) with nutritional content per 100 grams with Energy 407.8 kcal, protein 8.90 grams, fat 12.40 grams, carbohydrates 65.15 grams, water content 13.07 grams, ash content 0.47 grams. While acceptanceSnack Peanbars in pregnant women, namely 90% good acceptance and 10% poor acceptance. Conclusion: The addition of 75% peanuts (42 g) had a significant effect on the texture and aroma parameters (p<0.05), while the color and taste parameters had no significant impact (p>0.05). Snack Peanbars per 100 g contain an energy of 407 kcal, protein 8.9 g, fat 12.4 g, and carbohydrates 65.15 g—acceptability results peanbars in pregnant women with good acceptance of 90% and less acceptance of 10%.

Relationship Between Energy, Fat, and Carbohydrate Consumption Habits in Pregnant Women Chronic Energy Deficiency during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review

Background: Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) during the COVID-19 pandemic affects the nutritional status of pregnant women. CED is indicated by the size of LiLA < 23.5 cm. This study aims to improve the nutritional status of pregnant women with chronic energy deficiency. Method: The study used a systematic review of relevant articles from databases (Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar) using keywords in Indonesian and English. Nine articles were selected based on the following inclusion criteria: publication from 2017 to 2021, discussing food consumption habits in pregnant women, articles in English or Indonesian, full text, open access, and scientific journals. Results: The results of this study can evaluate the consumption habits of pregnant women CED caused by inadequate food intake and less diverse food. Less food consumption habits in pregnant women are caused by low family income, human resources, education, and lack of family support to consume nutritional food. Conclusion: The study concludes that adequate food intake and good human resource consumption habits can affect pregnant women's nutritional status.

The effect of nutrition and health behavior change communication through community-level actors on the nutritional status of pregnant women in the Ambo district, Ethiopia: A randomized controlled trial.

Pregnant women in Ethiopia often had trouble understanding the normal nutrition and health information given by health professionals and found it inconsistent. Undernutrition is still a significant public health problem as a result. Hence, this trial aimed to assess the effect of nutrition and health behavior change communication using the community-level actors on the nutritional status of pregnant women. Cluster-randomized controlled community trial with baseline and endline measurements were used. Endpoint data from 744 pregnant women (372 intervention and 372 control groups) were gathered, respectively. In the intervention group, the community-level actors delivered the behavior change communication main message based on intervention protocol. The control group got nutrition information during their ANC visits but did not receive the behavior change communication intervention. Binary generalized estimating equations regression analyses adjusted for baseline covariates were used to test effects of the intervention on nutritional status. Following the trial's implementation, the prevalence of undernutrition in the intervention arm fell by 10% from the baseline (23.7% vs. 13.7%) and was 13.7% lower than in the control arm (13.7% vs. 27.4%, p = <.001). Pregnant women in the intervention group showed significantly lower risk of undernutrition than the control group (ARR = 0.21; 95% CI 0.14-0.30). This study showed that engaging community actors to communicate about nutrition and health behavior change was successful in enhancing pregnant women's nutritional status. Therefore, nutrition and health behavior change communication through the community-level actors is recommended to improve the nutritional status of pregnant women.

A Cross-sectional Study on Nutritional Status of Pregnant and Lactating Mothers of Shuklaphanta Municipality of Kanchanpur District of Far-west Nepal

Adequate nutrients are pivotal to growth and development and vital for our immune system to function at its best. Especially during pregnancy and lactation, energy needs increase along with the greater requirement for macronutrients and micronutrients to support fetal growth and reduce birth defects in newborns. The cornerstone of a child's survival, growth, and development is good nutrition. Children that are properly nourished perform better academically, socially, and physically in their communities. In the midst of disease and catastrophe, they are considerably stronger. Aims: The objective of this research was to determine the nutritional health of pregnant and lactating women, as well as the risk factors that may be associated with it. Methodology: The study area was Shuklaphanta municipality of Kanchanpur district of far west Nepal. Fully structured questionnaire was used in this study. This is a cross-sectional study having the sample of 227 respondents. Fully structured questionnaire was used in the study. Findings: As a key finding regarding the BMI almost 47.1% were under nourished which is huge amount. Similarly, regarding the MUAC 29.1% were under nourished and almost 27.8% of the respondents were at the risk. These factors might be matter of concern for the municipality. Almost 70.1% of the respondents were having very good level of knowledge and the significant association was seen among the smoking, fluid intake, health facilities visit, food consumption patterns. Conclusion: the nutritional status of pregnant women and lactating mothers in the Shuklaphanta municipality is matter of concern.

Hubungan Anemia, Status Gizi, Dan Jarak Kehamilan Pada Ibu Hamil Terhadap Kejadian Berat Bayi Lahir Rendah (BBLR)

Introduction: LBW is the highest predictor of infant mortality, especially in the first month of life. LBW babies have a 20 times greater risk of death compared to babies born with normal weight. The purpose of this study is to the relationship between anemia, nutritional status, and pregnancy intervals in pregnant women on the incidence of low-birth-weight babies (LBW) at Cimacan Hospital in 2022. Methods: Retrospective Descriptive research design. In this study, the population was mothers who gave birth at Cimacan Hospital in January-June 2022 as many as 341 people. The sample in this study was 77 respondents in this study using a purposive sampling technique. Researchers used the Chi-Square test. Results: Based on the results of research on the relationship between anemia in pregnant women and the incidence of low-birth-weight babies (LBW) the p-value = 0,000 was obtained. The relationship between nutritional status in pregnant women and the incidence of low-birth-weight babies (LBW) obtained a p-value = 0,000. The relationship between pregnancy spacing in pregnant women and the incidence of low-birth-weight babies (LBW) obtained a p-value = 0,000. Discussion: The conclusion is that there is a relationship between anemia, nutritional status, and pregnancy intervals in pregnant women to the incidence of low-birth-weight babies (LBW) at Cimacan Hospital in 2022. Suggestions for health workers to carry out health promotion through placing billboards, counseling both individually and in groups, and can conduct health education for pregnant women through classes on pregnant women especially the problem of balanced nutrition during pregnancy to avoid LBW.

Sosialisasi Sistem Informasi Pemantauan Kesehatan dan Status Gizi Ibu Hamil Cegah Stunting

Stunting is the condition of a toddler having a height that is less when compared to age. Stunting occurs due to malnutrition, especially during the first 1000 days of life. One way to prevent stunting is to fulfill nutrition and health services to pregnant women. At the examination of pregnant women, all examination results are recorded in the Maternal and Child Health book and the register book for pregnant women manually. This manual recording system can result in a slow search for the health history of pregnant women. In addition, there is a possibility that the KIA book is left at home. The purpose of this service activity is to contribute to the stunting reduction acceleration program by socializing the information system for monitoring the health and nutritional status of pregnant women for stunting prevention. The method of service using socialization begins with the introduction of the information system created and the implementation of trials. The results of this service activity are that the information system is considered very easy to use and the program can be used at Posyandu so that it can be integrated with the Primary Health Care.

Effect of Dietary Diversity on the Nutritional Status in Pregnant Women and in Turn its Effect on Birth Weight of the Baby

Background: Nutrient intake is important to the well-being of pregnant women and the fetus. Most of the previous studies points nutrition status based on energy and protein intake. However there are few studies indicate the use of dietary diversity as a marker of assessing the nutrition status. Healthy diets include the most diverse foods, and balance in eating food provides maternal and fetal health and reduces the prevalence of Low birthweight. Objectives: The objectives of the present study are to find out the association between Dietary diversity score with the nutrition status of the Pregnant Women (Gestational weight gain and nutritional anaemia.) And to find out the effects of gestational weight gain and nutritional anemia on the birth weight of the baby. Methods: An Institutional ethical clearance was obtained and the present Hospital based study was carried out in the OBG department of tertiary care centre of North Karnataka between December 2019 to February 2020. Sample size was estimated to be 120. Results: In the present study, a total of 120 women participated in the study. The Mean age of the study participants was 25.2±3.4, and the study found mean DDS was 7.04±1.58, with the scores ranging from 3 to 12. Association between the Dietary diversity score (DDS) and birthweight of the baby was found to be statistically significant (p=0.03) There is a statistically significant difference in DDS mean score between anaemic and normal pregnant women (p=0.007). There was a statistically significant positive correlation between Gestational weight gain and birth weight of the baby (p=0.03). There were positive correlation between the DDS and the Birthweight and Gestational weight gain, though it was statistically non-significant. Conclusion: Nutrition education for pregnant women should include the facts about the different food groups, it advantages will help to include diverse food items in their diet. Keywords: Dietary diversity score, Gestational weight gain, Birth weight

Effects of intensive nutrition education and counseling on nutritional status of pregnant women in East Shoa Zone, Ethiopia.

Nutritional status is defined as an individual's health condition as it is influenced by the intake and utilization of nutrients. Maternal malnutrition is widespread throughout the world, with Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia bearing the brunt of the burden. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of intensive nutrition education and counseling on nutritional status during pregnancy. The study was a one-year, two-arm parallel design cluster randomized controlled trial conducted in the East Shoa zone, Ethiopia, from January 1, 2021, to February 30, 2022. A total of 374 participants were enrolled in the intervention (n = 185) and control (n = 189) groups. End-line data were collected from 163 women, from each group. The intervention package provided three counseling sessions by trained midwives, three-page take-home brochures prepared in local languages, and the delivery of 18 weekly serial short text messages. The women in the control group received routine nutrition education from the health facilities. After adjusting for potential confounders, a linear mixed-effects model was employed to assess the intervention effect. After the intervention, the mean mid-upper arm circumference in the intervention group increased by 1.8% (23.08 vs. 23.44, p < 0.01). Similarly, the proportion of undernutrition in the intervention group was 11% (25 vs. 36%, p = 0.02) lower compared to the control arm. At the end of the trial, women in the intervention arm had significantly better nutritional status than women in the control group (β = 0.47, p < 0.01). The findings showed that intensive nutrition education and counseling using the health belief model was effective in improving nutritional status and reducing undernutrition among pregnant women. As a result, nutrition education and counseling using HBM constructs, as well as regular reminder messages, should be provided to pregnant women as part of the routine antenatal care service.

Factors Related to The Event Anemia in Pregnant Women Who Visit at the Andalas Health Center Makassar City

Anemia is a term that indicates low red blood cell and hematocrit levels below normal values. Anemia is not a disease but a reflection of a disease or impaired body function. Physiologically, anemia occurs when there is a lack of hemoglobin to transport oxygen to all body tissues. In this study, researchers used an analytical descriptive research design that aims to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge, nutritional status, and socioeconomic level with the incidence of anemia at Puskesmas Andalas Makassar city. The approach used in this research is Cross Sectional by making measurements / observations at the same time. The place of this research was carried out at the Andalas Health Center of Makassar City. Based on the results of research conducted on October 12 to November 30, 2015 at Puskesmas Andalas Makassar City, the results of statistical tests using the chi-Square test are p = 0.001 with a level of significance α = 0.05 which means p &lt; 0.05 then ha is accepted and ho is rejected, thus there is a relationship between the level of understanding, the economy of pregnant women with anemia during pregnancy at Puskesmas Andalas Makassar City. So it can be concluded that the relationship between the level of understanding of pregnant women, the relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women, the relationship between the economy of pregnant women about anemia at Puskesmas Andalas Makassar City exists.