Nutritional Fruit Research Articles

Effect of mixed substrate with different mycorrhizal fungi concentrations on the physiological and productive response of three varieties of tomato

The application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in a mixed substrate is a vegetable production practice capable of improving plant productivity and sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. This study was conducted to determine the effect of a mixed substrate (agricultural soil with coconut fiber substrate) not enriched (S0) and enriched with 100 and 300 g m−3 of the fungus Glomus iranicum var. Tenuihypharum (S100 and S300) in water relations, photosynthetic and nutritional capacity, as well as production and fruit quality in three tomato varieties “H4”, “H3” (susceptible to mycorrhization) and “Jacaranda” not susceptible to mycorrhization). Plants irrigated with moderately saline water (EC: 2.35 dS m-1) in a commercial greenhouse in Mediterranean climate conditions were used for this study. Results showed that plants grown in substrate S100 showed an increase of AMF colonization, leaf phosphorus concentration, leaf total carbon and total nitrogen content compared with those grown in S0 and S300, which induced an increase in photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. This positive response was less evident by the application of substrate S300. Variety “H3” had a decrease in leaf sodium content, as well as higher photosynthesis values. There were no differences in stem water potential between factors. The lowest fruit production was observed in the “H4” variety, while fruit firmness decreased by AMF concentration and in variety “Jacaranda”. Root and aerial biomass increased in plants grown in S100 and S300, with respect to S0. Therefore, the improvements in the physiological and nutritional behaviour of these plants resulted in increased vegetative growth, but not in increased production. Varieties susceptible to AMF infection were more colonized than “Jacaranda”, but there were not improvements in yield and fruit quality. These results suggest that aspects related to the composition of the selected substrate, enzymatic AMF activity, fruit nutrition, as well as molecular mechanisms that control the plant-AMF interaction should be studied in depth.

Paclobutrazol regulates hormone and carbon-nitrogen nutrition of autumn branches, improves fruit quality and enhances storage nutrition in ‘Fuji’ apple

Inhibiting the overgrowth of autumn branches during the fruit enlargement stage is one important way to improve the quality of apple fruits. Here, four levels of paclobutrazol (PBZ) (0, 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg·L−1) were applied to the autumn branch leaves of five-year-old ‘Fuji’ apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) trees at the fruit enlargement stage in 2018 and 2019. The results showed that increasing PBZ levels decreased indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) contents and increase abscisic acid (ABA) contents in the autumn branch leaves. PBZ also reduced the leaf area, branch length, leaf number, and Rubisco enzyme activity in the autumn branches, but had no significant effect on chlorophyll and net photosynthetic rate. Obvious changes occurred when the concentration of PBZ exceeded 1500 mg·L−1, including the inhibition of autumn branch growth. 13C and 15N isotope labeling results indicated that PBZ coordinated the carbon–nitrogen nutrition of autumn branches in the fruit enlargement stage, reduced the δ13C and nitrogen derived from fertilizer (Ndff) in the leaves of autumn branches. PBZ also coordinated the carbon–nitrogen nutrition of fruits, reduced the accumulation of nitrogen in the fruit and increased the accumulation of carbon in the fruit. PBZ increased the content of soluble sugar, starch, soluble protein, and free amino acids in the roots to varying degrees in early spring the following year (2019 and 2020). These results indicated that a moderate PBZ (1000–1500 mg·L−1) application could reasonably regulate carbon-nitrogen nutrition of autumn branches and fruits, then improve fruit quality and the storage nutrition of apple trees.

Comparative Metabolomic Profiling of Citrullus spp. Fruits Provides Evidence for Metabolomic Divergence during Domestication.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) is one of the most nutritional fruits that is widely distributed in the whole world. The nutritional compositions are mainly influenced by the genotype and environment. However, the metabolomics of different domestication status and different flesh colors watermelon types is not fully understood. In this study, we reported an extensive assessment of metabolomic divergence in the fruit flesh among Citrullus sp. and within Citrullus sp. We demonstrate that metabolic profiling was significantly different between the wild and cultivated watermelons, the apigenin 6-C-glucoside, luteolin 6-C-glucoside, chrysoeriol C-hexoside, naringenin C-hexoside, C-pentosyl-chrysoeriol O-hexoside, and sucrose are the main divergent metabolites. Correlation analysis results revealed that flavonoids were present in one tight metabolite cluster. The main divergent metabolites in different flesh-colored cultivated watermelon fruits are p-coumaric acid, 2,3-dihydroflavone, catechin, N-(3-indolylacetyl)-l-alanine, 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid, and pelargonidin o-hexoside. A total of 431 differentially accumulated metabolites were identified from pairwise comparative analyses. C. lanatus edible-seed watermelon (cultivars) and C. mucosospermus (wild) have similar fruit metabolic profiles and phenotypic traits, indicating that edible-seed watermelon may be a relative of wild species and a relatively primitive differentiation type of cultivated watermelon. Our data provide extensive knowledge for metabolomics-based watermelon improvement of Citrullus fruits meet their enhanced nutritive properties or upgraded germplasm utility values.

Growth and nutrition of Passiflora edulis submitted to saline stress after silicon application

Abstract We carried out greenhouse experiment to evaluate the effect of silicon (Si) on growth and mineral nutrition of yellow passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) submitted to saline stress in a nutritive solution. The experiment comprised a completely randomized design in a 5x4 factorial scheme: five NaCl concentrations (0; 7.5; 15; 30 and 60 mmol L-1) and four SiO2 concentrations (0; 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5 mmol L-1) with four replicates. At the end of 35 days, we measured stem diameter, leaves, stem, and roots dry matter, as well as the macronutrient, Na, Cl, and Si leaf accumulation in plants. In most cases, the increase in NaCl supply in a nutritive solution reduced the dry matter of roots, stem, and leaves. The SiO2 supply attenuated the effect on higher tested saline stress (30 and 60 mmol L-1 NaCl) on roots and stem dry matter. The application of 0.5 mmol L-1 of SiO2 reduced the deleterious effect of salinity on all macronutrients absorption in yellow passion fruit cultivated in a nutritive solution.

Leafy Foods are Functional Feed Ingredients for Improved Animal Nutrition

There are significant environmental, economic and social factors favouring the reutilization of fruit and vegetable processing co-products in farm animal nutrition. Current evidence shows that fruit and vegetable processing co-products can be effectively used in farm animal nutrition as functional feed ingredients for the production of food products of improved quality. These ingredients comply with consumer requests for the production of “clean,” “natural” and “eco/green” label food products. The main parameters affecting extensive application of fruit and vegetable processing by-/co-products as functional feed ingredients in livestock nutrition are related to animal factors, logistics, and commercial value. Further research is needed to enable the commercial application of these products to livestock nutrition.

Lycopene Content of Different Tomato Germplasms Grown under Irrigated and Water-stress Conditions

Lycopene content in raw tomato fruits of nine varieties is reported in plants grown under normal irrigation and water stress conditions. Lycopene was estimated on a fresh weight basis (FWB) by high-performance liquid chromatography. Under control conditions, the highest content was recorded in Pusa Rohini and Arka Vikas followed by EC179083, while the tomato germplasm with accession no. EC160885 ranked the lowest. Under stressed conditions, the lycopene content in all the germplasms increased. Maximum increase of 87.68 per cent was observed in EC179083 followed by Arka Vikas (65.43%). Pusa Rohini and Pusa Gaurav showed the lowest increase of 12–14 per cent. The results highlight the impact of water-stress on fruit nutrition quality and will help in selecting a variety/germplasm with high lycopene content under drought conditions.

Sensory quality of custard tart as affected by varying levels of Mabolo (Dispyros blancoi A. DC) Flesh

Mabolo (Diospyros blancoi A. DC) is an underutilized fruit in the Philippines. To add value and maximize the utilization of this nutritional fruit, the potential of mabolo for the production of highly saleable baked products, such as tarts, was explored. Specifically, the study aimed to formulate a custard tan filling with mabolo flesh as a flavorant using a single factor experiment arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Six levels of mabolo flesh (0, 15, 30, 45, 60, & 75% w/w) were used. The sensory attributes for color, taste, aroma, texture, flavor, and general acceptability, were evaluated. The optimum formulation of the tart filling was determined using Regression analysis. Results showed that mabolo custard tart filling had yellowish-brown to brown color, moderately sweet to sweet taste, and soft to slightly fibrous texture. The mabolo fruit aroma and flavor in the tarts ranged from having none to perceptible. The Analysis of Variance revealed that different levels of mabolo flesh cause a significant effect on the color (p<0.01). The optimum formulation and the recommended level of mabolo flesh in custard tart filling production was 80.54% w/w.

Microbial study of organisms isolated from nutritional fruit juices surrounded by local fruit market in Nanded, Maharashtra, India

Abstract. Deshmukh AS, Siddiqui MM, Pathan UK, Dhuldhaj UP. 2020. Microbial study of organisms isolated from nutritional fruit juices surrounded by local fruit market in Nanded, Maharashtra, India. Biodiversitas 21: 4240-4246. Growing populations depend on the various food products for their nutritional values, but the hidden hunger for nutrients and vitamins are fulfilled by the fruits and their juices. Fruit juices are one of the most dependable food products, available in the Indian markets. But, standard and quality of juices always matters, hence most suggested one are freshly prepared juices as processed and packed one are mostly contains artificial flavors and food additives in the form of preservatives. Even these freshly prepared juices by local staler are also not free from contaminations. Hence, in this study we focus on the quality of fruit juices sold by the local seller. For this purpose, we collected 5 samples of fruit juices from the premises of Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded. The fruit juices are on orange, chiku, banana, apple and grapes. These samples were maintained in the basal media nutrient broth and uniculture of bacteria were isolated and maintained in the slant agar for further experiments. Total microbial load was calculated from collected and it was found that these juice samples contain significant bacterial load (2.5 x 106cfu/mL) that can cause diseases. In further investigations and identifications through the biochemical tests, we found that these juices contaminated with coliforms like E. coli and Klebsiella, along with this we also detected the presence of Listeria spp and Staphylococcus in juices samples.

The Effects of Different Kinds of Nutrition and Functional Foods on Multiple Sclerosis

It is an assumption that different kinds of nutrition, diet, and functional foods might have different positive or negative effects on multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). This brief paper involved a study on various kinds of nutrition including salt, fat, dairy, fruit, and vegetables. At the end of this study, appropriate diets were evaluated for MS patients. Based on previous studies both on animal models and on MS patients, excessive dietary salt intake and animal fat had worsening effects on MS patients but fruit and vegetable intake helped the remission of MS and decreased the risk of developing it. There were, of course, conflicting results in different studies over the role of some nutrition in MS and future studies on larger numbers of cases were required to collect reliable results. As a result, at the end of this study and based on literature, it is suggested that a diet should be programmed by nutritionists containing fewer salt, fat, and dairy intake and more fruits and vegetables for MS patients in order to better management of the disease.

Gardening and nutrition education interventions improve nutritional knowledge and fruit and vegetable preferences of grade 3 learners in Pretoria, South Africa

Gardening and nutrition education interventions improve nutritional knowledge and fruit and vegetable preferences of grade 3 learners in Pretoria, South Africa

Exploring Potential of Alkaloidal Phytochemicals Targeting Neuroinflammatory Signaling of Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder that is marked by cognitive dysfunctions and the existence of neuropathological hallmarks such as amyloid plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles. It has been observed that a persistent immune response in the brain has appeared as another neuropathological hallmark in AD. The sustained activation of the microglia, the brain's resident macrophages, and other immune cells has been shown to aggravate both tau and amyloid pathology and may consider as a connection in the AD pathogenesis. However, the basic mechanisms that link immune responses in the pathogenesis of AD are unclear until now since the process of neuroinflammation can have either a harmful or favorable effect on AD, according to the phase of the disease. Numerous researches recommend that nutritional fruits, as well as vegetables, possess neurodefensive properties against the detrimental effects of neuroinflammation and aging. Moreover, these effects are controlled by diverse phytochemical compounds that are found in plants and demonstrate anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, as well as other beneficial actions. In this review, we focus on the link of neuroinflammation in AD as well as highlight the probable mechanisms of alkaloidal phytochemicals to combat the neuroinflammatory aspect of AD.

SlMYB72 Regulates the Metabolism of Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, and Flavonoids in Tomato Fruit.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit ripening is accompanied by the degradation of chlorophylls and the accumulation of carotenoids and flavonoids. Tomato SlMYB72 belongs to the R2R3 MYB subfamily, is located in the nucleus, and possesses transcriptional activator activity. Down-regulation of the SlMYB72 gene produced uneven-colored fruits; that is, dark green spots appeared on immature and mature green fruits, whereas yellow spots appeared on red fruits. Down-regulation of SlMYB72 increased chlorophyll accumulation, chloroplast biogenesis and development, and photosynthesis rate in fruits. This down-regulation decreased lycopene content, promoted β-carotene production and chromoplast development, and increased flavonoid accumulation in fruits. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that down-regulation of SlMYB72 altered the expression levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and flavonoids. SlMYB72 protein interacted with the auxin response factor SlARF4. SlMYB72 directly targeted protochlorophyllide reductase, Mg-chelatase H subunit, and knotted1-like homeobox2 genes and regulated chlorophyll biosynthesis and chloroplast development. SlMYB72 directly bound to phytoene synthase, ζ-carotene isomerase, and lycopene β-cyclase genes and regulated carotenoid biosynthesis. SlMYB72 directly targeted 4-coumarate-coenzyme A ligase and chalcone synthase genes and regulated the biosynthesis of flavonoids and phenolic acid. The uneven color phenotype in RNA interference-SlMYB72 fruits was due to uneven silencing of SlMYB72 and uneven expression of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and flavonoid biosynthesis genes. In summary, this study identified important roles for SlMYB72 in the regulation of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and flavonoid metabolism and provided a potential target to improve fruit nutrition in horticultural crops.

The Implementation of Eating Healthy Program in Early Childhood


 
 
 Eating habits develop during the first years of a child's life, children learn what, when, and how much to eat through direct experience with food and by observing the eating habits of others. The aim of this study is to get a clear picture of the Eating program Healthy, starting from the planning, implementation, supervision, and evaluation as a case study of nutrition education; to get information about the advantages, disadvantages and effects of implementing a healthy eating program for children. This research was conducted through a case study with qualitative data analysed using Miles and Huberman techniques. Sample of children in Ananda Islāmic School Kindergarten. The results showed the Healthy Eating program could be implemented well, the diet was quite varied and could be considered a healthy and nutritious food. The visible impact is the emotion of pleasure experienced by children, children become fond of eating vegetables, and make children disciplined and responsible. Inadequate results were found due to the limitations of an adequate kitchen for cooking healthy food, such as cooking activities still carried out by the cook himself at the Foundation's house which is located not far from the school place; use of melamine and plastic cutlery for food; the spoon and fork used already uses aluminium material but still does not match its size; does not involve nutritionists.
 Keywords: Early Childhood, Eating Healthy Program

Effect of Cinnamon Essential Oil Nanoemulsion Combined with Ascorbic Acid on Enzymatic Browning of Cloudy Apple Juice

Enzymatic browning seriously influenced the color and nutrition of fruits and vegetables. This study investigated the effect of cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4%) combined with 0.05% ascorbic acid (AA) on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and related quality of cloudy apple juice. Cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion was stable in the presence of AA with different concentrations. The individual cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion showed 80–90% inhibition of PPO activity, which is not enough to effectively control the browning of apple juice. When the cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion was combined with 0.05% AA, the cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion acted as a PPO inhibitor and AA acted as a reducing agent, which completely inhibited PPO activity and preserved the color of apple juice during 48 h of storage at 4 °C. In addition, 0.2% and 0.4% cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion combined with AA reduced the instability index of apple juice from 0.473 to 0.034 and 0.018, respectively. Furthermore, the combined treatment delayed the degradation of total phenol and AA content in apple juice. Collectively, these results indicated that the combination of cinnamon essential oil nanoemulsion and AA could be used to enhance the inhibition of enzymatic browning and maintain the quality of cloudy apple juice.

Flavour and nutrition of fruits and vegetables create added value to consumers

Flavour and nutritional claims are a chance to create added value of fresh fruits and vegetables. The aim of this research was to define the most important product characteristics in purchasing tomato, sweet pepper and strawberry, according to consumers. Data were collected using an online questionnaire in the Netherlands. Research has been carried out for fruit or vegetable products tomato (n=584), strawberry (n=288) and sweet pepper (n=296). The characteristics, such as flavour, health, nutritional value and price were used in a choice-based conjoint analyses to test the importance of these characteristics to consumers in a forced choice between specific products. Results differ between tomato, strawberry and sweet pepper. For strawberry the relative importance of information about flavour was about the same as the importance of price, while for tomato and especially sweet pepper the importance of price was higher than flavour. For nutritional claims more specific, quantified claims, such as percentage of recommended daily intake (RDI) were preferred over more qualitative ‘source of’ claims, even when the ‘source of’ claims were combined with a health claim. Although products with nutritional claims were still preferred over products without any nutritional claim. The results revealed that adding product information about flavour and nutritional health claims do create added value to consumers. This finding is especially important when it comes to information about flavour in strawberry.

Aerated Irrigation of Different Irrigation Levels and Subsurface Dripper Depths Affects Fruit Yield, Quality and Water Use Efficiency of Greenhouse Tomato

Aerated irrigation (AI) is a method to mitigate rhizosphere hypoxia caused by the wetting front from subsurface drip irrigation (SDI). This study evaluated the impacts of AI on soil aeration, plant growth performance, fruit yield (tomato), irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), fruit nutrition (lycopene and Vitamin C (VC)) and taste (soluble sugar, organic acid and sugar–acid ratio) quality. A three-factorial experiment including AI and SDI at three irrigation levels (W0.6, W0.8 and W1.0, corresponding with crop-pan coefficients of 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) and two dripper depths (D15 and D25, burial at 15 and 25 cm, respectively), totaling 12 treatments overall, was conducted in a greenhouse during the tomato-growing season (April–July) in 2016. The AI improved soil aeration conditions, with significantly increased soil oxygen concentration and air-filled porosity relative to SDI. Moreover, the AI improved crop growth performance, with increased root morphology (diameter, length density, surface area and volume density), delayed flowering time, prolonged flowering duration and increased shoot (leaf, stem and fruit) dry weight, and harvest index. Fruit yield per plant, fruit weight, IWUE, the contents of lycopene, VC and soluble sugar, and sugar–acid ratio significantly increased under AI treatments (P < 0.05). As the irrigation level increased, fruit yield, number, and weight increased (P < 0.05), but IWUE and fruit lycopene, soluble sugar, and organic acid content decreased (P < 0.05). The dripper depth had no significant impact on fruit yield, nutrition and taste quality. Principal component analysis revealed that the optimal three treatments in terms of fruit yield, IWUE, and nutrition and taste quality were the treatments W0.6D25AI, W1.0D25AI and W1.0D15AI. These results suggest that AI can improve tomato growth performance and increase fruit yield, nutrition and taste quality, and IWUE through enhancing soil aeration conditions.

Genotypes and harvest maturity influence the nutritional fruit quality of mulberry

Higher water content and delicate fruit texture of mulberry limit its postharvest shelf-life with poor eating quality. Therefore, the current study was planned to evaluate fruit quality characteristics of four mulberry genotypes (“Black short”, “Black long”, “Chinese white” and “Chinese long”) harvested at two maturity stages (Semi ripe and ripe). Among different genotypes, the fruit of Chinese long exhibited significantly higher fruit length, fruit weight, number of drupelets, juice weight, total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid, moisture and ash content. The maximum ripening index (TSS/TA), juice pH, antioxidant scavenging activity (ASA) and catalase (CAT) were found in Chinese white. However, Black short showed the higher value of fruit diameter, dry matter, titratable acidity (TA), total phenolic contents (TPC), protein, carbohydrates and peroxidase activity (POD). The highest superoxide dismutase activity (SOD) was observed in “Black long”. As the maturity advanced, fruit diameter, fruit weight, juice weight, TSS, TSS/TA, TA, ascorbic acid, ASA, TPC, moisture and fat content showed an increasing trend from Semi ripe to Full ripe stage while dry matter, pH, ash, protein, carbohydrates, and activities of antioxidative enzymes (POD, SOD, and CAT) showed the reverse trend. In conclusion, Chinese long genotype at a fully ripe stage exhibited the best fruit quality attributes with higher nutritional values.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Es Krim Buah Naga Sebagai Upaya Peningkatan Gizi Keluarga bagi Kader PKK Kadipiro Banjarsari Surakarta

The community and especially children really like snacks such as ice cream. The use of dragon fruit as a component in ice cream is expected to be able to make people enjoy the sweetness and also get the intake of anthocyanins, especially those with antioxidant properties. The purpose of this activity is to provide skills training in the use of dragon fruit as the main component for ice cream making to PKK members in Kadipiro sub-district, Banjarsari District, Surakarta. The service activity begins with an explanation of the usefulness of dragon fruit and its phytochemical content. After that it was continued with training in making ice cream to PKK members. The training activities were divided into several stages starting from the tutorial then continued with mentoring from the team and ended with an evaluation of the implementation of the activities. The results from this activity are 1) participants have the understanding about nutrition of dragon fruit; 2) They understand procedure to make home made dragon fruit ice cream; 3) they able to make ice cream by themselves

Fruits’ Nutrient Composition and Their Influence on Consumption by Chimpanzees in Kalinzu Forest, South Western Uganda

This study determined the influence of nutritional fruit content on their consumption by chimpanzees in Kalinzu forest. Fruits consumption frequencies were obtained from analysis of chimpanzee faecal samples picked over a period of two years. Fruit content was analyzed using freeze dried fresh samples using standard techniques. Musanga leo-errerae (76.14%), Ficus spp (66.05%) and (18.68%) were the most commonly eaten fruits of all faecal samples (N = 2683). Generally, fruit consumption increased for fruits with total phenols and tannins below 1% per gram except for Musanga leo-errerae, Uvariopsis congoensis and Aframomum angustifolium. Multiple regression revealed that of the 15 nutrient parameters investigated, only calcium, tannins, crude fat, protein and energy content of the fruits that constitute the major food components for basic animal body needs and functioning of energy, body building and a healthy skeleton significantly predicted 76.86% of consumption (R2 = 76.86%; P = 0.019). However, the fact that some of the most eaten fruits like Aframomum angustifolium and Musanga leo-errerae were recorded to have the highest amounts in tannins shows that there must be additional factors into play. Other than fruit availability, consideration of effect of fruit size and handling within the existing models of chimpanzees’ diet could hence enhance further the understanding of fruit consumption.

Integrated nutrients management in Khadrawy date palm under hot arid region

A field experiment was conducted to see the effect of organic (FYM) and inorganic (NPK) sources as well as foliar spray of micronutrients on fruit yield and quality of date palm fruits. Total eighteen treatments were taken, and allocated in randomized block design with three replications on uniform 35 years old date palmtrees. The treatments were applied during last week of October in soil application, and foliar applications of micronutrients were applied twice in November and March. The results revealed that the combined applicationof T15 (100 kg FYM + 1.00 kg N + 0.500 kg P2O5 + 1.00 kg K2O + 1.00% FeSO4 + 0.50% ZnSO4) and T14 (100 kg FYM + 1.00 kg N + 0.50 kg P2O5 + 1.00 kg K2O + 0.50% FeSO4 + 0.25% ZnSO4) significantly improved the fruit yield,total soluble solids, total sugars, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, N, P, K, Fe and Zn content in fruit, and reduced the acidity and tannin content with higher returns over rest of the treatments. Thus, this manure, fertilizers andmicro-nutrients dose helped in sustainable optimum production of quality and nutritional fruits of date palm cv. Khadrawy in Bikaner conditions.