Ration Nutrient Research Articles

Direct digital control of environmentally isolated seafood manufacturing systems

The development of seafood (shrimp) manufacture in the United States is changing toward increased isolation of the growing-out facilities. Such a change minimizes a) overhead for discharge permits and pollution abatement costs, b) crop loss by disease and toxic substances from the environment c) and breaks the seashore umbilical cord. Isolation will require increased capital and operating expense. The increased costs must be balanced by reducing operating costs. Three large cost-based factors are operating labor, ration cost and energy cost for pumping and environmental control. A portion of the labor and ration costs can be reduced by using direct digital control the environmental and feeding subsystems. The shrimp ration must be optimized to provide the growing shrimp with the correct balance of nutrients at their current stage in life. It is necessary to deliver the ration in the correct amount to maintain optimum growth. These criteria require a detailed growth model that relates essential nutritional requirements to size of shrimp. The size and number of the shrimp may be determined by video remote sensing. The dissolved oxygen, salinity and pH are monitored and controlled at levels which will not inhibit growth nor inefficiently utilize ration nutrients. Critical metabolites are monitored and removed from the shrimp growout environment to a photosynthetic water recycle unit.

老人の呼吸困難とその対策

It is certainly difficult to understand the clinical significance of dyspnea or breathlessness among the elderly, though this symptom is quite routine. Setting a conjugate of the dyspnea index as an indicator of ventilatory reserve ratio, its distribution was tested along an age abscissa upon the twenty senile dyspnea and demonstrated almost all of them below the 30% level. Their arterial blood oxygen tensions were grouped onto the severity rank of dyspnea, clarifying that some senile lived of no complaint by the blood oxygen tensions within the range of pulmonary insufficiency, despite there some reluctant by the normal blood gas tensions. In order to comprehend this evidence, the dyspnea was dissected into several raising factors, each of which was examined the manner how a set of organs in the respiratory system of the elderly to be concerned under aging effects and to be detected in measurement. Respiratory center drive behaves in response to the efficacy of ventilation apparatus, so in resting state it supports by minimum activity without sensation of breathing difficulty, but at needs it works more even in dyspnea, the sensation of which deepens less itself together with increment of oxygen consumption. Considerable causes of this symptom for the senile may be due to hyperventilation syndrome, lung embolism after bone fracture, diabetic pulmonary capillopathy and hypophosphatemia. The treatments of senile dyspnea shall require the exact estimation of causal seriousness and not only attain improvement of pulmonary impairments and its accessory setups but also psychophysical rehabilitations upon rational nutrient preservation.

Protein supply and the use of carbadox in growing swine

In a growth experiment with 144 pigs of the landrace breed in the body weight range of 20 to 100 kg the effect of Carbadox at constant and decreasing levels in the feed until 60 kg body weight on the growth performance and the digestibility of the nutrients in rations with a varying protein supply was studied. The following results were obtained: The supplementation of Carbadox to protein rich diets caused only a small increase in daily body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The increase of growth performance as a consequence of the addition of Carbadox was more pronounced with the low protein diets. From this result a protein sparing effect of Carbadox can be derived. The effect of Carbadox on growth performance could be observed from 20 to 60 kg body weight and over the whole experimental period from 20 to 90 kg. The increase of growth performance could be largely explained by a better digestibility of the nutrients.

Effect of Mixed Ration Nutrient Density on Milk of Cows Transferred from High Production Group

Sixty cows beyond peak production were fed individually total mixed rations balanced for 31.8kg of milk. Cows were changed abruptly when their average milk production for 6 days dropped below 27.2kg to one of the following treatments (20 cows/each) for 4 wk: high ration balanced for 27.2kg; medium, 22.7kg; or low, 18.2kg of milk production. After 4 wk all groups were changed abruptly to a total mixed ration balanced for 22.7kg of milk production (medium) for an additional 4 wk.When switched from a ration for 31.8kg of milk, cows fed for 27.2kg consumed more dry matter than cows receiving medium or low and reduced dry matter intake less 1 wk after the abrupt change. Yields of milk were higher for cows switched from 31.8kg to high and when all treatment groups were switched back to medium ration.Milk fat or protein percentage did not differ; however, yields of fat and protein were highest for cows receiving high ration. Income over feed cost during the 8-wk experimental period was $8.40 and $3.36 higher for cows fed low and high rations than for those fed medium. To maintain a consistent decline of milk in switching from a group fed a ration balanced for 31.8kg production, nutrient density should not be decreased more than 15%.

Influence of Energy-yielding Nutrients in Summer and Winter Feed Rations on the Levels of Non-esterified Fatty Acids in the Blood Plasma of Cows in Various Lactation Phases

Lebeda M., Pfikrylova J.: Influence of Energy-yielding Nutrients in Summer and Winter Feed Rations on the Levels of Non-esterified Fatty Acids in the Blood Plasma of Cows in Various Lactation Phases. Acta vet. Bmo, 50, 1981: 179 -189. The NEFA concentration in the blood plasma of 552 cows held at large-scale production units was determined and the degree of requirement coverage of di­ gestible nitrogen substances (DNS) and of energy (starch equivalent SE) and their ratio according to the Czechoslovak Standard CSN 46 7070 was found. Ten feed rations and 178 cows were included into the period of green food, 21 feed rations and 374 cows in the winter feeding period. The sets of 18 cows were divided into groups containing six animals each and were examined: 1. in the 1st-2nd month of lactation, 2. in the 4th-6th month of lactation and 3. in the 8th-9.5 month of pregnancy, in the dry period. The NEFA concentrations in the whole cow popUlation were found to be sig­ nificantly (P < 0.01) higher if summer feed rations were used (0.165 mmol .1-1 ± ± 0.138) with a marked average surplus of DNS and SE when compared with winter feed rations (0.131 mmol .1-1 ± 0.153) with a mild average deficiency of DNS and small surplus of SE. The difference of summer and winter NEFA levels in the whole cow population is caused first of all by significantly (P < 0.001) higher NEFA values in cows in the first lactation phase (0.23 mmol . 1-1 ± 0.19 in summer; 0.145 mmol .1-1 ± 0.161 in winter) which have in average a slight DNS defi­ ciency and higher SE deficiency in summer and higher deficit of DNS and SE within the level of the standard in winter. The NEFA concentrations of cows in the first lactation phase and of late-pregnant cows (0.168 mmol .1-1 ± 0.142 in summer; 0.145 mmol.I-1 ± 0.1428 in winter) were found to be both in summer and winter significantly (P < 0.001) higher than of those in the second lactation phase (0.086 mmol .1-1 ± 0.0767 in summer; 0.078 mmol .1-1 ± 0.0635 in winter). The NEFA concentration of cows in the first lactation phase and late-pregnant cows was found to differ significantly neither in summer nor in winter although there is a substantial difference in the coverage of energy nutrient requirement. The reasons of different NEFA concentrations in individual phases of a repro­ duction cycle from the point of view of found saturation of energy nutrient re­ quirements and of the influence of other factors, the applicability of plasma NEFA determination as an indicator of adequacy of cow nutrition have been discussed. Cows, digestible nitrogen substances, starch equivalent, calorie-protein ratio, plasma NEFA, first and second lactation phases, late pregnancy. Non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) present in blood plasma are loosely bound to albumin. They are released from this bond during oxidation or during the reserve deposition, the source of NEF A being the hydrolysis of triglycerides from food. This takes partly place in the intestine and to a greater extent in liver. Another source of NEFA is seen in the hydrolysis of triglycerides present

Replacing Barley with Protected Tallow in Ration of Lactating Holstein Cows

Twelve lactating Holstein cows were fed four rations containing 0, 5, 10, and 15% protected tallow in a switchback design. The grain allowance was decreased with each addition of tallow to make the diets isocaloric. Milk yields were not different among treatments. However, milk fat test and daily fat yield were increased with 15% protected tallow and tended to increase with 5 and 10%. High-fat diets (10 and 15%) depressed content of milk protein but did not affect daily protein production compared to control. Molar percentage of acetic acid was increased and propionic acid was depressed in ruminal fluid of cows fed 15% protected tallow compared to the control diet. Inclusion of protected tallow in the daily ration elevated cholesterol of blood serum with no effect on cholesterol in milk. Concentrations of stearic and oleic acids in milk were increased while other fatty acids (carbon 6 to 16) were decreased with the higher dietary concentrations of protected fat. Apparent digestibility of ration nutrients (dry matter, gross energy, crude protein, acid-detergent fiber, calcium, and magnesium) were not affected by the protected tallow, but digestion coefficients of ether and acid-solvent extract were increased with dietary tallow.

Study of Candida ingens grown on the supernatant derived from the anaerobic fermentation of monogastric animal wastes

A pellicle-forming yeast, identified as Candida ingens, was found to grow on substrates derived from the anerobic fermentation of monogastric animal wastes. The organism used volatile fatty acids C2 to C6 and ammonia nitrogen. It had a preferential uptake of the acids in increasing order of molecular weight, removing 90% of the total titratable volatile acid. The nonwrinkled pellicle had a doubling time of 3.2 h, and the doubling time of the wrinkled pellicle was 4.2 h. Proximate amino acid and nucleic acid analyses suggested that the organism might be acceptable as a source of single cell protein. Its vitamin B group content compared favorably with that of other yeasts. It contained 6% calcium and 7% phosphorus. It could be useful in removing these minerals from effluents as well as in providing them as nutrients in livestock rations.

Framework for Economic Analysis of Grain versus Harvested Roughage for Feedlot Cattle

AbstractTraditional models for assessing technical and economic efficiency of cattle feeding were found inadequate. An alternative framework is developed for estimating effects of changes in ration nutrient concentration on animal performance under a range of production conditions and types of animals. The framework is incorporated in a dynamic profit function and its use discussed and demonstrated under various optimizing criteria. High energy rations remained economical even at relatively high grain prices. This framework implies sigmoid shaped grain‐roughage isoquants: concave to the origin over the finishing range of grain‐roughage ratios, and convex at lower grain‐roughage ratios.

Feeding High Levels of Beet Pulp in High Concentrate Dairy Rations

Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of replacing corn in a high concentrate dairy ration by four different levels of dried beet pulp on yield and composition of milk, body weight gain, feed utilization and rumen fermentation characteristics in cattle and sheep. The control concentrate ration contained 73% corn. In the three experimental rations, 50, 75 and 100% of the corn in the control ration were replaced by dried beet pulp. A lactation trial with Holstein-Friesian cows in the first experiment showed no significant difference in body weight gain, milk yield and composition due to treatments. A second experiment with sheep determined the utilization of ration nutrients as the proportion of beet pulp increased in the rations. No significant differences were observed among the four treatments in the digestibility of dry matter and energy. Crude fiber digestibility increased significantly at each increase in beet pulp in the ration. Metabolizable energy of the rations averaged 2,790kcal per kilogram and did not differ significantly. The result of Experiment 3 with rumen fistulated steers showed increased production of rumen volatile fatty acids and a less frothy rumen ingesta when beet pulp replaced com in the high concentrate dairy ration.

Effect of Varying Levels of Dietary 1, 3 Butanediol on Growing Chicks

THE incorporation of synthetic nutrients in poultry rations has been limited to amino acids, vitamins and other ingredients not normally classified as energy sources. Within the last few years a new area of study has developed concerning the use of man made compounds as energy contributors in poultry diets. One compound which has been investigated as an energy source is the polyhydroxy alcohol, 1, 3 butanediol (1, 3 BD).Early investigations of 1, 3 BD by Stoewsand et al. (1965) and Mehlman et al. (1966) suggested 1, 3 BD was directly involved in lipid metabolism. Miller et al. (1965) reported the effects of administering labeled butanediol-1-C14 and proposed that 1, 3 BD was metabolized through carbohydrate pathways. Miller and Dymsa (1967) presented data which indicated 1, 3 BD can supply 6.5 cal./g. metabolizable energy to rat diets.It was the purpose of this investigation to establish the metabolizable energy value…

Effect of Heat Drying Upon the Nutritive Value of Corn

HARVESTING high moisture corn and heat drying it to a suitable moisture content is frequently necessary or desirable. Initiation of this practice has been accompanied by questions concerning the effect of heat drying on the nutritive value of corn. Conflicting results have been reported. Clanton, Hemstrom and Matsushima (1960) fed corn dried at 190°F. to cattle and concluded that there was no effect on the digestibility of the various nutrients in rations containing heat dried corn. Jensen et al. (1960) observed no difference in weight gains or feed efficiencies of swine fed corn dried at temperatures from 140°F. to 220°F. Albert and Neumann (1955) observed that 30 percent moisture corn dried at 180°F. to 16 percent moisture, when fed to cattle, appeared to be the same as similar corn that had been field dried to 16 percent moisture. Hathaway et al. (1952) on the other hand, found that the weight…

Urea Utilization by Young Dairy Calves as Affected by Chlortetracycline Supplementation

Summary Forty-eight two-day-old male and female calves representing the Holstein and Jersey breeds were raised to 86 days of age on a limited milk-hay-starter system to study the effect of chlortetracycline on urea utilization at three levels of protein equivalent intake. Four experimental starters ranging from 6.5 to 15.3% protein equivalent were fed with and without chlortetracycline supplementation. Highest average daily gains were made by calves on the 12.1% protein equivalent starter with chlortetracycline. The growth of calves increased as the protein equivalent level of the starter increased up to the 12.1% protein equivalent starter. Chlortetracycline did not spare dietary nitrogen in this study, but did significantly increase average daily gains, skeletal growth, and feed efficiency. Chlortetracycline had no significant effect on apparent digestibility of any ration nutrient, nitrogen retention, or blood levels of plasma protein and urea nitrogen. Coefficients of dry matter and crude protein digestibility, as well as nitrogen retention values, were significantly lower for calves on the 6.5% protein starter than for any of the other groups. The trend was for increased protein digestibility as the level of protein equivalent in the starter increased.

Effect of Feeding Stilbestrol and Urea on Ration Digestibility and on Retention of Calcium, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen in Lambs

Twelve wethers fed a fattening-type ration were used in a series of digestion and balance trials to study the effect of adding stilbestrol to a ration containing either urea or cottonseed meal as a protein supplement. This study was divided into six 7-day periods with standard urinary and fecal collections taken during the first, second, fifth and sixth periods. A significantly greater digestibility of crude protein and significantly lower digestibility of ether extract were found for lambs fed rations containing urea as compared with those fed rations containing cottonseed meal. Urea feeding showed no noticeable effect on the retention of calcium, phosphorus or nitrogen. Stilbestrol feeding had no significant effect on the digestibility of ration nutrients. The feeding of stilbestrol significantly increased the daily nitrogen retention during the first seven days (4.9 vs. 3.3 gm.), and there was a higher but non-significant carry-over effect during the 7-day period after stilbestrol feeding was discontinued. Stilbestrol feeding significantly increased calcium and phosphorus retention during the last seven days (1.3 vs. 0.3 gm. for phosphorus), and there was a significant carry-over effect for seven days after stilbestrol feeding was stopped. These results show that urea is utilized by ruminants and that stilbestrol feeding, under the conditions of this metabolism test, increased the retention of calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen by lambs.

The Digestibility of Ration Nutrients by Three- vs. Seven-Week Old Pigs

The Digestibility of Ration Nutrients by Three- vs. Seven-Week Old Pigs

The Feeding Value of Excellent Forage for Milk Production

Summary The results of four experiments involving the use of excellent winter pasture are shown. The forage maintained milk production at a level in excess of 40 lb. per day when fed as the sole ration so long as the dry matter digestibility remained above 70%. Two hours of grazing per day on similar quality forage maintained a 20 lb. level of production when the cows were also fed U. S. No. 2 hay free choice. The same amount of grazing maintained a 28-lb. level of production when the cows also received good corn silage and U. S. No. 1 lespedeza hay. The limited forage was not adequate to maintain production when fed with poor hay, apparently because of lack of ration nutrients. The free choice feeding of good roughage may also reduce the amount of pasture consumed and thus extend the number of cows which can be grazed per acre.

Balance of Ration Nutrients and Efficiency of Feed Utilization by Ruminants. A Review

Balance of Ration Nutrients and Efficiency of Feed Utilization by Ruminants. A Review