Nutrient Film Technique Research Articles

Internet Of Things (IoT) In Water Quality Monitoring Systems And Nutrition In Hydroponic Plants

Abstract Population is growing every year. This has an impact on the reduction of agricultural land to cultivate crops. This study aims to combine a concept that aims to expand the benefits of continuously connected internet connectivity. Based on the long term, the narrowing of agricultural land will have an impact on the scarcity of hydroponic NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) is a model of cultivation by putting the roots of plants in a shallow layer of water. The water is circulated and contains nutrients according to the needs of plants. This study combines hydroponic plants with the help of Internet of Things (IoT) technology using hydroponic planting techniques. Rooting can develop in a nutrient solution, because around rooting there is a layer of nutrient solution then the system is known as NFT. Excess water reduces the amount of oxygen and dissolved nutrients. The use of a manual measuring instrument is actually time-consuming if the owner is busy. Based on this background, the author got the idea to create a system of monitoring water quality and nutrients in hydroponic plants that can be accessed through a mobile phone.

Characterization of growth and visual symptoms of nitrogen, potassium and magnesium deficiencies in arugula

Arugula is a short-cycle species with a high demand for nutrients. In the plant, each nutrient performs one or more specific functions, so its deficiency will negatively impact the crop growth and development, being important to recognize the nutritional symptoms to help in decision making. In this context, the objective of this study was to describe the evolution of N, K, and Mg deficiencies symptoms and their effect on the growth of arugula plants. One at a time, the nutrients were omitted from the nutrient solution. At 13, 16, 18, and 20 days after transplanting (DAT) the seedlings to the - Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) system, plants were collected, symptoms characterized, and leaves were scanned in JPEG (1.200 pixels). At 10 DAT of arugula, plants grew in a nutrient solution N-depleted shown the initial visual symptoms of N deficiency and at 16 DAT was recorded the first symptoms of K and Mg depletion in nutrient solution. At 20 DAT, the plants showed severe N deficiency symptoms, the old leaves presented intense and generalized chlorosis, followed by necrosis. Deficient plants in K exhibited chlorosis at the edge of old leaves advancing to the center of the leaves and small white dots. For Mg, the older leaves developed interveinal chlorosis from the leaf tip towards the central vein. The omission of nitrogen resulted in plants with lower height, leaf area, and number of leaves when compared to arugula plants grown in a complete nutrient solution.

GLOBAL OVERVIEW OF HYDROPONICS: NUTRIENT FILM TECHNIQUE

Hydroponics is a cultivation technique without soil. There are several modalities for the system and among them is the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), which consists of using channels to circulate a nutrient solution intermittently. Due to the existence of risks of soil and water contamination in metropolitan areas, hydroponics is a potential alternative to conventional production. Therefore, the present work sought to verify the current study of knowledge of the NFT hydroponic system in the international literature and the performance of the countries on it. For this, a bibliographic survey was carried out from 2010 to 2019 on the international research bases Science Direct, Portal de Periódicos da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and Scielo using the search terms “Hydroponics” and “Nutrient Film Technique Hydroponics”. An increase in the number of studies was observed in the last four years of the analyzed period, that is, from 2016 to 2019, thus representing an increase in interest in hydroponics, especially the NFT type. This increase may be related to the efficiency and ease of handling this model, gains in productivity and the potential that this technique has for reducing the carbon footprint. Thus, Nutrient Film Technique is of great value in urban agriculture, especially in Brazil – its greatest representative –, with the potential to grow a lot in the future, due to its numerous benefits.

Kale (Brassica oleraceaL. var acephala) production in soilless systems in the Mediterranean region

The challenges faced by traditional agriculture led to the development of alternative agricultural systems such as soilless systems. This work aimed to assess the growth and yield components of kale under three soilless growing systems: Nutrient film technique set up vertically (T-vertical); Nutrient film technique set up horizontally (T-horizontal), and substrate coco bags (T-coco). The trials were conducted for two consecutive growing seasons (S1: Spring 2018 and S2: Fall 2019) in an unheated greenhouse. Irrigation supply, maximum plant uptake of water, and radiation use efficiency were evaluated for both seasons. The quantitative and qualitative parameters of the production were assessed in terms of yield ( kg per plant and kg per m²), number of leaves per plant, dry matter, protein content, nitrate level and leaf mineral composition. The main results showed that the maximum plant uptake was 0.30, 0.30 and 0.20 L m^-2 day^-1 respectively for T-vertical, T-horizontal and T-coco while the actual supply of water was 62.4, 32.28 and 3.27 L m^-2 day^-1, respectively. A significant difference was recorded for the number of leaves, yield components, dry matter, protein level, Radiation Use Efficiency and mineral composition of kale leaves was higher during fall than in the spring season. However, the nitrates level was much higher in spring than in fall. The T-vertical soilless system showed better yield (6.83±2.27 kg per m²), more proteins (2.53±0.31 g per100 g FW), and higher amounts of calcium (Ca), total nitrogen (N), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) than the other systems. The study demonstrated the potential of soilless production technologies in the coastal Mediterranean areas.

О влиянии растворов фульвокислот из сапропеля на растения салата при различных видах его обработки

Abstract. The purpose of our research was to assess the influence of treatment with fulvic acid (FA) solutions (obtained from sapropel) on the physiological state, production process, and quality of salad crops under intensive controlled conditions. Research method. Treatment of plants with solutions of FA in various concentrations was carried out under controlled conditions using three different methods: soaking cress seeds (0.03-300mg/l); non-root treatment of vegetative plants (90–150 mg/l), when growing lettuce by a low – volume method with drip fertigation with Knop nutrient solution; adding a nutrient solution to the root medium (0.03-150 mg/l), when growing lettuce under nutrient film technique. Results. The most pronounced stimulating effect on plant growth was obtained after seeds treatment with FA solutions in concentrations of 0.3-150.0 mg/l, during non-root treatment of lettuce in concentrations of 0.3 and 150.0 mg/l, and when FA was introduced into the root medium at a concentration of 90.0 mg/l. It was suggested the lettuce growth under the action of FA was conditioned by enhancing plants metabolism and increased entry of nutrients to the aboveground organs of plants (during non – root processing)- and by nutrient uptake increasingas well as activation of the synthesis of photosynthetic pigments-chlorophylls and carotenoids (when a nutrient solution was add to the root medium. Scientific innovation. Under controlled conditions, a comprehensive assessment of the effect of FA solutions obtained from sapropel on the physiological state, production process, and quality of salad crops was carried out. The concentrations of fulvic acid solutions that had the most pronounced stimulating effect on the growth and development of lettuce plants in various types of treatment were determined. The specificity of the responses of lettuce plants to various types of treatment with FA solutions was revealed.

Application of Fine Bubble Generator on the Hydroponic System of Nutrient Film Technique

Dissolved oxygen in water is one of the factors affecting plant growth in the hydroponic nutrient film technique system. The fine bubble generator technique allows the provision of high dissolved oxygen levels in water with fine bubble size and prolonged water existence. The experiment was conducted to observe the effect of fine bubbles on choy sum plant growth. Plant growth parameters including leaf length (Pd), leaf width (Ld), plant height (Tt), number of leaves (Jd), and root weight (Ba) were measured every two days while the total plant weight was measured at harvest. Nutritional water quality and microclimate were controlled using internet of things (IoT) based sensors every 5 minutes. The research data were processed using descriptive analysis. The results showed that the use of fine bubbles increased the electrical conductivity (EC), pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS). On the contrary, the nutrient solution’s temperature increased, thus reducing the total dissolved oxygen content. The yields showed that the choy sum plant growth using fine bubbles application weighed 1.71 kg (5 samples) better than the control 1.35 kg.

The growing of taro Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. antiquorum plantlet in several media during acclimatization stage

Japanese taro or satoimo Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott var. antiquorum, is widely consumed in Japan thus increasing exports. Plant seedlings can be obtained in large quantities and in a relatively short time through the propagation method of plant tissue culture. Final stage of plant tissue culture is acclimatization. Growing media and planting techniques are important factors in the acclimatization process. The ideal planting medium can be obtained from a combination of organic and inorganic materials. This study aims to obtain optimal acclimatization media for the growth of taro plants. The planting material used 24 weeks old taro plantlets. The plantlets were washed with tap water and soaked in distilled water + fungicide and washed with sterile water. The plantlets were planting in plastic cups with the different substrate mixture namely Soil: Manure: Rice Husks (1:1:1); Soil: Manure: Cocopeat (1:1:2); Rice Husk: Sand (1:1); Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) Hydroponics System. They were watered daily and fertilized. Survival percentage, plantlet height and number of leaves were recorded for 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and if there is a significant effect of treatment, a further test of the least significant difference (LSD) is carried out. The optimal acclimatization medium for acclimatization was obtained in (P1) Soil: Manure: Rice Husks (1:1:1) treatment with a percentage of survival of 62% with an average plant height and number of leaves 13.3 cm and 4.6 respectively.

Effects of Root Zone Cooling on Lactuca Sativa Cultivation Under Roof Top Garden Structure in Tropical Climatic Conditions

A roof top garden structure was installed on top of a 20-foot freight container plant factory in MARDI Serdang, Selangor. The roof top garden consists of 3 major components which is a rain shelter, a reticulated hydroponic growing system via Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) and a chiller system to chill and control nutrient-water temperature in the fertilizer tank. Lactuca sativa was cultivated using root zone cooling, with a hydroponic setup at ambient temperature as control to study the effects of the root zone cooling system (RZC) on the crop yields in the tropics. The weight of crop, weight of root, leaf width and leaf numbers of Lactuca sativa have been selected as yield parameters, recorded and analyzed. From the results, all the growing parameters performance for Lactuca sativa grown in root zone cooling method were found to better compared to control. For yield parameters performance, Lactuca sativa grown in control were found to be better, compared to root zone cooling method. The yield weight for Lactuca sativa cultivated using control is higher than RZC system by 39.4 %, ranging from 36.69- 39.04 g using control and from 20.59-23.66 g by using RZC method. Roots weight for Lactuca sativa cultivated using control method is better than RZC by 14.1 %, ranging from 5.73- 6.22 g using control, meanwhile from 4.69-5.34 g by using RZC respectively. Number of leaves for Lactuca sativa cultivated using control method is more than RZC by 26 %, ranging from 14-15 using control and static at 11 by using RZC system. The leaves dimension for Lactuca sativa cultivated using control is bigger than RZC by 48 %. The range of Lactuca sativa leaves dimension cultivated using control method is from 580.35-670.27 cm2, meanwhile by RZC is from 318.68-348.45 cm2.
 
 Keywords: root zone cooling; roof top garden; Lactuca sativa; tropics

Automatic hydroponic nutrient mixing for hydroponic NFT and fertigation

This paper aims to create hydroponic nutrient mixing system automatically for circulation hydroponic system like NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) and for non-circulation hydroponic system such as drip irrigation system. System continuously sense nutrient concentration and pH level with EC (Electrical Conductivity) sensor and pH sensor. This data will process by ESP32 Wi-Fi microcontroller for monitoring and control dosing pump to maintain nutrient solution EC and pH with the predefined target. In non-circulated hydroponic, nutrition and water will flow into the irrigation system, to control humidity level in plant media, system use soil moisture level sensor. System use IoT cloud Blynk for easy user control and monitoring, user can use application in their smartphone. Test result shows system can increase the EC value from current condition 0.7 to target 3 within ±9 minutes and can maintain the EC value.

Pengaruh Berbagai Perlakuan Nutrisi Larutan Hidroponik Pada Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kangkung (Ipomoea aquatica)

Hydroponic cultivation systems are often applied to overcome the shortage of agricultural land in this case food crops, especially vegetables. Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) is the one of various ways to grow crops hydroponically. Hydroponic systems are carried out without the use of soil media and it can be an alternative solution for the efficient use of land. Uniformity of nutrients and nutrient solution concentration levels required to be adjusted. Nutrient solution as a water supply source and minerals. Nutrition is an important factor for the growth and quality of hydroponic plants should be appropriate in terms of the number of ion composition of nutrients. This study aimed to determined the effect of various treatments of hydroponic nutrient solution on plant growth kale. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments and 5 replications. Kale seed sowing in the growing media rockwool and nourished by nutrient A, nutrient B, combination of nutrients A and B (3: 1), or a combination of nutrients A and B (1: 3). Plant growth parameters such as plant height, number of leaves, wet weight, dry weight, and dry weight without root measured. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance ANOVA and DMRT test with α = 95%. The results showed that affect the nutrient solution hydroponic plant growth kale. Kale plants with a combination of nutrient A and nutrient B ratio of 3: 1 (treatment C) give the best response compared with other treatments.

Utilization of the yard to support family food security in the pandemic time of Covid-19

This paper aims to provide and alternatives to the use of relatively narrow yards for cultivating hydroponic vegetables that are environmentally friendly and free from chemical pesticide residues. The activity was carried out in RT 9 Handil Jaya Village, Jelutung District, Jambi City during the Covid-19 pandemic from March to August 2020. Data collected has material requirements, production, distribution, and the impact of activities. The data were analysed quantitatively. The hydroponic technology of the Nutrient Film Technique system is placed attached to the yard fence using 12 rods of 3-inch pipe with a length of 3 m and a distance of 15 cm so that there are 240 planting holes using one reservoir. Several types of vegetables are planted, such as celery, lettuce, spinach, kale, pakcoy and kailan, which are planted as needed and harvest. The production of this vegetable has exceeded the needs of the family and even sold to markets, kebab and burger traders for 25,000 IDR. Farming profit is 538,703 IDR for every 40 days of harvest or 4,309,624 IDR in 8 harvests a year. Based on the calculation of B/C Ratio and R/C Ratio, this farming deserves to be continued and provides benefits.

An Efficient Technique for Automation of The NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) Hydroponic System Using Arduino


 
 
 
 
 Hydroponic Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) is most widely applied on a home and industrial scale. One of the drawbacks of the NFT hydroponic system is that it is very dependent on electricity for 24 hours to power the water pump. The basic principle of the NFT hydroponic system is to flow nutrients to plant roots with a shallow and circulating nutrient layer so that plants get enough water, nutrients, and oxygen. Therefore, the role of the water pump in the hydroponic NFT system is crucial. This research makes the automation of the NFT hydroponic system more efficient using Arduino. There are two main parts to this automation system: the control of pH levels and nutrient distribution. The pH sensor is used to control the pH level of nutrients, and the ultrasonic sensor is used for nutrient distribution. Efficiency is emphasized more on the distribution of nutrients because it absorbs more electrical energy. The method used is to flow the nutrients in the reservoir to a storage tank that is located higher than the plant using a water pump with a large discharge. Nutrients are transported to each plant using the force of gravity. The nutrient volume is controlled automatically using an ultrasonic sensor in the storage tank. The water pump is only activated by the ultrasonic sensor readings on the storage tank. So that the need for electricity to turn on the water pump is reduced, based on tests carried out on the use of a 220-volt AC / 50 Hz / 125-watt water pump and the use of a 250-liter nutrient storage tank, it can be concluded that the system that has been created can save 70% of electricity consumption.
 
 
 
 

Foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles and grafting improves the bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) productivity grown in NFT system

The bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a food vegetable with a high nutritional intake, with rich content in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. In this study, using nutrient film technique (NFT) system, the effect of the zinc oxide nanoparticles on the micromorphology, histology, physiology and production of the grafted pepper was evaluated. The treatments used were grafted and non-grafted plants, four concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 mg L-1) of zinc oxide nanoparticles, and the experience was organized in a completely randomized design. An increase in grafted plants was observed in the weight, number and size of fruits in 18.1%, 21.8% and 9.6%, the concentration 30 mg L-1 of nanoparticles statistically affected the weight, number and size 46.9%, 47.7% and 18% compared to the control. The interaction with grafted plants and the treatment of 30 mg L-1 of zinc oxide nanoparticles increased fruit weight, number of fruits and size by 62.60%, 57.69% and 29.17% compared to plants without grafting and the control treatment. These results indicate that the use of grafts and zinc oxide nanoparticles could be used in bell pepper production to increase yield.

The Potential of Soilless Culture Systems in Producing Tomato and Cucumber under Greenhouse Conditions

Aims: Assess The sustainable production of tomato and cucumber under greenhouse conditions for meeting the challenges of natural resources shortage, food security and economic.
 Study Design: Two experiments performed in complete randomized blocks with three replicates.
 Place and Duration of Study: Central Laboratory for Agriculture Climate (CLAC), Agriculture Research Center, Egypt, during two autumn seasons of 2018 and 2019 (tomato) and two spring seasons of 2019 and 2020 (cucumber).
 Methodology: Different soilless culture systems for producing tomato and cucumber under greenhouse were investigated: Hydroponic systems (Nutrient film technique (NFT) and deep flow technique (DFT)); and substrate systems (Dutch bucket, pot, container, and horizontal bag). Vegetative characteristics, yield parameters, N, P, and K contents, and environmental impact assessment were measured. 
 Results: Substrate systems gave the highest vegetative growth characteristics, yield parameters, N, P and K contents of tomato and cucumber leaves, as well as the highest power use efficiencies compared to hydroponic systems. Container and bags systems gave the highest results of tomato and cucumber vegetative growth, respectively, but the highest yield and net profits records belonged to bags and pots respectively. Bags substrate system gave the highest net profit yield (10.1Kg/ plant and 21881 LE / greenhouse) of tomato plant under plastic house followed by container system that presented the highest yield (10.6 Kg/ plant) but the total cost mainly substrate cost contributed to reduce its net profit yield. While for the highest yield and net profit of cucumber, the pots system (8.1Kg/ plant and 13243 LE / greenhouse) followed container system (7.65Kg/ plant and 9045 LE / greenhouse) and bags system (7.15Kg/ plant and 10270 LE / greenhouse) were recommended. The lowest yield, the highest average power use, cost and efficiency and lowest total cost were estimated by NFT system in both of tomato and cucumber investigations.
 Conclusion: The substrate systems presented more sustainability for tomato and cucumber production under plastichouse conditions. Bags substrate system gave the highest net profit yield of tomato plant under plastic house followed by container system that presented the highest yield but the total cost mainly substrate cost contributed to reduce its net profit yield. While for the highest yield and net profit of cucumber, the pots system followed container system and bags system were recommended. The lowest yield, the highest average power use, cost and efficiency and lowest total cost were estimated by NFT system in both of tomato and cucumber investigations.

Effects of two hydroponic components on water quality, snakehead fish growth and leaf mustard production in aquaponic system

Aquaponic model is a farming system that integrates a recirculating aquaculture system with hydroponics. There are three hydroponic methods commonly employed in the aquaponics systems: the media bed (MB), the nutrient film technique (NFT) and the deep-water culture - floating rafts (DWC). This study was conducted to evaluate effects of two hydroponic systems (DWC and MB) on water quality parameters, growth rate of fish and development of vegetable in the aquaponic model of snakehead fish (Channa striata) and leaf mustard (Brassica juncea). Snakehead fish were stocked with a density of 40 fish/75 liters of water and were cultured for 167 days. The results showed that daily temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen parameters in the two systems were almost the same and relatively stable while the electrical conductivity in the MB was much higher than that in the DWC. Similarly, the levels of the parameters weekly monitored (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, total phosphorus, and alkalinity) in the MB were higher than those in the DWC. At the end of the experiment, final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and survival rate of fish in the MB treatment were higher than those in the DWC treatment, but the feed conversion rate of fish in the MB was lower than that in the DWC. On the contrary, vegetable yields in the DWC were significantly higher than those in the MB. In general, the DWC aquaponics work better than the MB system

Effect of Different Inorganic Substrates on Growth Performance of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822) and Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) were preferred to grow in aquaponics due to their high and fast productivity growth. However, limited research was conducted on the impact on different inorganic substrates‘ growth performance in aquaponics. In this study, lettuce‘s growth performance was determined in four different kinds of inorganic substrates in Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) aquaponics by measuring final weight, daily growth rate, stem diameter, plant and root lengths, leaf number per plant and shoot/root ratio. Polyester fiber, rock wool, zeolite, and gravel were used as inorganic substrate materials. A constant flow rate of 0.3 L/min was maintained using with a submersible pump motor. At the end of the study, the African catfish‘s feed conversion ratio was estimated to be 0.66, while the specific growth rate (SGR) was 2.3%. Total lettuce yields for polyester fiber, rock wool, zeolite and gravel were obtained as 5.072,22 kg/m2, 4.934,03 kg/m2, 6.067 kg/m2, and 5.382,64 kg/m2 respectively. There were statistically significant differences for daily growth rate between the inorganic substrates that the significantly highest values were recorded in the zeolite. The results revealed that initial plant length and shoot/root ratio were the significant factors on the growth performance for lettuce in aquaponic system tested. The best lettuce yield performance was observed in zeolite substrate but, economically available option was found as gravel for hydroponic troughs.

EFISIENSI METODE DEEP FLOW TECHNIQUE UNTUK MENURUNKAN BOD, COD DAN TSS PADA LIMBAH CAIR DOMESTIK MENGGUNAKAN TUMBUHAN KAYU APU DAN KANGKUNG AIR

Di indonesia, terdapat berbagai pencemar lingkungan, salah satunya berasal dari aktifitas rumah tangga. Maka dari itu, muncul berbagai ide dalam penanganan lingkungan yang tercemar. Salah satunya menggunakan metode fitoremediasi. Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan tumbuhan kayu apu (pistia stratiotest l) dan kangkung air (ipomea aquatica) yang ditanam menggunakan sistem hidroponik. Dalam hidroponik terdapat dua sistem, yaitu sistem DFT (deep flow technique) dan NFT (nutrient film technique). Pada penelitian ini menggunakan dua macam sistem, dengan penambahan aerasi dan tanpa aerasi, dengan variasi jarak antar tumbuhan 5cm, 10cm dan 15cm dan menggunakan dua jenis tumbuhan, yaitu kangkung air dan kayu apu. Lama penelitian yang dilakukan 15 hari, 7 hari pertama aklimatisasi dan 8 hari terakhir penelitian utama. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perlakuan paling optimal terdapat pada tumbuhan kayu apu dengan jarak antar tumbuhan 5cm, dengan penambahan aerasi dan menggunakan sistem DFT mencapai BOD 58,41%, COD 32,36% dan TSS 62%.

Evaluation of Escherichia coli and coliforms in aquaponic water for produce irrigation

The FDA Produce Safety Rule states that water used for irrigation purposes, likely to come into contact with the edible portion of fruit and vegetables, must not exceed a defined limit of Escherichia coli populations. Although aquaponics has not been included in this guideline, it is worth investigating to establish a baseline for facilities to reference in produce production. Two microbial assays were performed, one a decoupled media-based aquaponics system over one year and another on a decoupled nutrient film technique (NFT) aquaponics system over 16 days. Water was sampled from each system over time to analyze changes of E. coli and coliforms. The geometric mean (GM) and statistical threshold variable (STV) were calculated based on E. coli populations from the irrigation source in each system. From the first experiment, it was determined, based on the FDA Produce Safety Rule, that E. coli must be monitored more closely from June to January as they were above the advised limit. The second experiment determined that E. coli and coliforms in the water significantly decreased over 16 days. Water should be held for 8 d and up to 16 d to reduce the likelihood of foodborne pathogens to contaminate produce.

Smart Hydroponic Greenhouse (Sensing, Monitoring and Control) Prototype Based on Arduino and IOT

Aims: Sensing, monitoring and control the micro-climate measurements and environmental conditions of greenhouse prototype to create a smart hydroponic greenhouse for maximizing the food production as well as minimizing the ecological footprint under the climate change impacts, Coved 19 crisis, and natural resources shortages.
 Study Design: Factorial with 3 replicates.
 Place and Duration of Study: Central Laboratory for Agriculture Climate (CLAC), Agriculture Research Center, Egypt during 2020.
 Methodology: Two systems of hydroponic culture, nutrient film technique (NFT) and deep flow technique (DFT) that cultivated by lettuce plants were established under greenhouse (polycarbonate) prototype (0.8 * 1.2 * 0.6 m) designed with artificial grown light and cooling system. Based on Arduino Mega 2560 that programmed via the Arduino IDE program, different sensors and actuators were used to establishing the smart greenhouse. Internet of things (IoT) via Node MCU ESP 8266 that programmed to transmitted the data every 30 min. to the internet web google platform (Firebase) for presenting the real-time records and hosting the data. Vegetative characteristics; yield parameters and N, P, and K contents of lettuce plants were measured.
 Results: the smart greenhouse worked according to the programming of Arduino Mega and Node MCU with high efficiency. Google firebase platform displays the real-time records and hosts about 100 thousand different sensor records during the lettuce season. Decreasing the distance between the lettuce and artificial lightning source led to increasing the intensity of light that had a positive impact on lettuce growth but it wasn't sufficient to give a high quality of lettuce yield under the experiment. NFT system gave higher values of average No. of leaves and fresh weight of lettuce plants than DFT system that presented higher plant length.
 Conclusion: Integrated monitoring and control system and IOT provide a wireless sensors network that offered a high capability of accessing huge data anywhere and anytime. Smart management of nutrient solution (TDS, pH, temperature, and level), without smart control, were not useful enough regarding the rapid solution changes and the need for a high response.

Pengolahan Limbah Domestik Menggunakan Hibrid Biofilter dan Sistem Hidroponik NFT dalam Budidaya Selada (Lactuca Sativa L)

It cannot be denied that the domestic wastewater is a problem for the environment. Untreated wastewater can cause environmental damaging and bring a negative impact on the organism’s health especially humans. Treating the wastewater before disposing, can reduce its impact. Biofilter is one of the wastewater treatment system that utilizing microorganisms on the filtration media to reduce the organic loading. Not all organic loads are processed in the biofilter, then the other processed is needed to maximize the result as an unified system. This study is was about a hybrid biofilter and hydroponic system in treating domestic wastewater. The hydroponic system used is NFT (Nutrient Film Technique). The cultivated plants are Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L). Lettuce can absorb nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates from the treatment of liquid waste. The parameter that measured such as Ammoniac, Nitrate, Phosphate, TDS, BOD, DO, temperature, and pH with the retention time or Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) for 5 days. The efficiency of decreasing the parameters of TDS, BOD, DO, ammonia, and phosphate in hybrid hydroponic system biofilter reactors were 31.5%, 51.6%, 99.7%, and 50.1%, respectively.