Nutrient Digestion In Sheep Research Articles

발효 팽이버섯폐배지의 볏짚 대체 급여가 사료의 면양 체내 이용성 및 거세한우의 성장에 미치는 효과

본 연구는 팽이버섯 재배 후 폐기물로 방치되어온 팽이 버섯 폐 배지를 거세한우 사육용 조사료로의 사료적 가치를 규명하기 위해 반추위 누관이 장착된 면양 3두를 이용한 대사시험과 12개월령의 거세한우 24두를 이용하여 20개월령까지 8개월간 사양 실험을 실시하였다. 대사시험의 경우 시판 한우 비육 전기용 배합사료(70%)와 볏짚(30%, 건물 기준)을 급여하였으며(대조구, CON) 시험구의 경우 발효 팽이버섯 폐 배지(fermented spent mushroom compost, FSMC)를 대조구 볏짚 급여량의 30% (FSMC-30) 또는 60% (FSMC-60, 건물 기준) 수준으로 대치하여 급여하였다. 거세한우를 대상으로 한 사양시험 사료 역시 대사시험과 동일한 방법으로 제조된 발효 팽이버섯 폐 배지를 동일한 비율로 볏짚을 대치하여 급여하였다. 면양 반추위액의 pH는 발효팽이버섯 폐 배지가 포함된 시험사료(FSMC-30 및 FSMC-60)에 의한 영향을 받지 않았다. 반추위액의 암모니아의 농도는 사료 급여 후 3시간에서 볏짚의 60%를 FSMC로 대치하여 급여한 처리구(FSMC-60)에서 암모니아 농도가 가장 높았다(P<0.045). Acetate 조성비율은 사료 급여 후 1시간 및 3시간에서 볏짚대신 발효팽이버섯 폐 배지를 60% 대치 급여한 처리구(FSMC-60)에 비하여 볏짚을 급여한 대조구에서 더 높았다(P<0.001). 이와는 반대로 propionate 조성 비율은 모든 반추위액 채취 시간에 걸쳐 FSMC-60 처리구에서 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다(P<0.027~P<0.002). Butyrate의 경우 타 처리구에 비하여 볏짚대신 발효팽이버섯 폐 배지를 30% 대치 급여한 처리구(FSMC-30)에서 사료 급여 30분 전(P<0.031)과 급여 후 1시간(P<0.011) 및 6시간(P<0.039)에 높은 조성 비율을 보였다. Propionate에 대한 acetate의 비율(<TEX>$C_2/C_3$</TEX>)은 FSMC-60 처리구에서 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 시험사료의 건물(EDDM), 조단백질(EDCP), 조지방(EDEE) 및 NDF(EDNDF) 유효 분해율은 볏짚에 대한 발효팽이버섯 폐 배지 대치에 의한 영향을 받지 않은 것으로 조사되었다. 조단백질(P<0.031)과 NDF (P<0.006)의 전장 소화율은 조사료로서 볏짚만을 급여한 처리구에서 높았지만 발효팽이버섯 폐 배지를 볏짚의 60% 수준으로 대치 급여한 처리구(FSMC-60)에서 가장 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 거세한우의 총 증체량 및 평균 일당증체량은 시험사료에 의한 영향을 받지 않았다. Metabolic trial with 3 fistulated sheep was conducted in a 3 <TEX>$\times$</TEX> 3 Latin square design and feeding trial with 24 Hanwoo steers in 12 month of age for 20 months was conducted to investigate the replacing effect of rice straw with fermented spent mushroom (Flammuliua velutipes) compost (FSMC) on fermentation characteristics, ruminal effective degradabilty and whole tract digestibility of nutrients in sheep, and to examine the growth performance of Hanwoo steers. Experimental diets for the metabolic trial with sheep were commercial concentrates and rice straw in the ratio of 70 : 30 (CON, DM basis). Same concentrate with 30% FSMC and 70% rice straw (FSMC-30) and 60% FSMC and 40% rice straw(FSMC-60). Diets for Hanwoo steers in three treatments were same as for metabolic trial in replacing ratio of rice straw with FSMC. pH of rumen fluid in sheep was not affected by FSMC. Ammonia-N content in the rumen fluid was highest in the sheep fed FSMC-60 at 3h (P<0.045). The CON diet increased (P<0.001) acetate proportion at 1h and 3h post feeding compared to FSMC-60 diet while propionate proportion was highest in the sheep fed FSMC-60 diet for all the sampling times (P<0.027~P<0.002). Increased proportion of butyrate was observed at 30 min prior to feeding (P<0.031), and 1h (P<0.011) and 6h(P<0.039) post feeding from sheep fed FSMC-30 diet compared to those from sheep fed other diets. Effective degradability in the rumen was not influenced by experimental diets. Whole tract digestibility of crude protein (P<0.031) and neutral detergent fiber (P<0.006) tended to be increased in the sheep fed CON diet while corresponding values were lowest in the sheep fed FSMC-60 diet. Total body weight gain of Hanwoo steers for 8 months was not different among diets, thus daily body gain was not influenced by the experimental diets.

Investigation on the effects of adding Direct– fed Microbial on total tract apparent nutrient digestibility in sheep

Growing concern over the use of antibiotics and other growth stimulation in the animal feed industry has increased interest in evaluating the effects of Direct-fed Microbial (DFM) on animal performance (Sullivan and Martin, 1999). Some bacterial direct-fed microbials also seem able to function in the rumen. Depending on the species or combination of species, they can increase digestibility. Modes of action are variable and include native rumen microbiota enhancement through increased substrate breakdown, enhancement of nutrient uptake, stabilising rumen pH and provision of growth factors. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of DFM supplementation on total tract digestibility.

The effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici on corn silage fermentation, ruminal degradability and nutrient digestibility in sheep.

Summary The chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability coefficients of dry matter (DM), and nutrient digestibility in sheep were evaluated for corn silage (CS) treated (fresh weight basis) with different levels of commercial bacterial inoculant (I) as follows: (1) untreated CS (control); (2) CS + I at half of the recommended level; (3) CS + I at the recommended level (3 × 10 10 colony forming units per g of fresh forage) and (4) CS + I at two-fold recommended level. The inoculants (Lallemand, France) consisted of Lactobacillus plantarum and Propionibacterium acidipropionici. Whole- plant corn was ensiled for 60 days in plastic polyethylene bags. Also, three laboratory silos (70 g capacity) for each treatment were sampled on days 2, 3, 4 and 60 to study the pH changes. The silages underwent rapid fermentation and were well- preserved. The pH value decreased to 4.0 on day 2 and was the lowest for treatment 2 on day 60 after ensiling compared with other treatments. Treatment 2 had higher (P<0.05) contents of crude protein (CP), residual water soluble carbohydrates (WSC), lactic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and total acids, but lower (P<0.05) butyric acid than treatment 3, and also higher acetic and lower butyric acid levels than other treatments. No traces of ethanol were detected in any of the silages. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of treatments 1 and 4 was lower (P<0.05) than others. Only ether extract (EE) digestibility was affected by these treatments which was higher for treatments 1 and 4 (P<0.05). The DM recovery for treatment 1 was lower than others. Effective DM degradability was slightly higher for treatment 4 and fraction a was significantly (P<0.05) lower for treatments 1 and 3 compared with treatment 4. The results indicated that application of this inoculant at half of the recommended level was more effective to enhance the aerobic stability of silages due to higher acetic and propionic acid production which have antimycotyic properties. The decreased cost associated with this level of inoculant might be economical for farmers in warm climates as to encourage its use as an additive for silage making.

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on genetically modified organisms [GMO] related on an application (Reference EFSA GMO UK 2004 08) for the placing on the market of products produced from glyphosate tolerant genetically modified sugar beet H7‐1, for food and feed uses, under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from KWS SAAT AG and Monsanto

EFSA JournalVolume 4, Issue 12 431 OpinionOpen Access Opinion of the Scientific Panel on genetically modified organisms [GMO] related on an application (Reference EFSA GMO UK 2004 08) for the placing on the market of products produced from glyphosate tolerant genetically modified sugar beet H7-1, for food and feed uses, under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from KWS SAAT AG and Monsanto European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this author European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)Search for more papers by this author First published: 14 December 2006 https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2006.431Citations: 4 Adoption date: 5 December 2006 Published date: 14 December 2006 Question number: EFSA-Q-2004-164 AboutPDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat References ACNFP, 1994. Annual Report 1994, Appendix 4, Advisory Committee on Novel Foods and Processes, London, UK. www.foodstandards.gov.uk/multimedia/webpage/acnfp_report_1994 CAC, 2003. Codex principles and guidelines on foods derived from biotechnology. Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme, Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome. ftp://ftp.fao.org/codex/standard/en/CodexTextsBiotechFoods.pdf Dewar, A., May, M. and Pidgeon, J. (2000) GM sugar beet – The present situation. Br. sugar Rev., 68: 22– 27. EC, 2003. Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on genetically modified food and feed. OJ, L268, 1– 23. europa.eu.int/eur-lex/pri/en/oj/dat/2003/l_268/l_26820031018en00010023.pdf EFSA, 2003a. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on a request from the Commission related to the Notification (Reference CE/ES/00/01) for the placing on the market of herbicide-tolerant genetically modified maize NK603, for import and processing, under Part C of Directive 2001/18/EC from Monsanto (Question No EFSA-Q-2003-003), the EFSA Journal (2003), 10, 1– 13. www.efsa.eu.int/science/gmo/gmo_opinions/176/opinion_gmo_03_final_en1.pdf EFSA, 2003b. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on a request from the Commission related to the safety of foods and food ingredients derived from herbicide-tolerant genetically modified maize NK603, for which a request for placing on the market was submitted under Article 4 of the Novel Food Regulation (EC) No 258/97 by Monsanto (Question No EFSA-Q-2003-002), the EFSA Journal (2003) 9, 1– 14. www.efsa.eu.int/science/gmo/gmo_opinions/177/opinion_gmo_02_final_en1.pdf EFSA, 2004. Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on the use of antibiotic resistance genes as marker genes in genetically modified plants the EFSA journal (2004) 48, 1– 18. www.efsa.europa.eu/etc/medialib/efsa/science/gmo/gmo_opinions/384.Par.0001.File.dat/opinion_gmo_05_en1.pdf EFSA, 2006. Guidance document of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms for the risk assessment of genetically modified plants and derived food and feed, the EFSA Journal (2006) 99, 1– 100. www.efsa.europa.eu/etc/medialib/efsa/press_room/publications/scientific/1497.Par.0005.File.dat/gmo_guidance%20gm%20plants_en.pdf. Hartnell, G.F., Hvelplund, T., Weisbjerg, M.R., 2005, Nutrient digestibility in sheep fed diets containing Roundup Ready or conventional fodder beet, sugar beet, and beet pulp. J, Anim. Sci., 83, 400– 407. May, M.J., Champion, G.T. and Qi, A. (2003) Novel weed management options in GM herbicide tolerant sugar beet. In: GM Herbicide Tolerant sugar Beet, Proceedings of the 1st joint IIRB-ASSBT Congress, San Antonio (USA), p. 77– 90. Metcalfe, D.D., Astwood, J.D., Townsend, R., Sampson, H.A., Taylor, S.L., Fuchs, R.L., 1996. Assessment of the allergenic potential of foods derived from genetically engineered crop plants. Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr., 36(S), 165– 186. OECD, 2002. Consensus document on compositional considerations for new varieties of sugar beet: key food and feed nutrients and antinutrients. Series on the Safety of Novel Foods and Feeds, No. 3, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris. SCP, 1998a. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Plants regarding the genetically modified cotton, tolerant to glyphosate herbicide notified by the Monsanto Company (notification C/ES/97/01). europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scp/out17_en.html SCP, 1998b. Opinion of Scientific Committee on Plants regarding submission for placing on the market of fodder beet tolerant to glyphosate notified by DLF-Trifolium, Monsanto and Danisco Seed (notification C/DK/97/01). Wevers, J., May, M., Hermann, O. and Petersen, J. (2005) Efficacy and selectivity of glyphosate and glufosinate in genetically modified sugar beet. In: Genetic Modification In sugar Beet, J. Pidgeon, R.M. Molard, J.D.A. Wevers and R. Beckers (Eds.), Advances in sugar Beet Research, Vol. 6, IIRB, p. 45– 60. Citing Literature Volume4, Issue12December 2006431 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Site and extent of digestion, duodenal flow, and intestinal disappearance of total and esterified fatty acids in sheep fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with high-linoleate safflower oil

Our objective was to determine duodenal and ileal flows of total and esterified fatty acids and to determine ruminal fermentation characteristics and site and extent of nutrient digestion in sheep fed an 80% concentrate diet supplemented with high-linoleate (77%) safflower oil at 0, 3, 6, and 9% of DM. Oil was infused intraruminally along with an isonitrogenous basal diet (fed at 2% of BW) that contained bromegrass hay, cracked corn, corn gluten meal, urea, and limestone. Four crossbred wethers (BW = 44.3 +/- 15.7 kg) fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment, in which 14 d of dietary adaptation were followed by 4 d of duodenal, ileal, and ruminal sampling. Fatty acid intake increased (linear, P = 0.004 to 0.001) with increased dietary safflower oil. Digestibilities of OM, NDF, and N were not affected (P = 0.09 to 0.65) by increased dietary safflower oil. For total fatty acids (free plus esterified) and esterified fatty acids, duodenal flow of most fatty acids, including 18:2c-9,c-12, increased (P = 0.006 to 0.05) with increased dietary oil. Within each treatment, duodenal flow of total and esterified 18:2c-9,c-12 was similar (P = 0.32), indicating that duodenal flow of this fatty acid occurred because most of it remained esterified. Duodenal flow of esterified 18:1t-11 increased (P = 0.08) with increased dietary safflower oil, indicating that reesterification of ruminal fatty acids occurred. Apparent small intestinal disappearance of most fatty acids was not affected (P = 0.19 to 0.98) by increased dietary safflower oil, but increased (P = 0.05) for 18:2c-9,c-12, which ranged from 87.0 to 97.4%, and for 18:2c-9,t-11 (P = 0.03), which ranged from 37.9% with no added oil to 99.2% with supplemental oil. For esterified fatty acids, apparent small intestinal disappearance was from 80% for 18:3c-9,c-12,c-15 at the greatest level of dietary oil up to 100% for 18:1t-11 and 18:1c-12 with 0% oil. We concluded that duodenal flow of 18:2c-9,c-12 was predominately associated with the esterified fraction, suggesting that the extent of ruminal lipolysis was decreased with increased dietary high-linoleate safflower oil. Furthermore, biohydrogenation intermediates observed in the esterified fatty acids indicated that some reesterification occurred, and the high level of apparent absorption of esterified fatty acids indicated that intestinal lipolysis did not limit overall digestion of the fatty acids fed to the sheep.

Effects of synchronizing starch and protein degradation in rumen on fermentation, nutrient utilization and total tract digestibility in sheep

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effects of synchronizing the dietary starch and crude protein (CP) degradation in the rumen on nutrient utilization, fermentation, and total tract digestibility in sheep. The four diets were formulated with different rates of starch and CP release in the rumen but with similar metabolic energy, starch, and CP. The diets were slowly degradable starch, slowly degradable protein; slowly degradable starch, rapidly degradable protein; rapidly degradable starch, rapidly degradable protein; and rapidly degradable starch, slowly degradable protein. The diets were fed to four cannulated sheep ad libitum in two equal portions, using a 4x4 Latin square design.Dry matter intake (DM) was not influenced by either the rate of starch or protein degradation. There was no significant effect of dietary treatment on the digestibility of DM, organic matter, starch, CP, neutral detergent fiber or acid detergent fiber in the rumen and total tract. Ruminal pH was greater for sheep fed slowly degradable starch diets than rapidly degradable starch (P< 0.05). Ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentrations were not affected by treatments but the molar proportions of propionic acid were greater for sheep fed rapidly degradable starch diets than slowly degradable starch diets (P< 0.05). The ratios of acetic acid (A) to propionic acid (P) were higher for sheep fed slowly degradable starch diets than rapidly degradable starch diets (P< 0.05). Ruminal ammonia-N concentrations were not affected from the degradability characteristics of protein. Rumen pH and A:P were higher in diets containing slowly degradable starch than in diets rapidly degradable starch. Propionic acid was higher in diets containing rapidly degradable starch than in diets containing slowly degradable starch. Rumen fermentation and utilization of nutrients in the rumen affected starch degradability more than protein degradability. Synchronizing starch and protein degradation in rumen had no effect on the intake, digestibility of nutrients in sheep.

Nutrient digestibility in sheep fed diets containing Roundup Ready or conventional fodder beet, sugar beet, and beet pulp1

The objective of this digestibility assessment was to determine whether there are significant differences in the digestibility of Roundup Ready (glyphosate-tolerant) and conventional sugar beet, fodder beet, and beet pulp produced from sugar beet varieties when fed to sheep (seven wethers per treatment group). Three experiments were conducted in this assessment. Experiment 1 (35 wethers) compared one glyphosate-tolerant fodder beet variety with four conventional varieties, Exp. 2 (42 wethers) compared one glyphosate-tolerant sugar beet variety with five conventional varieties, and Exp. 3 (42 wethers) compared beet pulp derived from glyphosate-tolerant sugar beet with beet pulp from five European locations. The experimental phase consisted of a 2-wk preliminary period followed by a 1-wk collection period for Exp. 1 and 2, and a 1-wk preliminary period followed by a 1-wk digestibility collection period for Exp. 3. Diets were comprised of grass hay at 30, 30, and 20% of DM for Exp. 1, 2, and 3, respectively, with the balance being beet components. Urea and sodium sulfate were supplemented (8 and 2.9 g, respectively, for Exp. 1 and 2; and 6 g and 2.16 g, respectively, for Exp. 3) to supply sufficient dietary N and S. Each diet was fed to sheep (96 +/- 0.9 kg) in the three experiments to at or near maintenance energy levels. Treatment differences were considered significant at P < 0.05. Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and DE for glyphosate-tolerant fodder and sugar beets did not differ from those for commercial fodder and sugar beets in Exp. 1 and 2. There were differences (P < 0.05) in DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF, and DE digestibilities influenced by the different varieties of beet pulp in Exp. 3, but these were not unique to just the Roundup Ready sugar beet variety. Digestibilities and feeding values of Roundup Ready fodder beet, sugar beet, and beet pulp produced from Roundup Ready sugar beet varieties were not influenced by the introduction of the Roundup Ready trait compared with conventional varieties.

Soybean oil supplementation of a high-concentrate diet does not affect site and extent of organic matter, starch, neutral detergent fiber, or nitrogen digestion, but influences both ruminal metabolism and intestinal flow of fatty acids in limit-fed lambs.

Our objective was to measure ruminal fermentation characteristics and site and extent of nutrient digestion in sheep limit-fed an 81.6% (DM basis) concentrate diet supplemented with increasing levels of soybean oil. Eight white-faced wether lambs (39.9+/-3.0 kg BW) fitted with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square experiment. Diets were formulated to contain 15.0% CP (DM basis) and included bromegrass hay (18.4%), cracked corn, soybean oil, corn gluten meal, urea, and limestone. Soybean oil was added to diets at 0, 3.2, 6.3, and 9.4% of dietary DM. The diet was limit-fed at 1.4% of BW. After 14 d of dietary adaptation, Cr2O3 (2.5 g) was dosed at each feeding for 7 d followed by ruminal, duodenal, ileal, and fecal sample collections for 3 d. Digestibilities of OM, starch, NDF, and N were not affected (P = 0.13 to 0.95) by increasing dietary soybean oil level. Means for true ruminal (percentage of intake), lower-tract (percentage entering the duodenum), and total-tract (percentage of intake) digestibility for each nutrient were (mean+/-SEM): OM = 50.7+/-4.66%, 71.6+/-2.58%, and 82.7+/-0.93%; starch = 92.0+/-1.94%, 96.1+/-0.70%, and 99.8+/-0.05%; NDF = 36.7+/-6.75%, 50.9+/-7.58%, and 71.7+/-1.93%; and N = 31.6+/-9.93%, 84.1+/-1.50%, and 81.0+/-1.10%, respectively. Total VFA concentration was greatest in sheep fed 6.3% soybean oil and least in sheep fed 9.4% soybean oil (cubic, P = 0.01). Duodenal flow of fatty acids from the diet and those metabolized within the rumen increased (linear, P < 0.001) with increasing dietary soybean oil level. Ileal flow of 16:0, 17:0, 18:0, 18:1trans, and 18:1cis-9 fatty acids increased (P < or = 0.04) with increasing dietary soybean oil level. Apparent small intestinal disappearance of 18:0 decreased (linear, P = 0.004) as dietary soybean oil increased, and with 9.4% dietary soybean oil, nearly half the duodenal 18:0 was observed at the ileum; thus, the true energy value of the soybean oil decreased with increasing oil supplementation. We conclude that supplementation of a high-concentrate diet with increasing amounts of soybean oil in limit-fed sheep resulted in a trade off between loss of potential dietary energy from the fat and gain of important PUFA and biohydrogenation intermediates, but without a marked influence on digestibility of other important macronutrients.

Studies on Feed Intake and Nutrient Utilization of Sheep under Two Housing Systems in a Semi-arid Region of India

An investigation was carried out to study the effect of two housing systems on feed intake and nutrient utilization of sheep in a semi-arid region of India. Two types of housing managements were adopted. The first was a shed- 20'×10' structure with all the four sides of 6 'chain link fencing with central height of 10'. The roof was covered with asbestos sheets, with mud floorings. The second was an open corral- 20'×10' open space with all the four sides covered with 6' chain link fencing. Thirty-four (32 ewes and 2 rams) sheep were grazed together on a 35 ha plot of native range. All the sheep were grazed as a flock from 08:00 to 17:00 h during the yearlong study. The flock was divided into two groups (16 ewes+1 ram) in the evening and housed according to two housing systems (Shed and Open Corral). Three digestion trials were conducted during three defined seasons of monsoon, winter and summer seasons to determine the effect of housing on nutrient intake and utilization. Blood samples were collected in three seasons for the estimation of hemoglobin and glucose. Dry and wet bulb temperatures were recorded at 06:00 A.M. and 09:00 P.M. using suitable thermometers both inside the shed and in the open corral and temperature humidity index (THI) was calculated. There was significant (p 0.05). The digestibility of DM was 45.92, 45.13 and 50.30 in sheep housed under shed and 43.64, 45.02 and 55.02 in sheep housed in open corral during monsoon, winter and summer seasons, respectively. There was no significant (p>0.05) difference in the digestibility of nutrients in sheep maintained under shed and in open corral. Blood Hb concentration was 13.97, 14.13 and 13.15 in sheep housed under shed and 15.27, 13.63 and 14.82 in those kept in open corral, whereas blood glucose concentration was 59.67, 59.70 and 52.33 in sheep under shed and 61.00, 61.00 and 57.83 in open corral, during monsoon, winter and summer, respectively. There was also no significant effect of housing on the body weight changes, wool yield and survivability in ewes. Although housing had no significant effect on nutrient intake, their utilization and blood parameters, there was significant effect on the physiological responses and energy expenditure of sheep maintained under the two housing systems (Bhatta et al., 2004). It can be concluded from this study that the housing systems didn't have any significant effect on the nutrient intake and utilization of native breed like Malpura, which were well adapted to the hot semi-arid conditions of India. However, while deciding provisions for housing of different breeds of sheep (both crossbred and native) parameters like physiological responses, energy expenditure, health conditions and overall economics of the systems should be taken into consideration. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2004. Vol 17, No. 6 : 814-819)

The effect of physic conditions of Caliandra calothyrsus and its mixing with fresh Gliricidia sepium toward the consumption and nutrient digestibility of sheep

It is reported that feedstuff preparation affects intake and digestibility of the ration. The objective of this experiment was to know the effect of physic conditions of Caliandra calothyrsus and its mixing with fresh Gliricidia sepium toward the digestibility and nutrient consumption of sheep. Fourty nine (49) thin tail sheep with the average body weight of 15.42 kg (SD 2.68) was randomly assigned into one out of five treatment groups of greenery feed which composed of different fresh Penisetum sp. (FP), fresh Caliandra calothyrsus (FC), fresh Gliricidia sepium (FG), dried C. calothyrsus (DC) and steamed C calothyrsus (SC). Treatment A (70% FP + 30% FC), B (70% FP + 30% FG), C (70% FP + 15% SC + 15% FG), D (70% FP + 15% DC +15% FG) and E (70% FP + 15% DC + 15% FG). The treatments had been carried out for 90 days. Water was given ad libitum . Parameters recorded in this experiment were nutrient consumption (dry matter/BK, crude protein, energy) and nutrient digestibility (BK, crude protein, energy). Data recorded were processed by covariant analysis with body weight of sheep at the early experiment treatment as a covariant. Results of the experiment showed that there were significant difference (P<0.05) between fresh, dried, and steamed C. calothyrsus and its mixing with fresh G. sepium toward the consumption and nutrient digestibility. The average of consumption and nutrient digestibility value were high in mixing treatment of 15% fresh C. calothyrsus with 15% fresh G. sepium . Key words: Sheep, Caliandra calothyrsus , Gliricidia sepium , consumption, digestibility

Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and environmental temperatures on feed intake, digesta flow and nutrient digestion in sheep

Three experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) infused into the gastric artery and exposure to a low temperature will increase feed intake, duodenal flow and amino acid supply to the small intestine of sheep, both effects as a result of increased ruminal outflow. A total of eight sheep (55 ± 2.7 kg) with rumen and duodenal cannulae and eight sheep without digestive cannulae were provided with continuous access to a diet of alfalfa pellets. Water and salt licks were accessible 24 h d-1. Two infusion treatments, VIP (1 nmol min-1) solution or a saline control (0.9% NaCl solution) were given through a left gastric-artery catheter for 10 min each hour for the first 3 h after feeding each day for 3 to 4 consecutive days in a crossover arrangement during experimental periods. Sheep were exposed to 1 ± 2°C in exp.1, to a thermoneutral (21 ± 2°C) environment in exp. 3 and to both thermoneutral (21 ± 1.5°C) and cold environments (1 ± 2°C) in exp. 2. These studies demonstrated that a VIP infusion of short duration did not increase dry matter intake (DMI) (P &gt; 0.05) and did not influence duodenal passage of DM, OM, CP, amino acids (AA) or bacterial protein (P &gt; 0.05). The exposure of animals to a cold environment stimulated (P &lt; 0.05) intake of DM, OM and AA and duodenal passage of DM, OM, AA and microbial protein. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.05) between VIP and environmental temperature such that VIP improved duodenal AA passage in the thermoneutral, but not in the cold, environment. The data suggest that short-term VIP treatment does not induce a change in feed intake when sheep have access to feed for 24 h d-1. Cold environmental temperature stimulates significant increases in feed intake and passage of protein and AA into the small intestine of sheep fed ad libitum, such that there was enrichment of intestinal supply of AA relative to digestible organic matter. Key words: Sheep, vasoactive intestinal peptide, feed intake, environmental temperature

Influence of Dietary Addition of Dried Wormwood (Artemisia sp.) on the Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Hanwoo Steers and the Nutrient Digestibility of Sheep

Two experiments were conducted to study the performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo (Korean native beef cattle) steers (Experiment 1) and the nutrient digestibility of sheep (Experiment 2) when the animals fed diets containing four levels of dried wormwood (Artemisia sp.). For both experiments the animals were given a basal diet consisting of rice straw and concentrate mixed at 3:7 ratio (on DM basis). In Experiment 1, the treatments were designed as a completely randomized design with two feeding periods. Steers were allotted in one of four dietary treatments, which were designed to progressively substitute dried wormwood for 0, 3, 5 and 10% of the rice straw in the basal diet. Bodyweight gain and average daily gain (ADG) of Hanwoo steers fed diets containing the 5 and 10% wormwood inclusion were greater (p<0.05) than the 3% wormwood-feeding group. Total and daily intakes of roughage and concentrate were not altered by all levels of dried wormwood inclusion. However, the 10% dried wormwood inclusion led to increased total feed intake (p<0.05) compared with that of the 0 and 3% of dried wormwood inclusion. Carcass weight, carcass yield and backfat thickness were not altered by dried wormwood inclusion. The highest level of dried wormwood inclusion resulted in significantly increased (p<0.05) loin-eye area compared with the 0 and 5% levels of dried wormwood inclusion. Experiment 2 was designed by a 4× 4 Latin square with four periods. Sheep were allocated in one of four dietary treatments as same as in Experiment 1. Digestibilities of DM and TDN were significantly increased (p<0.05) in sheep fed the diet containing all three levels of dried wormwood inclusion compared with the control treatment. Digestibilities of CP and crude fiber in the 5% dried wormwood inclusion highly increased (p<0.05) up to 8.2 and 5.5% respectively relative to the control treatment. The palatability was significantly improved (p<0.05) by the 5% dried wormwood inclusion compared with the control treatment. It is concluded that feeding diets containing dried wormwood substituted for equal weights of rice straw at 5 and 10% levels would be anticipated to provide better quality roughage for beef cattle production and higher income for beef cattle producers. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. Vol 15, No. 3 : 390-395)

Influence of an anaerobic fungal culture administration on in vivo ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion

Experiments were conducted to study the effect of administration of anaerobic fungal cultures or their enzymes on ruminal fermentation, microbial populations and enzyme activities in the rumen, and general nutrient digestion in sheep. Twelve mature sheep receiving 560 g of orchard grass hay and 240 g of concentrate per day were randomly assigned to three different treatments with four sheep per treatment. Control (FM) animals received 200 ml of the defined medium for fungal growth through rumen cannulae at 8.00 h each day (as a control treatment without added fungal enzymes and viable cells). The second group of animals (FE) were given 200 ml of supernatant from fungal culture incubated with an anaerobic ruminal fungus for 7 days (as a treatment for fungal enzymes in cultures without viable fungus). The third group (FC) was administered with an anaerobic fungal culture incubated for 7 days (as a direct-fed microbials (DFM) treatment with fungal enzymes and viable cells). Animals were exposed to each treatment for 15 days before rumen collection and digestion trials began. Direct administration of cultures of a polycentric fungal strain, Orpinomyces strain KNGF-2 isolated from a Korean native goat, to the rumen of sheep (FC) generally increased nutrient digestibility and nitrogen (N) retention resulting from an increase in numbers of bacteria and fungi in the rumen and by altering the patterns of volatile fatty acids (VFA) production. However, administration of fungal enzyme (FE) failed to improve nutrient digestibility and N retention, and ruminal fermentation parameters. Results indicate that these proteins may be rapidly degraded by ruminal microbes or that these enzymes could reduce the growth or activity of ruminal microbes. These are the first report of the effect of DFM originating from an anaerobic fungal culture. Such a development is particularly significant because this study demonstrates that the introduction of a microorganism with superior fibrolytic activity into the rumen can improve nutrient utilization in ruminants.

Rumen biohydrogenation of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and their effects on microbial efficiency and nutrient digestibility in sheep

The study examined the extent to which n-3 PUFA from different sources were biohydrogenated in the rumen and their effects on rumen microbial efficiency and whole tract nutrient digestibility. Four ruminally and duodenally cannulated wether lambs were used in a 4×4 Latin square design. Four iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous diets based on dried grass were formulated to provide similar fat levels (60g/kg DM) from different sources; Megalac (palmitic acid: C16:0; Control), whole linseed (α-linolenic acid, C18:3n-3 ; Linseed) fish oil (eicosapentaenoic acid, C20:5n-3, EPA and docosahexaenoic acids C22:6n-3, DHA; Fish oil) and whole linseed plus fish oil providing equal amounts of oil (LinFish). Diets were offered at a rate of 1·2kg/day in 12 equal portions.Total fatty acid intake was similar on all diets whilst duodenal fatty acid flow varied between 101, 94, 87 and 90% of dietary intake for animals fed the Control, Linseed, Fish oil and Linfish diets respectively. Duodenal flow of C18:3 n-3 in animals fed the Linseed diet was twice that of animals fed the Control diet (P &lt; 0·01) whilst animals fed the Fish oil diet had a significantly greater flow of EPA and DHA than those fed any of the other dietary treatments. Duodenal flow of trans C18:1 in animals fed the Linfish diet was significantly greater than that in animals fed either Linseed, Fish oil or Control diets (P &lt; 0·001). Biohydrogenation of C18:3n-3 was 80 to 93% in all diets whilst that of C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 was 72 to 79% in diets that contained fish oil or linseed and fish oil. Apparent fatty acid digestibility (duodenum to rectum) tended to be greater for unsaturated than saturated fatty acids whilst whole tract fatty acid digestibility (mouth to rectum) was significantly greater in animals fed diets containing fish oil (P0·05). All dietary n-3 PUFA sources decreased microbial protein synthesis and efficiency when expressed as either gN/kg organic matter (OM) apparently or truly degraded in the rumen. Additionally, the inclusion of fish oil increased the proportion of propionate in the rumen whilst depressing the rumen digestibility of OM and fibre (P &lt; 0·01), but had no significant effect on whole tract OM or fibre digestibility.

Evaluation of Bengal gram ( Cicer arietinum) husk as a source of tannin and its interference in rumen and post-rumen nutrient digestion in sheep

Bengal gram ( Cicer arietinum) husk (BGH) was evaluated for the content of tannin and its interference in digestion. The BGH contained (% DM) 76.0 NDF, 65.2 ADF, 6.1 ADL and 8.4 tannin. The gas production (ml/200 mg DM/24 h) from BGH incubated with rumen inoculum was 45.0, which increased to 61.3 when polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) was added. The magnitude of the increase in gas production was not explained by the quantity of tannin-bound protein (acid detergent insoluble nitrogen×6.25) or the total protein. This suggested that carbohydrate could be the main substrate bound by tannin in BGH. The availability of tannin-bound substrate in the post-rumen digestive tract was assessed through a metabolic trial. Twelve male lambs aged between 6 and 8 months were divided into three groups of four animals in each group. BGH was incorporated in the diet at 0, 6.8 and 14% by replacing deoiled rice bran (DORB). Incorporation of BGH in the diet increased OM digestibility ( P<0.002) from 63.3% (Group I) to 68.1% (Group II) and 72.4% (Group III). The observed differences among the diets was quantitatively explainable by the difference in ME content (8.5 MJ) of BGH and DORB after PEG addition. The faecal excretion (g/day) of organic neutral detergent solubles (ONDS) (54.5, 55.3 and 46.7), and neutral detergent soluble nitrogen (NDSN) (4.4, 4.4 and 3.9) for the three groups were similar. Therefore, it is speculated that the tannin-bound substrate in BGH is carbohydrate, protected from rumen fermentation but digested in the small intestine.

Effect of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide infusion on feed intake, digesta flow and nutrient digestion in sheep with access to feed for limited time

Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) infusion into the gastric artery increases feed intake, duodenal flow and amino acid supply to the small intestine of sheep. Four sheep in exp. 1 and five sheep in exp. 2 were fistulated with rumen and duodenal cannulae. Sheep in exp. 2 also had an ileal cannula. In both experiments animals were fed a diet of alfalfa pellets ad libitum for 8 h per day in a thermoneutral environment (20 ± 2 °C) and had free access to water and mineralized salt blocks. In exp. 1, VIP was infused at 1 nmol min−1 through a gastric-artery catheter for 10 min duration each hour for 3 h each day for 4 consecutive days. In exp. 2, VIP was infused at 1.5 nmol min−1 for 10 min duration each half-hour for 3 h each day for 7 consecutive days. Control sheep were infused with saline. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide infusion increased (P &lt; 0.05) feed intake by 14.3 and 26.1% in exp. 1 and exp. 2, respectively. In exp. 2, there was a positive regression (P &lt; 0.01) between intake and duodenal passage of dry matter (DM) (n = 5, r2 = 0.67), organic matter (OM) (n = 5, r2 = 0.68), and amino acids (AA) (n = 5, r2 = 0.85). The present results suggest that VIP may play a role as a physiological regulator of feed intake in sheep and also has potential to increase the supply of nutrients to the animal. Key words: Digesta passage, intake, sheep, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide

&lt;i&gt;In vivo&lt;/i&gt; nutrient digestibility in sheep, and rumen dry matter degradability in cattle fed crop by-product based diets

Nutrient in vivo digestibility in sheep and rumen dry matter degradability in cattle fed cereal strawand concentrate-based diets were determined in two experiments. In Experiment 1, a conventional in vivo balance trial was conducted with six Peul-peul sheep to evaluate apparent digestibility of 3 diets.Diet 1 consisted of (g/kg DM) : rice straw 560, molasses 115, rice bran 180, peanut cake 130 andmineral supplement 15; diet 2 contained (g/kg DM) : millet straw 580, molasses 115, millet bran 175,peanut cake 113 and mineral supplement 15; diet 3 was a mixture of (g/kg DM) peanut hulls 180 and cake 50, molasses 200, maize grain 95, senal* 200, cotton seeds 250 and mineral supplement 25, In Experiment 2, the rumen degradation pattern of the feed ingredients was evaluated using the nylon bag technique in three fistulated Gobra zebu bulls successively fed the same diets. In vivo dry matter and organic matter digestibility were significantly (P 55 % DM) and concentrates (1)t>55 % DM). Treatment of straws with molasses (17%) significantly (P<0.01) improved their DM degradation. The feed average degradation profile was influenced by fibre content, especially lignocellulose (R= - 0.76). Feed DtAL .can also be predicted by dry matter disappearance at 24 h incubation time (R=0.90) and from individual ingredients in the case of mixed feeds. (Resume d'auteur)

Ruminal fermentation and nutrient digestion in sheep fed hydroxyethylsoyamide.

Hydroxyethylsoyamide (HESA) was reported previously to protect soybean oil from ruminal biohydrogenation and increase plasma unsaturated fatty acids in sheep. Two digestibility trials with sheep and a rumen in vitro trials were conducted in this study to determine the effects of HESA on ruminal VFA and nutrient digestibility. Trial 1 was a 4 x 4 Latin square with 17-d periods in which four wethers were fed either a control diet (CON) with no added fat, 2.5% soybean oil (SBO), 5% butylsoyamide (BuSA), or 5% HESA. The HESA diet was ground with a mortar and pestle before feeding to disperse fat lumps that formed during diet mixing. Compared with the CON diet, the HESA diet reduced DMI, acetate/ propionate (A/P), and total tract fiber digestibility, but these were not affected by SBO or BuSA. Trial 2 was a 24-h rumen in vitro study showing that total VFA concentration and A/P in cultures were reduced by 10% linoleic acid but not by 10% ethanolamine or 10% HESA. In Trial 3, four wethers were fed the CON and HESA diets in a replicated 2 x 2 Latin square to determine digestibility responses to HESA when grinding was avoided. Fiber digestibilities and A/P were not affected by HESA in Trial 3. The HESA in this study had variable effects on fiber digestibility that may have been related to physical attributes of the diet, including particle size. Substitution of ethanolamine for butylamine during synthesis of the amide increased fatty acid digestibility but reduced dry matter intake.

Effect of supplementing rumen-protected lysine and methionine on ruminal characteristics and nutrient digestibility in sheep

Effect of supplementing rumen-protected lysine and methionine on ruminal characteristics and nutrient digestibility in sheep

Butylsoyamide protects soybean oil from ruminal biohydrogenation: effects of butylsoyamide on plasma fatty acids and nutrient digestion in sheep.

Based on previous results showing partial resistance of fatty acyl amides to ruminal biohydrogenation, butylsoyamide was added to sheep diets in an attempt to increase unsaturation of plasma fatty acids. Twelve wethers averaging 34 +/- 3.2 kg BW were randomly assigned to three diets containing either no added fat (control), 5% soybean oil, or 5% butylsoyamide. Dry matter intake was greater (P < .05) for sheep fed butylsoyamide than for sheep fed soybean oil (740 and 581 g/d, respectively), but neither fat supplement differed from the control diet (680 g/d). The soybean oil supplement reduced (P < .05) total VFA concentration (59.0 and 38.7 mM) and acetate:propionate (4.10 and 2.56) in ruminal samples compared with the control diet. Butylsoyamide had no effect (P > .05) on total VFA (54.4 mM) or acetate:propionate (2.96). Total tract ADF digestibility was not affected (P > .05) by either fat supplement. Relative to the control diet, soybean oil increased (P < .05) plasma linoleic acid concentration 22% compared with a 58% increase from feeding butylsoyamide (26.7, 32.6, and 42.1% of total fatty acids, respectively). Linoleic acid concentration in plasma neutral lipids, relative to the control diet, increased 15.8% (P < .05) for soybean oil compared with 64.9% (P < .05) for butylsoyamide (31.6, 36.6, and 52.1% of total fatty acids, respectively). Converting soybean oil triglycerides to fatty acyl amides substantially reduces negative effects of the oil on ruminal fermentation and increases unsaturated fatty acids in plasma. The increase in plasma unsaturated fatty acids demonstrates at least partial resistance of fatty acyl amides to ruminal biohydrogenation and their digestion and absorption postruminally.