Nutrient Delivery System Research Articles

The Influence of Age and Winter Environment on Protein Block Intake Behavior of Beef Cattle Winter Grazing Mixed-Grass Rangelands

This study evaluated the influence of cow age and temperature adjusted for windchill (Twindchill) on supplement intake behavior of cattle winter grazing rangelands. A mixed-age herd of Angus-based cows (291 and 316 in year 1 and 2, respectively) were classified by age (1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5–7-, and ≥8-year-old) and grazed rangeland pasture (329-ha) for two consecutive winters. Cows were provided free-choice access to supplement protein blocks in a SmartFeedPro self-feeder system. An Onset HOBO Weather Station collected data throughout the grazing period. Supplement intake (expressed as kg∙d−1 and g∙kg body weight−1), the coefficient of variation in supplement intake and intake rate (g∙min−1) displayed Twindchill × cow age × year interactions (p ≤ 0.02). In general, cow age displayed a quadratic effect on all supplement intake variables (p ≤ 0.04), where 3- to 4-year-old cattle had the greatest supplement intake with the least variation, while yearling cattle had the least amount of supplement intake and the greatest variation. In conclusion, winter environmental conditions interacted with cow age to affect cattle supplement intake behavior and, consequently, the efficacy of nutrient delivery systems for beef cattle winter grazing on rangelands.

Recent advances in nanocarriers for nutrient delivery.

For the past few years, there has been a surge in the use of nutraceuticals. The global nutraceuticals market in 2020 was USD 417.66 billion, and the market value is expected to increase by 8.9% compound annual growth rate from 2020 to 2028. This is because nutraceuticals are used to treat and prevent various diseases such as cancer, skin disorders, gastrointestinal, ophthalmic, diabetes, obesity, and central nervous system-related diseases. Nutritious food provides the required amount of nutrition to the human body through diet, whereas most of the bioactive agents present in the nutrients are highly lipophilic, with low aqueous solubility leading to poor dissolution and oral bioavailability. Also, the nutraceuticals like curcumin, carotenoids, anthocyanins, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins C, vitamin B12, and quercetin have limitations such as poor solubility, chemical instability, bitter taste, and an unpleasant odor. Additionally, the presence of gastrointestinal (GIT) membrane barriers, varied pH, and reaction with GIT enzymes cause the degradation of some of the nutraceuticals. Nanotechnology-based nutrient delivery systems can be used to improve oral bioavailability by increasing nutraceutical stability in foods and GIT, increasing nutraceutical solubility in intestinal fluids, and decreasing first-pass metabolism in the gut and liver. This article has compiled the properties and applications of various nanocarriers such as polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, niosomes, solid lipid nanocarriers, nanostructured lipid carrier, microemulsion, nanoemulsion, dendrimers in organic nanoparticles, and nanocomposites for effective delivery of bioactive molecules.

A novel glycoprotein emulsion using high-denatured peanut protein and sesbania gum via cold plasma for encapsulation of β-carotene

Due to the instability of β-carotene, a glycoprotein (H/S-P) emulsion was specially prepared using high-denatured peanut protein isolate (HPPI) and sesbania gum by cold plasma (CP). The H/S-P, with multiple hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups present on the surface of HPPI and sesbania gum, was used to stabilize the oil-water interface. Characterization of HPPI and H/S-P emulsion under different protein additions was analyzed. Compared to HPPI emulsion, H/S-P emulsion showed better stability including thermal and salt resistance, smaller particle size, more protein adsorption content, and tough network structure, which was attributed to double-layer structure formation on the oil-water interface. Finally, emulsion with 5% protein addition was selected for embedding β-carotene, with an encapsulation efficiency ≥97.0%. Compared with HPPI emulsion, H/S-P emulsion enhanced the sustained release effect and bioaccessibility for β-carotene in gastrointestinal digestion. The preparation of glycoprotein emulsion by CP had potential applications in the delivery system for fat-soluble nutrients.

Free radical grafting of whey protein isolate with tea polyphenol: Synthesis and changes in structural and functional properties

Free radical grafting is a green and expeditious tool that was used to modify whey protein isolate (WPI) to synthesize WPI-(−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and WPI-catechin (C) antioxidant emulsifier and improve its functional and interfacial properties. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF–MS) were used to verify the covalent bonding between polyphenols and WPI. Results revealed that at least two EGCG molecules and three catechin molecules were grafted onto WPI. Meanwhile, the grafting of tea polyphenols, especially EGCG, with WPI decreased their fluorescence intensity; α-helix content; and free amino, sulfhydryl, and tyrosine group contents. A lycopene nanoemulsion constructed with the WPI-EGCG conjugate had smaller changes in size and ζ-potential than that constructed with WPI during 30-day storage, which was attributed to its enhanced emulsifying activity, emulsification stability, and ability to reduce the interfacial tension of conjugates. The improvement in oxidation resistance and interfacial adsorption layer thickness helped the WPI-EGCG conjugate to significantly reduce the lycopene degradation rate during storage. Thus, WPI modified with polyphenol by free radical grafting can be used to construct an emulsion delivery system for functional nutrients with a stable interface and high retention rate.

Construction of carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan/chitosan complex nanogels as potential delivery vehicles for curcumin

Construction of nanoscale delivery systems from natural food biopolymer complexes have attracted increasing interests in the fields of food industries. In this study, novel carboxymethyl konjac glucomannan/ chitosan (CMKGM/CS) nanogels with and without 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) /N-hydroxysuccinimide) (EDC/NHS)-initiated crosslinking were prepared. The physicochemical and structural properties of the CMKGM/CS nanogels and their potential to be a delivery vehicle for curcumin were investigated. Compared to original uncrosslinked nanogels, crosslinking did not alter particle size and morphology but decreased zeta potential of nanogels. Fourier transform infrared spectrum confirmed that the amide linkage was formed between CMKGM and CS, which obviously enhanced the stability of crosslinked nanogels under gastrointestinal conditions. Furthermore, the crosslinked nanogels not only had higher encapsulation efficiency of curcumin but also better sustained release behavior under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. These findings suggested that the crosslinked CMKGM/CS nanogels might be a promising delivery system for nutrients.

Improvements in Cognitive and Motor Function by a Nutrient Delivery System Containing Sialic Acid from Edible Bird's Nest

Improvements in Cognitive and Motor Function by a Nutrient Delivery System Containing Sialic Acid from Edible Bird's Nest

Polymerized Whey Protein Concentrate-Based Glutathione Delivery System: Physicochemical Characterization, Bioavailability and Sub-Chronic Toxicity Evaluation.

Glutathione (GSH) is a powerful antioxidant, but its application is limited due to poor storage stability and low bioavailability. A novel nutrient encapsulation and delivery system, consisting of polymerized whey protein concentrate and GSH, was prepared and in vivo bioavailability, antioxidant capacity and toxicity were evaluated. Polymerized whey protein concentrate encapsulated GSH (PWPC-GSH) showed a diameter of roughly 1115 ± 7.07 nm (D50) and zeta potential of 30.37 ± 0.75 mV. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed that GSH was successfully dispersed in PWPC particles. In vivo pharmacokinetics study suggested that PWPC-GSH displayed 2.5-times and 2.6-fold enhancement in maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) as compared to free GSH. Additionally, compared with plasma of mice gavage with free GSH, significantly increased antioxidant capacity of plasma in mice with PWPC-GSH was observed (p < 0.05). Sub-chronic toxicity evaluation indicated that no adverse toxicological reactions related to oral administration of PWPC-GSH were observed on male and female rats with a diet containing PWPC-GSH up to 4% (w/w). Data indicated that PWPC may be an effective carrier for GSH to improve bioavailability and antioxidant capacity.

Impact of starch granule-associated channel protein on characteristic of and λ-carrageenan entrapment within wheat starch granules

This study investigated the physicochemical characteristics of protease-treated wheat starch (PT-WST) to understand the role of starch granule-associated proteins (SGAPs) and the potential capability of PT-WST to provide a nutrient delivery system (NDS). Protease treatment was conducted at 4 °C and 37 °C (PT04 and PT37), respectively. A model delivery system was assessed with PT37 granules infiltrated by λ-carrageenan (λC) under variations of molecular size (λC hydrolysates produced from 0, 2.5, 100, and 500 mM HCl solution), agitation time, and temperature. Protein-specific (3-(4-carboxybenzyl)quioline-2-carboxaldehyde) or non-reactive (methanolic merbromin) fluorescent dye staining revealed that removal of SGAPs on surfaces and channels were more effective for PT37 than for PT04. Consistent amylose content, swelling, and gelatinization temperature before and after protease treatment suggested minimal impact on the starch structure. PT37 presented higher solubility and pasting viscosity than PT04. This resulted from excessive SGAP removal, which enhanced entrapment capacity. λC molecular size and agitation temperature showed a negative correlation with the content of λC entrapped within PT37, and this content depended on the interplay between the agitation time and λC molecular size. As λC molecular size decreased, the λC distribution became uniform throughout the granules, which confirmed the potential of PT-WST as a carrier for NDS.

Utilization of high internal phase emulsion stabilized by egg yolk-modified starch complex for the delivery of lutein

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical stability and potential gastrointestinal fate of the lutein-enriched high internal phase emulsions (LE-HIPE) stabilized by egg yolk-modified starch complex. Results showed that the physical stability and lutein retention of the LF-HIPE stabilized by egg yolk-hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate (EY-HPDSP) or egg yolk-octenyl succinic anhydride starch (EY-OSA) complex were both significantly improved at 4 °C. However, the LE-HIPE stabilized by EY-HPDSP complex showed better physical stability, lower lipid oxidation and higher lutein retention during storage at 37 °C than that stabilized by EY-OSA complex, which was related with the results of smaller droplets, more restricted water and oil protons for the former. In vitro digestion results showed that high level of HPDSP in LE-HIPE was beneficial to the improvement of the bioaccessibility of lutein. These results could be useful in the development of nutrient delivery system based on egg yolk-modified starch complex stabilized HIPE.

Preparation, characterization, and antioxidant activity of zein nanoparticles stabilized by whey protein nanofibrils

The application of natural biopolymers to develop colloidal carriers for delivering hydrophobic bioactive molecules has become one of the hottest topics in food science. In this study, a simple pH-driven method to prepare whey protein nanofibrils stabilized zein nanoparticles was developed. The formation, structure, intermolecular interactions, rheological properties, in vitro digestion, and antioxidant activity of the nanoparticles were investigated. When the mass ratio of zein and whey protein nanofibrils was 1:0.8, the hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential of the nanoparticles were 413 nm and − 25 mV, respectively. Transmission electron microscope photographs showed that the nanoparticles were a spherical core-shell structure. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and surface hydrophobicity measurements indicated that whey protein nanofibrils adsorbed to the surface of zein aggregates through hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Differential scanning calorimetry tests confirmed the formation of nanoparticles improved the thermal stability of zein and whey protein nanofibrils. The nanoparticles exhibited less shear-thinning behavior with low apparent viscosity, and it can't be degraded in simulated gastric fluid but can be in simulated intestinal fluid. The antioxidant activity of the nanoparticles was increased by in vitro antioxidant assay when compared to whey protein nanofibrils. This new technology to develop zein-whey protein nanoparticles may be used for preparing nanoparticles of other similar hydrophobic food ingredients. And the findings of this study may provide a theoretical basis for preparation of nanoparticles as a nutrient delivery system.

Ebb and flood nutrient delivery system for sustainable automated crop production

For more than 40 years ebb and flood irrigation and nutrient delivery systems have been nurturing crops within greenhouse controlled environments. Bedding plants, potted plants, cut flowers and even tomatoes have been produced. An overview and critical discussion of the delivery of water, dissolved oxygen and plant nutrients to the root zone of the crop using the ebb and flood principles is discussed in this article. Ebb and flood systems have functioned within automated crop production systems from table transport devices to concrete floor heating systems. The benefits were the easily manageable means to uniformly provide water, dissolved oxygen and plant nutrients to the root zone of the crop, without requiring a fixed plumbing connection, either for inflow during flood or for drainage at ebb. The results were effective transport of water, nutrients and oxygen from the bottom of the root zone upwards, and with saturation of the bottom of the root zone, allowing minimal flushing of nutrients and other dissolved substances from the root zone. All unused irrigation water was collected and returned to storage for future use, creating a recirculating hydroponic system which conserved water and nutrients and directly benefited the environment by eliminating discharge. Fundamental design criteria and operation management practices; integration with concrete floor heating system; and, examples of successful applications are discussed, as are limitations and future applications.

Co-encapsulation of Vitamin C and β-Carotene in liposomes: Storage stability, antioxidant activity, and in vitro gastrointestinal digestion

Vitamin C (VC) and β-Carotene (βC) were selected to produce co-encapsulated liposomes using hydrophilic and hydrophobic cavities simultaneously by ethanol injection method. The results of liposomal structure characterized by particle size, polydispersity index, zeta-potential and transmission electron microscope showed that the microstructure of all liposomal samples was spherical without adhesion or break and the size of VC-βC-loaded liposome (L-VC-βC) was bigger than VC-loaded liposome (L-VC) or βC-loaded liposome (L-βC). The encapsulation efficiency (EE) of VC in L-VC-βC was significantly higher than that in L-VC, and the EE of βC in L-VC-βC had no significant change compared with that in L-βC. The free radical scavenging rate of L-VC-βC was significantly higher than that of L-βC, while it had no significant change compared with that of L-VC. In addition, the storage stability of βC in L-VC-βC improved greatly compared with that in L-βC. Furthermore, the zero order model was applied to understand the release kinetics of βC from L-βC and L-VC-βC in the stomach, whereas the Korsmeyr-Peppas model was chosen to describe the release of βC from two types of liposome in small intestine and their release mechanisms were mainly dominated by Fickian diffusion. It was significant to provide a new idea for using hydrophilic and hydrophobic cavities simultaneously in liposomes to design the multicomponent nutrient delivery system.

Challenges in food nanoscale science and technology

Nanotechnology allows for the possibility to manipulate and modify material and systems on the nanoscale to produce altered characteristics that may differ greatly from those on the macroscale. The potential applications of nanoscale science and technology in the food area are emerging in such areas as safety testing, packaging, authenticity/authentication, and product development through novel functional ingredients and nutrient delivery systems. However, as with all new technologies, it is these potentially new and unique properties that will require rigorous safety testing and risk/benefit analysis to ensure that public and environmental concerns are addressed. The latter will be of particular importance to research in food science and technology at the nanoscale level if products and/or technologies will ever become commercially viable and socially/environmentally accepted. This article briefly addresses some developments and issues for nanoscale science and technology: definitions, applications, education/communication strategies, risk assessment/management activities, and public perception/acceptability.

Vitamin D3 Nanoemulsion Ameliorates Testicular Dysfunction in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Rat Model

Abstract Background: Obesity is a major health problem which may lead to infertility, vitamin D has anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic properties and metabolic activities Nano emulsions are very effective delivery system for medicines and nutrients. Nano vitamin D has a greater water solubility and stability compared to the conventional vitamin D. Aim of Study: The study aims to evaluate the potential protective effects of vitamin D3nanoemulsionintervention against some altered testicular, metabolic and hormonal changes in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. Material and Methods: 32 adult male albino rats were equally and randomly divided into four groups: Group I (control group on standard diet), group II (untreated HFD), group III (HFD + conventional vitamin D) and group IV (HFD + Nano vitamin D3). Vitamin D3 administration was begun along with the start of introduction of the high fat diet. After eight weeks, body weight (BW) was measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated then rats were euthanized. Serum testosterone, insulin and glucose levels were measured; home-ostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. In addition, testicular levels of malondialdhyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), TNF-a and IL-6 were measured. The changes in the histopathological aspects of the testis were examined. The testicular weight, testicular coefficient, epidydimal sperm count and motility all were investigated. Results: Nano vitamin D3 treatment showed significant reductions in BMI, fasting serum glucose, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, LDL-c, with significant elevations in serum HDL-c, final testicular weight, testicular coefficient, epidy-dimal sperm count, sperm motility, and serum testosterone. Moreover, Nano vitamin D3 significantly increased the tes-ticular SOD and GSH with significant decline in the lipid peroxidation contributed to MDA, testicular TNF-a and IL-6 content. Improvement of the metabolic and biochemical measurements induced by Nano vitamin D3 is linked toim-provement of testicular histology in obese rats. Interestingly, Nano vitamin D3 has more significant protective effects against HFD-induced testicular dysfunction compared to the conventional vitamin D3.Conclusions: Nano vitamin D3 has a potential protective role in improving the adverse effects of HFD induced obesity on testicular functions, withmore prominent protective effects than conventional vitamin D3.

Application of nano technology in crop production to enhance resource use efficiency with special reference to soil and water conservation: A review

Nanotechnology may offer keener solutions to current intensive agriculture problems. By the end of the 20th century, the controlled preparation of nanomaterials with desired morphology and size were visualized as smart systems in nutrient and water management. There has been significant interest and scope for using nanotechnology and its products in agriculture to improve the resource use efficiency to curtail the high amount of inorganic fertilizer and pesticides usage and protect soil and environment health by judicious use of these essential agro-inputs especially water and nutrients in different crops on sustainable bases. The nanotechnology applications like carbon nano-tubes for increasing seed germination and establishment, clay nanocomposite in soil water conservation, nanofertilizers as ‘Smart nutrient delivery system’, cellulose nanocrystals or nanofibres as absorbents for water remediation, zerovalent iron nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles as various pollutant degraders are emerging as alternative tool of nanotechnology to improve soil fertility, productivity, and quality of agricultural produces. These nanotechnology applications are being visualized as a game-changer in the field of agriculture to improve input use efficiency, productivity apart from a significant reduction in input cost.

Effect of Atomized Delivery of Nutrients on the Growth Characteristics and Microstructure Morphology of Bacterial Cellulose.

This work demonstrates a general strategy for introducing remarkable changes in matrix organization and, consequently, functional properties of bacterial cellulose (BC). BC-producing cells were induced, using a well-defined atomized droplet nutrient delivery (ADND) system, to form pellicles with a regular layered morphology that persists throughout the mat depth. In contrast, the morphology of mats formed by conventional static medium nutrient delivery (SMND) is irregular with no distinguishable pattern. ADND also resulted in larger meso-scale average pore sizes but did not alter the fibril diameter (∼70 nm) and crystallinity index (92-95%). The specific modulus and specific tensile strength of ADND mats are higher than those of SMND mats. This is due to the regularity of dense layers that are present in ADND mats that are able to sustain tensile loads, when applied parallel to these layers. The density of BC films prepared by ADND is 1.63-fold lower than that of the SMND BC film. Consequently, the water contents (g/g) of ADND- and SMND-prepared BC mats are 263 ± 8.85 and 99.6 ± 2.04, respectively. A model that rationalizes differences in mat morphology resulting from these nutrient delivery methods based on nutrient and oxygen concentration gradients is proposed. This work raises questions as to the extent that ADND can be used to fine-tune the matrix morphology and how the resulting lower density mats will alter the diffusion of actives from the films to wound sites and increase the ability of cells to infiltrate the matrix during tissue engineering.

Dilatational rheological and nuclear magnetic resonance characterization of oil-water interface: Impact of pH on interaction of soy protein isolated and soy hull polysaccharides

The effects of pH on the interaction of soy hull polysaccharides (SHP) and soy protein isolated (SPI) at the oil-water interface were investigated by analyzing the particle size, ζ-potential, dilatational rheological properties of the interface adsorbed layer and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The results showed that particle size, penetration rate (Kp), reorganization rate (Kr) and dilatational viscoelasticity of SPI/SHP increased, but diffusion rate (Kdiff) and interfacial pressure (π) decreased with the increasing of pH value from 2 to 4, suggesting that SHP might adsorb on the surface of SPI through the electrostatic attraction. As pH increasing from 5 to 9, the mean volume diameter (d4,3) of SPI/SHP emulsions decreased significantly. Besides, the SPI/SHP emulsions at pH 8–9 had higher ζ-potential and smaller d4,3. The π values of SPI/SHP samples increased at pH 5–8 then declined at pH 9, while the Kdiff increased and Kp decreased with increasing pH from 6 to 9. Moreover, the shorter spin-spin relaxation time and increasing line-width relatively were observed for emulsions at pH 8 and 9, suggesting that more restriction of mobility of oil droplets and increased interaction between biopolymers and oil molecules. All the results showed that pH had significant effects on the interaction between proteins and polysaccharides from 2 to 9. These findings could support the application of SHP in the food industry and provide a theoretical basis for the lipid-soluble nutrient delivery system.

Evaluation of the growth, photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidant capacity, biomass yield and quality of tomato using aeroponics, hydroponics and porous tube-vermiculite systems in bio-regenerative life support systems

The nutrient delivery system is one of the most important hardware components in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production in Bio-regenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS) for future long-term space mission. The objective of this study was to investigate the influences of different nutrient delivery systems (aeroponics, hydroponics and porous tube-vermiculite) on the growth, photosynthetic characteristics, antioxidant capacity, biomass yield and quality of tomato during its life cycle. The results showed that the dry weight of aeroponics and porous tube-vermiculite treatment group was 1.95 and 1.93 g/fruit, but the value of hydroponics treatment group was only 1.56 g/fruit. Both tomato photosynthesis and stomatal conductance maximized at the development stage and then decreased later in senescent leaves. At the initial stage and the development stage, POD activities in the aeroponics treatment were higher than other two treatments, reached 3.6 U/mg prot and 4.6 U/mg prot, respectively. The fresh yield 431.3 g/plant of hydroponics treatment group was lower. At the same time, there were no significant differences among nutrient delivery systems in the per fruit fresh mass, which was 14.2–17.5 g/fruit.

Fabrication and Characterization of Zein Composite Particles Coated by Caseinate-Pectin Electrostatic Complexes with Improved Structural Stability in Acidic Aqueous Environments.

Zein composite particles coated with caseinate-pectin electrostatic complexes (zein-caseinate-pectin particles) were fabricated using an electrostatic deposition and liquid-liquid dispersion method without heating treatment. Compared to zein particles coated only with caseinate, the acidic stability of zein-caseinate-pectin particles was greatly improved, and the particle aggregation was suppressed at pH 3–6, especially at pH values near the isoelectric point of caseinate (pH 4–5). Besides, desirable long-term storage stability and re-dispersibility were observed. Under different zein to curcumin (Cur) feeding ratios (10:1, 20:1, 30:1 and 40:1, w/w), the Cur-loaded zein-caseinate-pectin particles had a spherical shape with an average diameter ranging from 358.37 to 369.20 nm, a narrow size distribution (polydispersity index < 0.2) and a negative surface charge ranging from −18.87 to −19.53 mV. The relatively high encapsulation efficiencies of Cur (81.27% to 94.00%) and desirable re-dispersibility were also achieved. Fluorescence spectroscopy indicated that the encapsulated Cur interacted with carrier materials mainly through hydrophobic interactions. The in-vitro release profile showed a sustained release of Cur from zein-caseinate-pectin particles in acidic aqueous environment (pH 4) up to 24 h, without any burst effect. In addition, the encapsulation retained more ABTS•+ radical scavenging capacity of Cur during 4 weeks of storage. These results suggest that zein-caseinate-pectin particles may be used as a potential delivery system for lipophilic nutrients in acidic beverages.

Fabrication and Physicochemical Characterization of Pseudosciaena crocea Roe Protein-Stabilized Emulsions as a Nutrient Delivery System.

The aim of this study was to develop a protein emulsifier that can be used to construct a nutrient delivery system. Pseudosciaena crocea roe protein isolate (PRPI) was prepared and tested for its emulsifying properties. Benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) was used as a model delivery nutrient in the constructed emulsions. The average particle size, zeta potential, and BITC retention rate of the emulsions were used as the main evaluation indexes, and confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to test the storage stability of the emulsions (composition: 5 mg/mL protein, 5% oil, 0 to 5 mg/mL BITC, pH 8). After storing at 20°C for 7 days, the largest particle size of the emulsion at pH 8 increased from 274.27 to 280.82 nm. Storing at higher temperatures had a negative impact on the particle size and BITC retention rate. On the seventh day, the average particle size at 20 and 4°C was 289.63 nm and 275.67 nm, respectively, and the BITC retention rate at 20°C (83.30%) was found to be 15.50% lower than that at 4°C (98.58%). These results demonstrate that the PRPI-based emulsion system is effective in protecting nutrients and has excellent stability at 4°C. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study provides some useful information for the food industry to develop a nutrient delivery system emulsified with fish roe protein isolate. The properties of the isolated protein and its protective effect on nutrients are discussed.