Nutmeg Research Articles

Formulation and Physicochemical Evaluation of a Herbal Dentifrice Formulated with Myristica fragrans (Nutmeg): An In Vitro Study

Aim: Dental plaque is the primary etiological factor of two of the most commonly encountered global oral health problems; dental caries and periodontal disease. The toothbrush-dentifrice combination is an essential aid in preventing them. There are several commercial chemical toothpastes available, but as of late herbal toothpastes have become more popular amongst people. Thus, the aim of this study was to formulate a novel herbal dentifrice with Myristica fragrans (Houtt.) (nutmeg), and compare its physicochemical properties with a commercially available herbal dentifrice without nutmeg. Material and method: A pilot study was conducted wherein the toothpaste was formulated under sterile conditions using various concentrations of nutmeg, tulsi leaves powder and clove powder as the main herbal ingredients. All herbal ingredients were 100% organic and certified by the Food Safety and Standard Authority of India (FSSAI). Its properties were compared and evaluated with a commercial herbal toothpaste and the most optimum formulation was then selected to be a part of the study. The properties evaluated were organoleptic parameters (colour, texture, appearance, taste, odour), pH, foamability, abrasiveness, gritty matter, homogeneity, stability and spreadability. Results: The results revealed that in comparison to the commercial herbal toothpaste, the formulated herbal toothpaste with nutmeg exhibited improved foaming ability, abrasivity, spreadability; and comparable texture, consistency, colour, gritty matter, homogeneity and stability properties. However, it had less favourable odour and taste. Conclusion: The overall results of the research provide convincing evidence of the satisfactory physicochemical properties of the nutmeg toothpaste. However, further research is warranted to test other significant properties of the toothpaste.

Green extraction of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks

Green extraction of nutmeg (<i>Myristica fragrans</i>) phytochemicals: Prospective strategies and roadblocks

Shelf-life prediction of nutmeg candy (myristica fragrans houtt) using the Arrhenius equation approach’s accelerated shelf-life testing (ASLT) method

Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt) is one of the spices utilized as food. The processing of nutmeg into sweets makes one of the snacks known as nutmeg candy. The nutmeg candy found in the market still does not have the identity product shelf life or expiration date, so buyers are hesitant; in this study, a simulation of estimating the shelf life of nutmeg candy with the Accelerated Shelf-Life Testing (ASLT) method was made and applied using Visual Basic applications which can later be used by industry and enterprise. Samples were taken from UMKM UD. Cahaya in Tapaktuan, South Aceh. This research was conducted by formulating temperatures of 35, 45, and 55°C with water and sugar content measurements; in this study, one critical point was taken to determine the shelf life. The results showed that the water content was 6.85 – 13.69 (%b/b), and the sugar content was 5.10-7° brix. The shelf life measured by the critical point shows that dried candied nutmeg can be stored for 50.89 days.

Role of Evidence based Management of Ayurveda Medicines in Insomnia: A Critical Review

Abstract A person with insomnia has trouble falling asleep or gets insufficient, poor-quality sleep. They might experience frequent nighttime awakenings with difficulty going back asleep and early morning wakefulness. It is common in older adults, females, students, and people with medical illness. The aim is to analyze and review the published clinical studies conducted on insomnia to assess the effectiveness of Ayurvedic remedies for the management of insomnia. For this review, the literature has been searched using databases such as Medline, PubMed, NLM, Ayush Research Portal, and many others. All randomized controlled trials involving individuals with insomnia, utilizing Ayurvedic herbs either alone or in combination and Panchakarma procedures (processes of detoxifying and purifying the body) with an exposure period of ≥7 days, and with the primary outcome being the improvement in sleep quality, were included. This review includes 16 clinical trials, among them Mansyadi Kwath (decoction made up of Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamansi DC), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Linn.) and Parsik Yvani (Hyoscyamus niger Linn.), Aswagandha (W. somnifera Linn.), Jatamansi (N. jatamansi DC), Tagar (Valeriana wallichii DC.), Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri Linn.), Gud Pippali Churna (powder of jaggery and root of Piper longum Linn.), Jatipatri Ksheerpaka (milk decoction of Myristica fragrans Houtt.), Insomrid tablet (tablet made up of 5 drugs named Jatamamsi, Ashwagandha, Parsik Yvani (H. niger Linn.), Tagar (Valeriana wallichii DC.), and Sarpagandha (Rauwolfia serpentina Benth.) and Shirodhara (~slowly and steadily dripping medicated liquids on the forehead) are found effective in the treatments of insomnia according to these studies. This research serves as secondary data for further studies and the medication are described here have the ability to manage insomnia with very minimal or no side effects. These drugs are also cost-effective and nonaddictive.

High yielding nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) varieties: a farmer-centric research approach to select superior trees

High yielding nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) varieties: a farmer-centric research approach to select superior trees

&lt;em&gt;Myristica fragrans, Coriandrum sativum, Coscinium fenestratum&lt;/em&gt;, and bee honey important in Ayurvedic medicine: a review

Covid-19 is a worldwide pandemic disaster that has been steadily rising mortality rates and reported cases. Until today, scientists have struggled to find a therapy that is successful to control Covid-19. It has been a tough undertaking due to the mutagenic character of the viral agent. In this situation, it is necessary to concentrate on alternative methods to boost the immunity. One of the world's oldest medical systems, Ayurvedic medicine, dates back thousands of years. Myristica fragrans, Coriandrum sativum, Coscinium fenestratum and bee honey are four main ingredients that frequently utilized in Ayurvedic heeling system, especially for immunity boosting purposes. This review emphasises the medicinal properties of the mentioned ingredients in the Ayurvedic medicinal system. The goal of this review is to encourage conservation by enhancing utilization.

Characterization of Leaf Essential Oil from Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) Cultivated on Agroforestry Land

Lampung is the third largest producer of nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) in Sumatra Island, Indonesia. Most nutmeg essential oil refining industries in Lampung process nutmeg seeds, but not many distill nutmeg leaves. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the chemical compounds of nutmeg essential oil to determine the potential for further processing products and the quality of nutmeg essential oil. The leaf essential oil samples were obtained from a refining industry in Pesawaran, Lampung, Indonesia. The chemical compounds of the essential oils were identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nutmeg leaf essential oil quality was then evaluated according to SNI 06-2388-2006 as standard testing for nutmeg oil. The data were then analyzed descriptively. The results identified 28 active compounds in nutmeg leaf essential oil. Compounds with high relative abundance were streptamine (76.46%), aquinolizine (4.67%), boron (3.73%), kaurene (2.03%), pyrrole (1.95%), and naphthalene. There were also terpenoid compounds that produced aromas, such as guaiol, borneol, cedrene, cubenol, and spathulenol. The quality assessment of leaf nutmeg essential oils also fulfilled the requirement of SNI 06-2388-2006. However, the optical produced rotation towards the left, namely -9.48°, and a specific gravity of 0.87, less than the SNI 06-2388-2006 requirement of 0.88. Nutmeg leaf essential oil has the potential to become a raw material for health and beauty products. Keywords: agroforestry, essential oil, nutmeg leaves, streptamine, terpenoid compounds

Effect of Zimad (Unani pharmacopeial liniment) in the management of Knee osteoarthritis: A case study

Knee osteoarthritis (Knee OA) is the most common Musculo-skeletal disorder, which causes functional disability thus, increasing the economic burden in the society. In conventional medicine it has been treated with various drugs i.e., NSAIDs, cox inhibitors and steroids. Although these drugs pose only symptomatic relief. In Unani medicine Osteoarthritis is treated with variety of regimens and drugs. Among these regimens Zimad (liniments) prepared with number of single Unani pharmacopeial drugs that exert anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-arthritic actions. Keeping this in mind a case study was conducted to assess the efficacy of Zimad containing drugs including Zingiber officinale Rosc, Saussurea lappa, Colchimum autumnale, Myristica fragrans Houtt and Matricara chamomile in the management of Knee OA for 14 sittings of alternate application for 28 days. A female patient with chief complaints of pain in left knee joint, along with the swelling, joint stiffness and mild tenderness feeling severe pain while performing daily activity for last 8 months was treated at IPD of the AKTC, AMU, Aligarh. The patient was assessed at baseline, 14th day and 28th day on the basis of changes in subjective and objective parameters. At the end of the treatment patient got significant relief in subjective (pain, joint stiffness and ROM) and objective parameters (VAS and WOMAC). The present study reveals that Zimad is safe and effective in the treatment of Knee OA without any side effect. Therefore, further randomized clinical studies need to be carried out to validate the effectiveness of Zimad in the management of Knee OA.&#x0D; Keywords: Ilaj Bit Tadbeer, Knee osteoarthritis, Sesquiterpene lactone, Waja’ al-Rukba, Zimad, Zingiberene

Formulasi Dan Uji Stabilitas Sediaan Sabun Mandi Cair Menggunakan Ekstrak Etanol Biji Pala (Myristica Fragrans Houtt)

Nutmeg seeds are one of the herbs and spices that are rich in benefits and the content of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins other very important roles in its utilization. Nutmeg seeds contain trimyristin which its content can be used in the manufacture of liquid bath soap. One of the application of the compound contained is made in the form pHarmaceutical preparations. Liquid soap is made through a saponification reaction from oil and fat reacted with KOH. This research. aim to do optimization of liquid soap formula between concentration variations of 8%, 9%, 10% so can find out the optimum liquid soap formula and know the evaluation of properties pHysics and chemistry of preparations. Nutmeg seed extract is obtained by extraction using the maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent, then carried out evaporation using a rotary evaporator instrument until the extract is obtained thick. Formulation of liquid soap by heating method for 45 minutes. Evaluation preparations include organoleptic observations, homogeneity. pH, foam height. Results showed that the liquid soap formulated from elstract: colored nutmeg brownish, has a characteristic odor of nutmeg seed extract, is in the form of a homogeneous liquid, has a pH pH 8-10, foam height 93mm-139mm. Optimum formula based on results showed no significant difference from all formulas. Variation concentration 8%, 9%, 10% pH test and high foam test. the formula has complied requirements in accordance with the standards set by SNI 06-4085-1996. Where the normal pH of liquid soap is ph 8-11 and the high foam of liquid soap is 13mm-220mm&#x0D;

Hunting Techniques, Production Potential and Wild Bee Host Trees Apis dorsata binghami

The wild bees Apis dorsata binghami is a type of bee endemic to Sulawesi which is often hunted and harvested by the community in Boto Lempangan Village, West Sinjai District, Sinjai Regency, which has the potential to produce 50-60 kilograms of honey. The purpose of this study was to analyze the techniques of hunting and harvesting forest honey and the types of host trees (bee trees). This research was conducted using the method of observation, interviews and discussions with respondents related to the research, the research respondents were 20 people who were determined by census. The results showed that the community divided their time between hunting and harvesting forest honey, hunting was carried out for several days until they stayed in the forest for 2-3 days with the stages of hunting techniques: surveying, climbing, expelling bees with smoke, harvesting, sorting and packaging. Equipment used when hunting are plastic sheeting, flashlights, machetes, cooking utensils and food ingredients. The peak season for hunting and harvesting is in September – December. Honey production during the peak season reaches 50 kg per harvest, hunter skills also affect yields. Bee hunters have an average of 6-8 years of hunting experience. The preferred types of host trees (bee trees) for nesting by Apis dorsata binghamii are Kanunang (Cordia myxa), mango (Mangifera indica), Lita-lita (Alstonio scholaris), Tusam (Pinus merkusi), Paliasa (Kleinhovia hospita), and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans).

The Existence of Undergrowth at Forest Garden Stands in Grand Forest Park, Lampung Province

The existence of undergrowth has an important role as an ecosystem both from an ecological and economic perspective. However, the composition and diversity of undergrowth in an area depends on the land use system. This research aimed to know the species composition and diversity of undergrowth at forest garden stands. Data collection was carried out with a vegetation survey using nested rectangular plots with a sampling intensity of 1%. The data collected included undergrowth species, the number of individuals for each species, and tree species as components of forest garden stands. Data were analyzed by calculating density, frequency, important value index, and Shannon diversity index. The results showed that the undergrowth that exists under forest garden stands were 38 species dominated by 12 species, namely Acalypha australis, Asystasia gangetica, Clidemia hirta, Starchytarpeta jamaicensis, Mikania micrantha, Peperomia pellucidia, Setaria barbata, Andropogon aciculatus, Alpinia galanga, Diplazium esculentum, Paederia foetida, and Crassocephalum crepidioides. The forest garden stands were composed of 43 tree species dominated by 4 tree species, namely Durio zibethinus, Aleurites moluccana, Myristica fragrans, and Gnetum gnemon. The level of undergrowth diversity was in the medium category with an H value of 1.540, indicating the diverse of undergrowth species.

Evaluation of Phytochemical Compounds, In-vitro Antioxidant Properties, and Toxicity of Essential Oil from Myristica fragrans Houtt (Nutmeg) Using Danio rerio (Zebrafish)

Evaluation of Phytochemical Compounds, In-vitro Antioxidant Properties, and Toxicity of Essential Oil from Myristica fragrans Houtt (Nutmeg) Using Danio rerio (Zebrafish)

Phytotoxicity activities and chemical composition of the seed essential oil of Monodora myristica

The phytotoxic effect of essential oil from African nutmeg (Monodora myristica) seeds on growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L)., maize (Zea mays), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was examined. Essential oil from the seeds of M. myristica was extracted by hydrodistillation. The essential oil’s composition was examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The phytotoxicity of the essential oil formulation at different concentrations for five days was evaluated on the leaves and roots. The activity was ascertained by estimating the shoots’ and the roots’ lenght. The result of GC-MS showed α–phellandrene (43.2%) as the essential oil's main constituent. The essential oil reduced the growth of the root and shoot of tomato, maize, and cowpea. At 4 mL/L treatment, the percentage inhibition of roots ranged from 63.8 to 75.4% after five days, while that of the shoot was 100% after three days. A varying toxicity was reported on the leaves of the seedlings of the plants after 24 hours. Phytotoxic was more potent on the leaves of cowpea and lowest in tomato. Phototoxic activity was also noted when essential oil was administered to the Seedling’s roots. The three species showed notable phytotoxicity when exposed to the essential oil of M. myristica.

The Identification and Cytotoxic Evaluation of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans Houtt.) and Its Substituents.

The aril and seed of nutmeg, Myristica fragrans Houtt. (Myristicaceae), hold significant value in various industries globally. Our preliminary research found two morphological variations: a globose shape and an oval shape. Due to these different characteristics, the safety of consumers is of primary concern. Thus, authentication and comparative pharmacological and toxicity analyses are necessary. In this study, pharmacognostic and advanced phytochemical analyses, DNA barcoding, cytotoxicity, and the anti-nitric oxide production of commercial Thai nutmeg were examined. Via morphologic examinations and TLC fingerprinting, all the sampled aril and seed were categorized into globose and oval-shaped groups. The results of HPLC, GC-MS, and LC-MS/MS experiments revealed distinct differences between these groups. The DNA barcoding of the trnH-psbA region using the BLAST method and neighbor-joining tree analyses confirmed the globose nutmeg as M. fragrans and the oval-shaped variant as M. argentea. A comparison was then carried out between the potential toxicity and anti-inflammatory capabilities of M. fragrans and M. argentea. Cytotoxicity tests on HaCaT, 3T3-L1, Caco-2, HEK293, and RAW264.7 were performed using both methanolic extracts and volatile oil from the arils and seeds of both species. This study concludes that blending or substituting these two species maintains their therapeutic integrity without posing safety concerns.

Formulation, Characterization, and Sunscreen Potential Evaluation of Nutmeg Leaf Essential Oil Nanoemulsions (Myristica fragrans Houtt.)

Nutmeg leaf essential oil (Myristica Fragrans Houtt.) is one of the natural ingredients which have antioxidant activity and potential as a sunscreen. The research aims to formulate nutmeg leaf essential oil nanoemulsion, characterize, and determine its potency as a sunscreen. Nutmeg leaf essential oil nanoemulsion was formulated with 1; 3; and 5 mL of oil content with two variations of surfactant. The characterization included organoleptic, pH, viscosity, %T, nanoemulsion type, droplet size, thermodynamic and centrifugation stability tests. Evaluation was conducted using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength range of 290-400 nm with ethanol as a blank and non-nano-emulsified as a comparison. The result showed that the nutmeg leaf essential oil nanoemulsion had clear and stable appearance, safe for skin, viscosity values of &lt;200 mPas, %T values of near 100%, nanoemulsions type of o/w, and particles size of &lt;200 nm. The evaluation showed that the sunscreen activities of nutmeg leaf oil nanoemulsion was higher than non-nano-emulsified. The highest sunscreen activity was the formula A nanoemulsion which an oil content of 5 mL and had an SPF value of 1.475; %Te value of 50.571%; and %Tp value of 77.218%. The nanoemulsion sunscreen activity of formula A was categorized as a regular suntan

Nectandrin B significantly increases the lifespan of Drosophila - Nectandrin B for longevity.

Phytochemicals are increasingly recognized in the field of healthy aging as potential therapeutics against various aging-related diseases. Nutmeg, derived from the Myristica fragrans tree, is an example. Nutmeg has been extensively studied and proven to possess antioxidant properties that protect against aging and alleviate serious diseases such as cancer, heart disease, and liver disease. However, the specific active ingredient in nutmeg responsible for these health benefits has not been identified thus far. In this study, we present evidence that Nectandrin B (NecB), a bioactive lignan compound isolated from nutmeg, significantly extended the lifespan of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster by as much as 42.6% compared to the control group. NecB also improved age-related symptoms including locomotive deterioration, body weight gain, eye degeneration, and neurodegeneration in aging D. melanogaster. This result represents the most substantial improvement in lifespan observed in animal experiments to date, suggesting that NecB may hold promise as a potential therapeutic agent for promoting longevity and addressing age-related degeneration.

Effect of Simmering Technology on Components and Activity of Myristica fragrans Houtt.

This study aims to optimize the processing of Myristica fragrans Houtt. by talcum powder simmering using single-factor and orthogonal experimental methods, and the overall desirability values of dehydrodiisoeugenol and essential oils content were selected as indicators of the process. The new process reduced the total content of the three toxic components, namely myristicin, safrole and elemicin, from 1.91% to 1.16% before and after processing, indicating that the toxic components were reduced by 39%. The IC50 of the essential oils before and after processing were 1.002 ± 0.05 and 0.233 ± 0.05 mg/mL for DPPH scavenging activity and 0.132 ± 0.04 and 0.057 ± 0.05 mg/mL for ABTS scavenging activity, respectively. And the absorbance of the antioxidant activity against Ferric reducing power ranged from 0.213 to 0.709 and from 0.225 to 0.755, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration for Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus pumilus and Escherichia coli were all lower after processing than before. The antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity of the essential oils after processing were better than before. The results of the survival of zebrafish embryos at different concentrations of essential oils at 0-168 h post fertilisation were higher after processing than before. These findings suggest that processing plays the role of reducing toxicity and increasing beneficial effects. They provide a scientific basis not only for the processing of M. fragrans, but also for the processing of other foods.

Anti‑adipogenic effect and underlying mechanism of lignan‑enriched nutmeg extract on 3T3‑L1 preadipocytes.

Nutmeg is the seed derived from Myristica fragrans. Nutmeg seeds contain alkylbenzene derivatives such as myristicin, which are toxic to the human organism, and lignan compounds such as nectandrin B, which possess anti-aging and anti-diabetic properties. However, the anti-adipogenic, prolipolytic and anti-inflammatory effects of lignan-enriched nutmeg extract (LNX) on preadipocytes remain unclear. In the present study, the effects of LNX on lipid accumulation, glycerol release and inflammatory cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression in differentiated 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were investigated. Oil red O staining demonstrated that treatment with LNX resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes without affecting cell growth. Mechanistically, LNX treatment at 6 µg/ml led to a reduction in phosphorylation levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), whereas it did not influence the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) and CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBP-α) expression levels during 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation. In addition, LNX treatment at 6 µg/ml led to a decrease in fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression levels on day (D) 2, but not D5 and D8, during preadipocyte differentiation. Treatment with LNX at 6 µg/ml did not affect the expression levels of perilipin A during preadipocyte differentiation. In differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes, LNX treatment at 6 µg/ml did not stimulate glycerol release and hormone-sensitive lipase phosphorylation, which are known lipolysis hallmarks. Furthermore, LNX treatment at the doses tested had no effect on tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced COX-2 expression in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Collectively, these results demonstrated that LNX has an anti-adipogenic effect on differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, which is mediated by the downregulation of STAT3 phosphorylation and FAS expression.

Antiangiogenic and Anticancer Potential of Supercritical Fluid Extracts from Nutmeg Seeds; In vitro, Ex vivo and In silico studies

Background: Angiogenesis is a vital process of forming new blood vessels that occurs during several normal physiological processes. It plays a substantial role in tumor growth and cancer by supplying oxygen and nutrients for the proliferating tumors. Nutmeg, the dried seed of Myristica fragrans, is known for its therapeutic properties. This study aimed to investigate the antiangiogenic and cytotoxic properties of nutmeg extracts derived by Soxhlet and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using in-vitro, ex-vivo, and in-silico studies. Method: Nutmeg anticancer property was evaluated against breast cancer cell MCF7 and colon cancer cell HCT116 using MTT in-vitro assay. The antiangiogenic property was investigated using 3D ex-vivo rat aorta assays. The chemical composition of nutmeg extract was characterized using GC/TOF-MS. Subsequently, the main compounds in the nutmeg extract were analyzed against the angiogenesis-associated molecules (COX-1, VEGFA, HIF, and EGF) by molecular docking and were compared with tamoxifen and 5-fluorouracil. Results: The SFE extracts exhibited higher antiangiogenic properties than the Soxhlet (IC50 31µg/mL). Nutmeg SFE extract exhibited higher cytotoxicity towards HCT116 than MCF7 cells. Several active compounds, including myristicin, eugenol, safrole, and α-asarone were identified in the nutmeg SFE extracts using GC/TOF-MS. Molecular docking revealed strong interactions between these compounds and angiogenesis molecular mediators. Particularly, myristicin blocked COX-1, VEGFA, HIF, and EGF enzymes, indicating possible binding interactions. Conclusion: This study highlights the limitless possibilities of nature's offerings in advancing human health. Nutmeg's potential compounds lie in their binding models, which have proven to be powerful tools against cancer and angiogenesis. Myristicin, α-asarone, safrole, and eugenol work synergistically to induce antiangiogenic effects, making nutmeg a promising natural source of angiogenesis inhibitors for future anticancer therapies. The Molecular docking result confirmed that the inhibition of COX-1, VEGF-A, HIF, and EGF by nutmeg compounds offers great potential in the treatment and prevention of various angiogenesis diseases.

Nutritional and therapeutic potential of nutmeg ( Myristica fragrans ): A concurrent review

Nutritional and therapeutic potential of nutmeg ( <i>Myristica fragrans</i> ): A concurrent review