Nut Yield Research Articles

Block-level macadamia yield forecasting using spatio-temporal datasets

Early crop yield forecasts provide valuable information for growers and industry to base decisions on. This work considers early forecasting of macadamia nut yield at the individual orchard block level with input variables derived from spatio-temporal datasets including remote sensing, weather and elevation. Yield data from 2012–2019, for 101 blocks belonging to 10 orchards, was obtained. We forecast yield on each test year from 2014–2019 using models trained on data from years prior to the test year. Forecasts are generated in January, for the coming harvest in March–September. A linear model using ridge regularized regression produced consistently good predictions compared with other machine learning algorithms including lasso, support vector regression and random forest. Adding meteorological variables offered little improvement over using only remote sensing variables. The 2019 forecast root mean square error at the block level was 0.8 t/ha, and mean absolute percentage error was 20.9%. When block level predictions were aggregated across the multiple orchards per region, production prediction errors were between 0–15% from 2016–2019. The ridge regression model can be easily implemented in GIS platforms to deliver block-level yield forecast maps to end users.

Pistachio performance in the southern Mediterranean: towards optimal use of genetic resources to increase productivity of rainfed agriculture

Rainfed agriculture in Mediterranean countries is tending to become less productive under an increasingly warming climate. To improve this productivity, optimal use of available resources is of strategic concern. The cultivation of the pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), a species well adapted to arid areas in Tunisia, is, however, a low-productive crop. Little information is currently available on the the high genetic diversity that constitutes the main barrier to the optimal cultivation of this crop. The aim of this study was to improve current knowledge on the behaviour of eight local (“Mateur”, “El Guettar”, “Meknassy”, “LG1” and “LG2”) and foreign (“Ohadi”, “Amiri” and “Jawad”) pistachio accessions currently grown under rainfed conditions in northeastern Tunisia. Phenological events, average nut yield per tree, yield efficiency and nut characteristics were determined during the 2015–2017 crop periods. The results showed variable impacts of warm climate and rainfed growing conditions on the studied accessions. Flower setting occurred ealier in local accessions than in Iranian cultivars that require a higher chill amount. Tree fruit yield varied between 2.8 and 11.1 kg. The “LG2”, “El Guettar” and “Mateur” accessions were the most productive of those tested (10.4–11.1 kg/tree), while accessions “Meknassy”, “Amiri” and “Jawad” accessions performed the least (2.8–3.7 kg/tree). The vigorous “El Guettar” and the low vigorous “Amiri” cultivars showed a higher yield efficiency than did cvs. “Jawad” and “Meknassy” cultivars with high and middle vigour, respectively. “LG2”, “El Guettar” and “Mateur” accessions exhibited better adaptation. “Jawad” cultivar produced the largest nuts while “El Guettar” and “LG1” accessions the smallest. Specific technical practices are suggested to improve yield performances of the studied accessions, including moving pistachio orchards to most favourable climate regions.

Broadening the Gene Pool of Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) for Survival and Precocity

The narrow genetic base of cashew cultivars limits productivity. A germplasm exploration survey (2006–2008) was undertaken to select high-yielding cashew trees (candidate trees) on farmer’s fields across three contrasting agro-ecological zones over a longitude of 6° S and 10° N and a latitude of 4° W and 2° E. High-yielding trees (candidate plus trees) from different zones were grafted and evaluated (2009–2015) with four best clones recommended for farmers for survival, vigor, nut yield and nut weight at Bole (marginal environment) and Wenchi (near-optimal environment) using RCBD with four replications. Shannon–Weiner diversity index (H′) for nut yield among candidate trees was higher (p < 0.001) in the semi-deciduous zone (3.0) than Forest transition (2.6) and Guinea savannah (2.5) zones. There were significant clone × location interaction effects for all traits. Survival ranged from 26.1 to 90%, while nut yields varied from 160.8 to 825 kg/ha/year. The genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation for various traits ranged from 12.6–59.01 to 6.23–18% while heritability (h2bs) and genetic gains varied from 0.21–0.48 to 5.0–39%, respectively. The genotypic correlation coefficients between traits at Bole and Wenchi varied from 0.33–0.98 to 0.07–0.77 respectively. Based on survival and precocity traits at Bole, the top five best-performing clones were BAMBOI7, BAME7, IDDM29, KT4, and KT5 collected from farmer’s fields. The identified clones constitute a suitable genetic resource pool for breeding resilient cashew varieties to increase production.

ОРЕХОПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ НАСАЖДЕНИЙ КЕДРА КОРЕЙСКОГО PINUS KORAIENSIS SIEBOLD ET ZUSS НА ТЕРРИТОРИИ ЗАПОВЕДНИКА «БАСТАК»

The paper presents monitoring results of the Korean cedar seed bearing in the Bastak nature reserve for the period of 2015–2020. The research stated that the highest yield of cedar nuts was recorded in 2015. The authors found maple-hazel cedar forests with linden and oak to be the most productive plantings. Most of the collected seeds of Korean cedar are empty.

Evaluation of selected indigenous coconut accessions for high nut yield and nut quality with special traits in Tamil Nadu

The conservation and utilization of indigenous coconut accessions or germplasms has been undertaken worldwide due to is economic magnitude. The aim of present study was designed to evaluate the five Tamil Nadu (a southern India state) elite indigenous coconut accessions for high nut yield and nut quality. Experiments were conducted in Coconut Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Veppankulam, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India, during the years 2006 – 2020 for five accessions along with.two checks (Kerakeralam and Aliyarnagar Tall) under ICAR-AICRP on Palms programme. Among the five local genotypes conserved and evaluated, IC 599265 (Selection from Kasangadu local ECT) recorded higher annual nut yield (82 nuts/palm/year) with desirable nut quality characters like higher dehusked nut weight (620g/nut), higher kernel (286 g/nut) and copra content (160g/nut) followed by IC59924 (Selection from Adirampattinam local ECT) which was collected from coastal eco system. IC 599263 (Selection from Thambikkottai local ECT) beared dwarf stature (650 cm/palm) as special trait.

Genotypic characterization of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) clones using agro-morphological traits.

High cropping efficiency implies that high yields are obtained from reasonably sized trees. We studied the general and specific combining ability (GCA and SCA) of selected cashew clones of Brazilian (A), Beninese (BE), and Ghanaian (SG) background for cropping efficiency and nut weight in the early years of bearing. Using North Carolina II mating design, four clones were crossed as males to three best clones recommended for farmers. The 12 F1 progenies were evaluated in the field at Wenchi (2012-2018) for increase in trunk cross-sectional area at the vegetative (TCSAv) and reproductive (TCSAr) stages, canopy spread in the east-west (CSew) and north-south (CSns) directions, nut yield (NY), nut weight (NW), and cropping efficiency (CE) using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Cropping efficiencies were in the range of 30.8-67.4g/cm2/year while nut weight and nut yield varied from 5.9 to 10.5g/year and 477.8 to 939.4kgha-1year-1 in the fourth to sixth years after planting, respectively. The Beninese progenies outperformed the Brazilian progenies for cropping efficiency. GCA effects were more important than SCA effects. Narrow-sense heritability ranged from 0.47 (CE) to 0.80 (NW). Canopy spread in the north-south direction correlated (rg=0.98; p≤.001) strongly with cropping efficiency at the genotypic level. Among males, BE203 showed positive GCA effects for cropping efficiency, TCSAv, and nut yield, whereas A2 and SG273 showed positive GCA effects for nut weight. Among females, SG287 showed negative GCA effects for TCSAr. Our study provides evidence that, cashew tree size and nut quality are under genetic control and the identified clones represent a suitable genetic resource pool to increase productivity.

Effects of cow dung and wood biochars and green manure on soil fertility and tiger nut (Cyperus esculentus L.) performance on a savanna Alfisol

Two field experiments were conducted concurrently in 2019. The study investigated the effects of single and combined application of wood biochar (WB) and cow dung biochar (CDB) with green manure (GM) on soil properties, performance, and tuber qualities of tiger nut. The treatments consisted of: CDB at 10 t ha−1, WB at 10 t ha−1, GM—Tithonia diversifolia at 10 t ha−1, CDB + GM, WB + GM, control. The six treatments were arranged in RCBD with three replications. CDB, WB, and GM either sole or combined increased moisture content, SOC, nutrient contents, culturable microorganisms, performance, moisture, ash, fiber, and protein contents of the tiger nut compared with the control. CDB has a higher N, C: N ratio, P, K, Ca, Mg, CEC, and pH relative to. CDB alone and CDB + GM increased growth and yield compared with WB alone and WB + GM. CDB + GM has the highest value of growth and yield of tiger nut. GM alone improved growth and yield of tiger nut compared with the two sole biochar treatments. CDB + GM and WB + GM increased growth and yield of tiger nut compared with their sole forms. This was adduced to biochar allowing the retention of nutrients from rapidly decomposing Tithonia within the rooting zone, thereby promoting better effectiveness of nutrient uptake and increase in yield. Therefore, for good soil fertility and tiger nut yield, it is important that the addition of a fast releasing nutrient source to biochar be sought.

Spring Freeze Damage of Pecan Bloom: A Review

Pecan is native to the United States. The US is the world’s largest pecan producer with an average yearly production of 250 to 300 million pounds; 80 percent of the world’s supply. Georgia, New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, Oklahoma, California, Louisiana, and Florida are the major US pecan producing states. Pecan trees frequently suffer from spring freeze at bud break and bloom as the buds are quite sensitive to freeze damage. This leads to poor flower and nut production. This review focuses on the impact of spring freeze during bud differentiation and flower development. Spring freeze kills the primary terminal buds, the pecan tree has a second chance for growth and flowering through secondary buds. Unfortunately, secondary buds have less bloom potential than primary buds and nut yield is reduced. Spring freeze damage depends on severity of the freeze, bud growth stage, cultivar type and tree age, tree height and tree vigor. This review discusses the impact of temperature on structure and function of male and female reproductive organs. It also summarizes carbohydrate relations as another factor that may play an important role in spring growth and transition of primary and secondary buds to flowers.

YIELD AND NUT QUALITY OF 29 CASHEW MOTHER TREES (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L) ESTABLISHED AT THE GERMPLASM OF OUOGHI IN CENTRAL REGION OF BENIN

Description of subject: One of the main constraints to cashew crop development in Benin and Africa is the unavailability of efficient planting material for the plantations establishment. This constraint is largely responsible for the low level of nut yieldsobtained in cashew plantations. Objective: This study aimed to assess the agronomic performances of 29 different cashew mother trees established in the germplasm of the Central Agricultural Research Center (CRA-Centre) of the National Agricultural Research Institute of Benin located in Save, Central region, in sightof selecting high-performance clones to be distributed in rural areas. Materials and Methods: Nuts production, unit nuts weight and the kernelrate data were collected on 29 cashew mother trees during the harvest seasons from 2017 to 2020. These data were submitted to the analysis of variance and comparison of the means tests with software R. Results: The average nut yields of the 29 cashew mother trees varied from 0.85 to 11.98 kg / tree with a general average of 3.57 kg / tree at the age of 7 years old. Average unit nut weights ranged from 4.61 to 8.28 g with an overall average of 6.40 g. The average kernel ratio of nuts ranged from 24.08% to 32.46% with an overall average of 27.18%. The average weight of akernel varied from 1.43 to 2.15g with an average of 1.71g. At the end of the fouryears assessment, five of the 29 cashew mother trees with a minimum nut yield of 5 kg / tree were preselected as the first efficient cashew clones from Benin. Conclusion: These preliminary results are very important for the cashew breeding program in Benin. Furtherstudieswill plan to assess the cashew mother trees performance at 10, 15, 20 and 25 years old.

Potential coconut (Cocos nucifera) hybrids developed using Gangabondam (GBGD) as maternal parent for yield and quality for southern dry tract of Karnataka (India)

A long term evaluation of nine coconut (Coconut nucifera L.) hybrids with a local check was conducted under irrigated conditions at All India Coordinated Research Project on Palms, Horticulture Research Station, Arsikere, Karnataka. The experimental material consisted of nine hybrids with different cross combinations, viz. Tall × Tall, Tall × Dwarf and Dwarf × Tall along with TPT (Tiptur Tall) as local check planted during 1987-1988 and evaluated for yield performance for a period of 18 years (till 2015-16). Among the nine coconut hybrids evaluated, the cross combinations involving dwarf as female parent (Gangabondam) and tall cultivars as male parent, viz. GBGD × LCOT, GBGD × PHOT and GBGD × FJT performed superior and recorded significantly higher nut yield (128.6, 124.3 and 110.3 nuts palm-1 year-1, copra yield 22.0, 19.8 and 16.3 copra kg palm-1 year-1), with oil yield ranged from 11.5 to 13.8 kg palm-1 year-1when compared to local check. Hybrids possessed higher quantity of organoleptically 'good' tender nut water (326 to 395.4 ml) with TSS of 5.6 to 6.2 °Brix , 26.0 to 31.6 ppm of sodium and 2025.1 to 2110.1 ppm of potassium.

Effects of geoclimatic factors on the variability in Pinus pinea cone, seed, and seedling traits in Turkey native habitats

BackgroundStone pine (Pinus pinea L.) is harvested for its edible kernels. It is an important forest tree species, and also plays an important role in afforestation. Successful afforestation activities strongly depend on the quality of seeds and seedlings. Five eastern native populations of stone pine were analyzed, in terms of their geographical and climatic parameters, in order to identify their cone, seed, pine nut, and seedling traits. With this regard, we aimed to contribute to the reforestation, yield, and breeding of this species.ResultsAll native populations occur in the sub-humid bioclimatic zone, according to Emberger’s bioclimatic classification, ranging 74.7–63.2 of Emberger’s Q Index value (Q), which synthesizes humidity and temperature, with lower values indicating more arid conditions. With regard to geographical factors, altitude was found to have the greatest effect on cone diameter and seed weight, while there was a weak correlation of cone, seed, and pine nut dimension with longitude and latitude. In terms of climatic factors, Q and mean of the maximum temperature of June, July, and August (ME) were found to be the main drivers behind significant effects in cone, seed, and pine nut morphometric traits. The most negative effect on seed number cone−1 (r: − 0.897), pine nut number cone−1 (r: − 0.923), pine nut yield (r: − 0.903), and pine nut weight (r: − 0.878) was Q, whereas cone diameter, seed length, and seed weight were positively correlated with the ME (r: 0.939, r: 0.889, and r: 0.866, respectively). Cone and seed diameter and seed weight increased with decreasing summer drought index (r: − 0.806, r: − 0.846, and r: − 0.866, respectively). Rainfall in the June of the third year prior to harvest time (RJ) had a negative effect on the percentage of sound seeds per cone. Annual rainfall in the third year prior to harvest time (AR) significantly affected pine nut weight (r: 0.889), although rainfall during summer had a negative effect. The empty seed ratio of the different populations ranged from 20 to 68%, while considering all populations, the empty seed ratio was 46%.ConclusionsThe study suggests that the Q Index and ME should be taken into account to determine cone to pine nut yield. With this regard, plantations of stone pine should be established on sub-humid areas and Q values should not exceed 75.

Assessment of genetic variability for growth, floral, yield and its component traits in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.)

Genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance analysis of growth, floral, yield and yield attributing traits were studied in four dwarf x tall coconut hybrids, one tall x dwarf hybrid along with two tall varieties as checks. The palms were raised in four replications in randomised block design with six palms per replication. The age of the palm was nine years. Observations on morphological features were recorded in all the palms and the datas were subjected to statistical analysis. It revealed high to moderate degree of variability among the genotypes for most of the traits studied. The genetic variability studies indicated that the number of nuts per palm, whole nut weight, de-husked nut weight and tender nut water content evidenced high degree for phenotypic coefficient of variation and genotypic coefficient of variation. Superior level of heritability was recorded for palm height, leaflet breadth, the number of leaves, nut yield, fruit length, fruit breadth, tender nut water content, whole nut weight, de-husked nut weight and copra outturn thus indicating the prominence of genetic influence in inheritance of these traits. Genetic advance expressed on per cent mean was high in palm height, nut yield, tender nut water content, whole nut weight, de-husked nut weight and copra outturn. Therefore, the above traits could be given due weightage in coconut breeding programmes.

Effects of storage temperature and duration on pollen grain viability and pollen-tube elongation in Chinese chinqapin (Castanea henryi Skan)

Chinese chinquapin [Castanea henryi (Skan) Rehder &amp; E.H. Wilson] is used as a food and timber crop in southern China. Most chinquapin cultivars are self-incompatible and bloom at different times; consequently, artificial pollination is used to ensure fruit set and nut yield. Effective pollen storage that enables producers and breeders to use stored pollen for cross-pollination at a later date is important. In this study, the cultivar Changmangzi was used to estimate the viability and pollen tube length of pollen stored at room temperature, and at 4, −20, and −80°C using in vitro germination tests. It was observed that pollen grain germination significantly decreased at all four storage temperatures. Pollen viability was 14.4% after only 24 days of storage at room temperature. The germination rate was 13.3% after 90 days of storage at 4°C, and 14.5% after 180 days at −20°C. The initial germination rate of pollen stored at −80°C was 56.3% at the beginning of the test and decreased to 15.4% after 240 days. Pollen-tube length decreased with increased storage duration; mean pollen-tube lengths ranged from 109.44 to 257.51 μm. Based on these results, it is suggested that a storage temperature of −80°C for Changmangzi pollen is good.

Assessment of Juvenile Growth and Yield Relationship Among Dwarf Cashew Types in Ghana

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an important tropical cash crop cultivated in Ghana. It provides livelihood for about 200,000 people and contributes 6.1% to Ghana&amp;rsquo;s gross domestic product (GDP). Four Brazilian dwarf accessions were introduced to improve nut yield. Objectives of this study were to (1) assess the agronomic performance of the accessions across two contrasting ecologies, (2) determine environmental influence on juvenile growth, (3) determine the relationship between early vegetative growth and yield and (4) explore heritability and genetic advance for the measured agronomic traits. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Results revealed significant (p &amp;lt; 0.05) environmental influence on growth and yield of cashew. Transitional savanna agro-ecology is more suitable for cashew growth and development. Crop year, location and crop year &amp;times; location interactions also influenced most of the agronomic traits. Early growth characteristics alone were not enough to predict yield. Genotype B2 ranked highest yielding across the agro-ecologies. Moderate to high heritability and genetic advance estimates were observed for nut yield, plant height and girth, an indication of variability among accessions needed for cashew improvement in Ghana.

Macadamia felted coccid impact on macadamia nut yield in the absence of a specialized natural enemy, and economic injury levels

Macadamia nut is among the most important edible crops produced in Hawaii. Macadamia also accounts a significant amount of agricultural land in the state at about 6920 ha of active production. Currently, macadamia has one major insect pest that requires considerably more severe management than others; the macadamia felted coccid, Acanthococcus (previously Eriococcus) ironsidei. Horticultural oils and insect growth regulator insecticides are frequently used to control this pest, without any knowledge of economic injury level currently. This study quantified yield loss and impact on nut quality related to A. ironsidei in Hawaii, on two varieties in two different environments, one mesic, and the other dry. Based on these data, EIL estimates were developed for A. ironsidei on macadamia. There was significant variation in yield loss to A. ironsidei in the two varieties and locations. Some varieties of macadamia nut had severe yield losses under dry-habitat conditions, while others tolerated higher A. ironsidei infestations better, with a lower rate of yield loss. Kernel quality was largely not impacted by A. ironsidei infestation, and reduction in yield was the only impact detected. There were correspondingly variable EILs estimates from the different varieties and environments. The implications of high yield loss in a crop in the absence of a natural enemy of the primary pest are discussed. Results of this study will help to contribute to developing an effective integrated pest management program for A. ironsidei management in Hawaii.

Productivity and carbon sequestration potential of coconut-based cropping system as influenced by integrated nutrient management practices

A field experiment was carried out at Regional Coconut Research Station, Bhatye (DBSKKV, Dapoli), Maharashtra (India) during 2013-2018 to study the productivity and carbon sequestration potential as influenced by integrated nutrient management (INM) practices in coconut based cropping system. INM practices viz., T1- 75 per cent of RDF+25 per cent of N through organic recycling with vermicompost, T2- 50 per cent of RDF+50 per cent of N through organic recycling with vermicompost + vermiwash application + bio-fertilizer application + in situ green manuring (cowpea), T3- fully organic: 100 per cent N through organic recycling with vermicompost + vermiwash application + bio-fertilizer application + in situ green manuring (cowpea) and green leaf manuring + composted coir pith, husk incorporation and mulching with coconut leaves were imposed in coconut based cropping system involving nutmeg, cinnamon, banana and pineapple. For comparison, T4- control: monocrop of coconut with recommended NPK and organic manure was maintained. Four treatments were laid out in a block of 0.45 ha area each. Among the different INM practices, treatment T1 sequestered the highest amount of above ground (coconut + nutmeg) carbon stock (31.1 t ha-1) followed by T2 (30.3 t ha-1) and T3 (27.3 t ha-1). In contrast, the treatment T4 - coconut monocrop alone had sequestered 25.6 t ha-1. The below-ground soil carbon stock in the rhizosphere of different crops was the highest in the nutrient management under T3 followed by T2 and T1, whereas, it was the lowest in coconut monocrop. The productivity of the system was higher in the intercropping garden. The coconut nut yield (5-year average) was higher yield under T1 (147.2 nuts palm-1 year-1), followed by T2 (138.4 nuts palm-1 year-1) and T3 (123.6 nuts palm-1 year-1), whereas, monocrop had recorded a significantly lower number of nuts (97.2 nuts palm-1 year-1).

Hybrid vigour and variability for key growth characters and yield in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.)

Hybrid vigour and assessment of genetic variability for important growth characters and yield traits in cashew were studied in eight cashew hybrids.The analysis of variance for the phenotypic data for 12 characters revealed significant variation among the genotypes except for tree spread, flowering laterals per m2, non-flowering laterals per m2 and sex ratio.The highest nut weight was observed in H-125 (12.07 g) whereas the lowest was in H-2452 (5.08 g).The maximum nut yield was noticed in hybrid H-126 with 5.96 kg tree-1 while NRCC Selection-2 recorded lowest with 0.53 kg tree-1. The standard heterosis over two checks, bold nut check (NRCC Sel-2) and high yielding check (Bhaskara) and variability parameters such as genotypic coefficient of variation, phenotypic coefficient of variation, broad-sense heritability and genetic advance were estimated. For nut weight, standard heterosis over bold nut check varied from -34.54 to 55.54 per cent and six out of eight hybrids viz., H-43, H-66, H-68, H-125, H-126 and H-2473 showed significant and positive standard heterosis. Standard heterosis over the high yielding check, varied from -38.93 to 300 per cent and it was significant and positive in two hybrids viz., H-126 and H-125 with 300 per cent and 214.09 per cent, respectively.The hybrid vigour was not significant for trunk girth, tree height, tree spread, number of flowering laterals per m2 and sex ratio. Notably, five hybrids presented more than 20 per cent standard heterosis for nut weight over bold nut check which may serve as a useful source of breeding material. Two hybrids viz., H-125 and H-126 showed good hybrid vigour for nut weight and yield over two checks and thus have been inducted into multi-location trials and also under consideration for release.

An Empirical Study on Issues and Challenges in Working Conditions of Feminine Labours Engaged in Cashew Industries

Recent Socio-cultural evolution in India shows that feminine workers play a major role in the economy. The cashew processing industry is a labor intensive industry, which provides employment opportunities mainly to women, among which most of them belong to socially backward community.Purpose: A research model was established to analyze the various issues and challenges faced by women labor’s in cashew industries To identify suitable measures to safeguard their work-life or work environment provided by cashew industries in Dakshina Kannada (DK) district.Findings: The research finding shows the socioeconomic conditions and health issues, mainly challenging the women labours in cashew industries. The cashew processing industry mainly depends on expensive imported raw cashew nuts due to the reduction in yield of nuts in India. It results in an increase in the cost of processing and difficult to sustain the quality of nuts, which directly effects the earnings, health, and welfare of women labours.This paper focuses on suggesting provisions on social security incentives for improving the women’s labor welfares.

Analysis of genetic diversity of 100 cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) cultivars screened in Binh Phuoc based on nut yield and ISSR markers

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is an important tropical tree, belonging to Anacardiaceae family and has high economic value growing in Vietnam. The objective of this study was to assess genetic diversity of cashew distributed in Binh Phuoc province for breeding development and conservation. A total of 100 cashew samples of over 10 years age distributed in Binh Phuoc province were divided into eight main groups based on nut yield. In contrast, the cluster analysis was divided 100 cashew samples into 12 groups based on 11 ISSR markers. The genetic diversity of 100 cashew samples ranged from 0.04 to 0.26, with a mean of 0.19. The results showed that cashew samples were high levels of polymorphism based on nut yield, as well as the ISSR markers. The results of this research would be one of the important information in the genetic evaluation of cashew trees and useful information for cashew breeding development in future.

Air-quality improvements boosted California ag

Reducing air pollution saves lives and increases workers’ productivity. A new analysis of the yield of fruits, nuts, and other long-lived and economically valuable crops suggests that those benefit...