Curculioninae Research Articles

Phylogenomics illuminates the phylogeny of flower weevils (Curculioninae) and reveals ten independent origins of brood-site pollination mutualism in true weevils.

Weevils are an unusually species-rich group of phytophagous insects for which there is increasing evidence of frequent involvement in brood-site pollination. This study examines phylogenetic patterns in the emergence of brood-site pollination mutualism among one of the most speciose beetle groups, the flower weevils (subfamily Curculioninae). We analysed a novel phylogenomic dataset consisting of 214 nuclear loci for 202 weevil species, with a sampling that mainly includes flower weevils as well as representatives of all major lineages of true weevils (Curculionidae). Our phylogenomic analyses establish a uniquely comprehensive phylogenetic framework for Curculioninae and provide new insights into the relationships among lineages of true weevils. Based on this phylogeny, statistical reconstruction of ancestral character states revealed at least 10 independent origins of brood-site pollination in higher weevils through transitions from ancestral associations with reproductive structures in the larval stage. Broadly, our results illuminate the unexpected frequency with which true weevils-typically specialized phytophages and hence antagonists of plants-have evolved mutualistic interactions of ecological significance that are key to both weevil and plant evolutionary fitness and thus a component of their deeply intertwined macroevolutionary success.

ОЦЕНКА ФИТОСАНИТАРНОЙ ЗНАЧИМОСТИ ОСНОВНЫХ ФИТОФАГОВ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЗАЩИТЫ НАСАЖДЕНИЙ ГРУШИ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОМ РАЙОНЕ НЕЧЕРНОЗЕМНОЙ ЗОНЫ РОССИИ

The studies were carried out at Federal Horticultural Center for Breeding, Agrotechnology and Nursery (ARHCBAN) in 2011-2021 in order to study and assess the characteristics of the harmfulness of economically significant pests of pears. Route surveys of pear plantations were carried out in Bryansk, Kaluga and Moscow regions. In the spring period (before flowering), the counts of individual phytophages and plant organs damaged by them were carried out 2 times a week, after flowering (until the end of the growing season) – 1-2 times a week. Along with visual observation, analysis of selected samples under a microscope (MBS-10 and Stemi 2000-C), pheromone traps were used to track the dynamics of the summer of the codling moth Cydia pyrivora (Danil.), sticky and corrugated trapping belts, as well as the shaking method to count the weevil -flower beetle Anthonomus pomorum (L.). The most dangerous, economically and phytosanitaryly significant pests of the pear were the common Psylla pyri (L.) and the large Psylla pyrisuga (Frst.) pear sucker (prevalence up to 100%, yield loss up to 50%), gall mite Eriophyes pyri (Pgst.) (damage up to 50...70% of leaves, with premature drying and falling off of about 20...25% of them), tetranychod mites Tetranychoidae (decrease in leaf area by 30...50% compared to undamaged leaves, with drying and falling off of heavily damaged leaves), aphid Aphis pomi (Deg.) (prevalence up to 70...80%, the number of populated shoots up to 15...25%). Pear damage by the flower weevil Anthonomus pomorum (L.) is increasing (up to 8...10% of inflorescences) compared to the beginning of the 2010s, as well as the number of invasive pests that are not yet of economic importance - pear codling moth Cydia pyrivora (Danil.) and pear weevil Anthonomus pyri (Koll.). Timely and competent application, with the obligatory alternation of preparations with different mechanisms of action, can provide effective protection of plants from the sucker and other dangerous pests and increase the yield by 1.5 ... 2 times.

Ecology of Mango Nut Weevil Sternochaetus mangiferae (F.) and Efficacy of Insecticides

An experiment was conducted for six years at the Horticulture Research Station, Anantharajupet to study the behavior and management of mango nut weevil Sternochaetus mangiferae (F.). Maximum number of adults (99.50%) emerged from middle portion of the fruit, while only negligible numbers (0.50%) emerged from sinus (lower) portion (3rd year), in 4th to 6th years it was 98.50, 98.00 and 98.50%, respectively. Most of these emerged adults hide in bark, cracks and crevices in the trunk followed by collected nuts, fallen leaves and debris as the offseason shelter. The evaluation of efficacy of insecticides carried out for three years revealed the least damage of (8.66%) with spinosad treated mango trees followed by profenophos (11.33%), emamectin benzoate (15.33%), indoxacarb (16.33%), thiodicarb (19.33%), triazophos (23.33%), while in control it was 32.00%.

Co-pollination, constancy, and efficiency over time: small beetles and the reproductive success of Acrocomia aculeata (Arecaceae) in the Colombian Orinoquia

ABSTRACT Acrocomia aculeata is under accelerated domestication due to the high yield and quality of the oils obtained from the fruits. Key details about its reproduction and fruit production, notably its dependence on cross-pollination, have not been thoroughly assessed. In the course of three successive reproductive seasons, we investigated the phenology, floral biology, pollination ecology, and reproductive efficiency of a natural population of A. aculeata in the department of Casanare, Colombian Orinoquia. We determined the effective pollinators among floral visitors based on their abundance, pollen carrying capacity, and constancy in association with receptive female-phase inflorescences. The studied population of A. aculeata exhibited a seasonal reproductive cycle, producing inflorescences during the drier months of December to April (peaking in March) and mature fruits from October to March. Each individual produces six to ten protogynous inflorescences, with a female phase that lasts ca. 12 h and a male phase extending for four to five days. A total of 48 insect species were observed in association with A. aculeata, averaging over 3500 visitors per anthetic female-phase inflorescence. Flower weevils (Andranthobius spp.; Derelomini) and small sap beetles (Mystrops sp.; Mystropini) were the most abundant visiting species and main pollinators, accounting for 90–95% of effective pollination services. Their high efficiency as pollen vectors was evident, as fructification rates reached on average 65.5% during the three years of study. Our findings support the assumption that co-pollination in A. aculeata evolved as a specialized strategy to maintain a high and temporally stable reproductive efficiency over time.

Адаптивний потенціал сортів та гібридів фундука (Corylus maxima Mill.) вітчизняної та зарубіжної селекції в умовах Правобережного Лісостепу України

The purpose of the research is to select from the hazelnut gene pool collected at the L.P. Symyrenko Research Station of Pomology inland cultivars and hybrids and those bred abroad high adapted to the soil and climatic conditions of the Lisosteppe of Ukraine. Hazelnut varieties and forms were quite resistant to aphids (0.1-1 point) and leafhopper (0.2-1.5 p.) the damage by which did not affect the bushes general state and yield. The varieties Koronchatyi, Gordiienko, Fakel, Trapezund, Yantarnyi, Catalonskyi, Olympiiskyi, Davidovskyi, Kuliovyi, Halle and Raketnyi were the most resistant to the nut weevil. The highest yields were varieties and forms of hazelnuts: Grandioznyi, Wunder von Bolviller, P3M33, P4M32 (2.5 t/ha), Yantarnyi, Halle, Bomba (2.6 t/ha), Raketnyi, Lozivskyi urozhainyi, Kuliovyi, Olympiiskyi (2.7 t/ha), Trapezund, Catalonskyi (2.8 t/ha). The average nut is, g: Lozivskyi urozhainyi – 2.38, P4M32 – 2.55, Yantarnyi – 2.58, Trapezund – 2.72, Halle – 2.94, Wunder von Bolviller – 3.05, Catalonskyi – 3.13. Varieties and gybrids, which have high yield are P7M9 – 48.7 %, P4M32 – 48.8 %, Koronchatyi, Lombard red – 49 %, Catalonskyi – 49.1 %, Zhovtnevyi – 49.3 %, Yantarnyi – 49.5 %, Trapezund, Gianja – 50 %, Kudryavchik – 50.8 %, Fakel – 51.1 %. The investigations results allow to recommend to the farms of different forms of ownership to create of high productive plantations of a hazelnut in the conditions of the Right-bank Lisosteppe of Ukraine with the use of such cultivars and forms: Wunder von Bolviller, Halle, P3M33, P4M32. The studied varieties and forms are adapted well to the soil and climatic conditions, have high yield and fruit quality and are resistant to major pests and diseases.

Evaluating insect-host interactions as a driver of species divergence in palm flower weevils

Plants and their specialized flower visitors provide valuable insights into the evolutionary consequences of species interactions. In particular, antagonistic interactions between insects and plants have often been invoked as a major driver of diversification. Here we use a tropical community of palms and their specialized insect flower visitors to test whether antagonisms lead to higher population divergence. Interactions between palms and the insects visiting their flowers range from brood pollination to florivory and commensalism, with the latter being species that feed on decaying–and presumably undefended–plant tissues. We test the role of insect-host interactions in the early stages of diversification of nine species of beetles sharing host plants and geographical ranges by first delimiting cryptic species and then using models of genetic isolation by environment. The degree to which insect populations are structured by the genetic divergence of plant populations varies. A hierarchical model reveals that this variation is largely uncorrelated with the kind of interaction, showing that antagonistic interactions are not associated with higher genetic differentiation. Other aspects of host use that affect plant-associated insects regardless of the outcomes of their interactions, such as sensory biases, are likely more general drivers of insect population divergence.

Sakarya İli Fındık Bahçelerinde Fındık Kurdu (Curculio nucum L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ve Fındık Yeşil Kokarcası (Palomena prasina L.) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)’nın Zarar Oranlarının Belirlenmesi

Bu çalışma Batı Karadeniz Bölgesi’nde yer alan Sakarya ili fındık bahçelerinde Fındık kurdu Curculio nucum L. (Colepotera: Curculionidae) ve Fındık yeşil kokarcası Palomena prasina L. (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)’nın zarar oranlarını belirlemek amacıyla 2017-2018 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın ilk yılı, Fındık kurdu’nun zararı nedeniyle oluşan delikli meyve %0.8-1.8 ve boş iç %8.2-11.5, ikinci yıl ise delikli meyve %0.0-0.2 ve boş iç %7.4-10 olarak bulunmuştur. İlk yıl, Fındık yeşil kokarcası zararı olan şekilsiz iç oluşumu %0.7-1.4 ve lekeli iç %0.5-1.1, ikinci yıl şekilsiz iç oluşumu %1.2-1.9 ve lekeli iç %0.7-1.3 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu iki türün ortak zararı olan sarı karamuk ve kara karamuk yıllara göre sırasıyla %1.8-3.2 ve %13.5-21.9 olarak belirlenmiştir.

Pollination of Bactris guineensis (Arecaceae), a potential economically exploitable fruit palm from the Colombian Caribbean

Regardless of the ecological and economical importance of palms, their pollination strategies and the identities of their true pollinators are still contentious subjects. Bactris guineensis grows in open areas in lowland Caribbean Colombia. Its fruits have long been an important component of local economy and are now targeted for broader scale production for the Colombian market. We explored details of the reproductive biology of B. guineensis in its natural environment to understand the various elements of pollen flow dynamics that ensure optimal fruit yield. During two consecutive years, we investigated the phenology, floral biology and pollination ecology of a wild population of B. guineensis in the department of Sucre, northern Colombia. Monthly production of buds, inflorescences and ripe infructescences were quantified. Pollen carrying capacity, efficiency and fidelity of anthophilous insect species associated with B. guineensis were calculated and used to define their role as effective pollinators. Bactris guineensis is protogynous and exhibits ephemeral nocturnal anthesis. In spite of strict xenogamy the average reproductive success was over 75%, attributed to high pollen vector efficiency. Twenty-seven insect species representing three orders were recorded as floral visitors, but the only effective pollinators were minute flower weevils and sap beetles. At the beginning of the female phase of anthesis, when pistillate flowers are receptive, inflorescences of B. guineensis warm up to over 12 °C above ambient air and emit a balsamic scent, attracting swarms of several hundred to thousands of beetles loaded with pollen. A second, shorter-lasting floral heating event takes place by dusk in the following day (or the male phase), which culminates with pollen shedding of staminate flowers and departure of the pollinators. Anthesis events that are highly synchronized with activity patterns of specialized scent-oriented pollinators ensure the high reproductive success of B. guineensis at our study site. Plans for large scale production should prioritize insect-friendly practices and investigation on the role of volatile floral kairomones for pollinator attraction.

The Curculioninae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of Sicily: recent records and updated catalogue

An updated catalogue of the Sicilian species of the weevil subfamily Curculioninae is proposed on the basis of revised bibliographical data and new Sicilian material collected by the authors and other entomologists in the last decades. A total of 167 species is reported with certainty from the main island and surrounding isles, five of them new for Sicily: Anthonomus conspersus (Desbrochers des Loges, 1868), Bradybatus fallax Gerstaecker, 1860, Dorytomus rubrirostris (Gravenhorst, 1807), Gymnetron stimulosum (Germar, 1821) and Tychius longicollis C.N.F. Brisout de Barneville, 1863. Detailed data for Anthonomus incurvus (Panzer, 1795), A. ulmi (DeGeer, 1775), Bradybatus elongatulus (Boheman, 1843), Curculio propinquus (Desbrochers des Loges, 1868), Archarius troglodytes (Jekel, 1861), Derelomus subcostatus Boheman, 1844, Pachytychius discithorax Desbrochers des Loges, 1873, and Sibinia arenariae Stephens, 1831 are quoted for the first time, being these species previously reported generically from Sicily. The presence of 14 taxa formerly indicated from Sicily is considered as doubtful, whereas for other 16 taxa it is excluded.

Antennal sensilla of male and female of the nut weevil, Curculio nucum Linnaeus, 1758 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

SummaryThe nut weevil, Curculio nucum (Linnaeus, 1758), is the main pest in hazelnut orchards (Corylus avellana L.). Semiochemicals are interesting bio control tools that could be used to manipulate the pest behaviour and to control pest populations. The study of the sensorial equipment of the insect antennae provides information on the importance of olfaction in the adult life for host plants and mate findings as well as on the putative other senses. Before electrophysiological investigation, the knowledge of antennae equipment is also necessary. The aim of this study is to determine the types, number and location of sensilla on the antennae of male and female adult C. nucum in order to determine their implication in seeking a sexual partner and a host plant. The 12-segmented antenna comprises a scape, a 7-segmented funicle and a 4-segmented club. Out of the nine sensillum types listed, three are present on the scape and the funicle and seven types on the club which gathers 71–73% of the total of sensilla. Tactile aporous sensilla chaetica C1, gustatory uniporous sensilla chaetica C2, olfactory multiporous sensilla basiconica B1 and B2 are found on both the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the club in both sexes. Thermo-hygroreceptive dome-shaped sensilla D, olfactory multiporous sensilla basiconica B3 and olfactory multiporous fluted sensilla basiconica F are found exclusively on the ventral surface of the club, suggesting that these sensilla are utilized in host plant acceptance during antennal tapping. The sexual dimorphism concerns only the numbers of sensilla chaetica C1 and sensilla basiconica B2.

The Insecticidal Activity of Neem (<i>Azadirachataindica</i>) Against Weevils in Stored Bambara Nuts (<i>Vignasubterranea</i>) and Beans (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i>)

This study was undertaken to examine the insecticidal properties of Neem plant. Powder and aqueous extracts of Neem, Azadirachata indica leaves were evaluated as grain protectants against the bambara nut weevil (Callosobruchusmaculatus) and bean seed weevil (Acanthoscelidesobtectus), in the laboratory at 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 (%v/w) concentrations per 20g of bambara nut and bean seeds respectively. Aqueous and powder extracts of Azadirachataindica leaves were applied to the bambara nut and beans seed using the contact method of application in the laboratory. Results revealed that 2.0%v/w (p=0.014) and 2.5% v/w (p=0.008) had significant increase in adult mortality of C. maculatus and A. obtectus in aqueous treatment of A. indica on beans and bambara nut after 72h at p<0.05. Similar results were obtained for beans and bambara nuts using powdered A. indica treatment. Percentage grain weight damage in bambara nut powder treatment of A. indica decreased significantly (p=0.002) at (P<0.05) in a proportionate, dose dependent manner and there was no adult emergence for either of bambara nut weevil or bean weevil. The 1.5 (%v/w) concentration was the least effective when compared with other concentrations. There was significant difference between A. indica treated grains and the control. There was no observed discoloration of the treated seeds. A. indica (aqueous and powder) extracts effectively reduced the weight loss of the treated bambara nut and seeds with 2.5% concentration being the most effective after 168hours. Phytochemical analyses of the extracts revealed presence of alkaloids, tannins, phenols, terpenes, saponins, cardiac glycosides, steroids while reducing sugars, carbohydrates and anthraquinones were absent. This study shows the insecticidal effects of A. indica against crop pests and at such there is need to further exploit Neem in order to maximize the potential. Farmers in developing countries can use A. indica as an alternative to chemical pesticide in rural grain storage.

Spatio-temporal arrangement of Chamaerops humilis inflorescences and occupancy patterns by its nursery pollinator, Derelomus chamaeropsis.

Nursery pollination is a highly specialized interaction in which pollinators breed inside plant reproductive structures. Pollinator occupancy of host plants often depends on plant location, flowering synchrony and sex. The nursery pollination system between the dioecious dwarf palm Chamaerops humilis (Arecaceae) and the host-specific palm flower weevil Derelomus chamaeropsis was investigated. For the first time, sex, flowering synchrony and spatial distribution of plants was related to the occupancy probability and the abundance of D. chamaeropsis larvae, important traits influencing both pollinator and plant fitness. During the flowering season, all inflorescences in anthesis were counted every 12 d and a flowering synchrony index was calculated taking into account all possible correlations with generalized linear mixed models. To analyse the spatial structure of plants, larva occupancy and abundance, different techniques of spatial point pattern analysis were used. In total, 5986 larvae in 1063 C. humilis inflorescences were recorded over three consecutive seasons. Male inflorescences showed a higher presence and abundance of weevil larvae than females, but interestingly approx. 30 % of the females held larvae. Also, larvae occurred mainly in highly synchronous plants with a low number of inflorescences, perhaps because those plants did not lead to a resource dilution effect. There was no evidence of spatial patterns in larva occupancy or abundance at any spatial scale, suggesting high dispersal ability of adult weevil. The results in a nursery-pollinated dioecious palm demonstrate that plant sex, flowering display and flowering synchrony act as additive forces influencing the presence and abundance of the specialized pollinator larvae. Contradicting previous results, clear evidence that female dwarf palms also provide rewarding oviposition sites was found, and thus the plant 'pays' for the pollination services. The findings highlight that plant local aggregation is not always the main determinant of pollinator attraction, whereas flower traits and phenology could be critical in specialized plant-pollinator interactions.

Screening of mango germplasm for its varietal preference towards mango nut weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius)

Screening of mango germplasm for its varietal preference towards mango nut weevil, Sternochetus mangiferae (Fabricius)

Evaluation of Pathogenicity of the Fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in Hazelnut Weevil (Curculio nucum L., Coleoptera, Curculionidae) Larvae.

The nut weevil (Curculio nucum) is one of the most important and widespread pests in hazelnut orchards. In order to screen entomopathogenic fungal strains with high virulence against C. nucum, the growth rate, sporulation, and cumulative mortality of different Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana strains were investigated, and the process by which M. anisopliae CoM 02 infects C. nucum larvae was observed using scanning electron microscopy. The results indicated that the growth rate and sporulation of different fungal strains significantly differed. Thirteen days after inoculation with M. anisopliae CoM 02, the cumulative mortality of C. nucum larvae reached 100%, which was considerably higher than that of the other five strains. As the most virulent of the six test strains, the cadaver rate, LT50, and LT90 of M. anisopliae CoM 02 were 93.4%, 7.05 and 11.90days, respectively. Analysis of the infection process by scanning electron microscopy showed that the spore attachment, hyphal germination, hyphal rapid growth, and sporulation of M. anisopliae CoM 02 occurred on the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 11th day after inoculation, respectively, indicating that the infection cycle takes approximately 11days. This finding suggests that the highly virulent M. anisopliae plays an important role in the biocontrol of C. nucum in China.

Combined Herbivory by Targeted Sheep Grazing and Biological Control Insects to Suppress Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe)

AbstractThe use of biological control insects is a promising option for suppressing spotted knapweed, a nonindigenous perennial forb that infests more than 3 million hectares of North American rangeland. Efficacy increases when spotted knapweed is attacked by more than one phytophagous insect; however, combined herbivory by biological control insects has not achieved widespread suppression of spotted knapweed in North America. Here we expand the concept of combined herbivory beyond two or more species of biological control insects to include a vertebrate herbivore, specifically targeted grazing by domestic sheep. Our experiment on foothill rangeland in northwestern Montana evaluated spotted knapweed response to three treatments: (1) biological control insects only, (2) biological control insects + targeted sheep grazing applied in late July (spotted knapweed in late bud–early flower stage), and (3) biological control insects + targeted sheep grazing applied in mid-August (spotted knapweed in full-flower stage). We combined targeted sheep grazing with herbivory by three species of biological control insects: knapweed flower weevil, knapweed root weevil, and sulfur knapweed root moth. Treatments were applied during four consecutive years (2009 to 2012). Spotted knapweed fitness was suppressed more where targeted sheep grazing and biological control insects were combined vs. areas treated with biological control insects alone. Combined herbivory was effective when targeted sheep grazing was applied during either late July or mid-August, but July grazing was more effective. Spotted knapweed produced 96 to 99% fewer viable seeds in sheep-grazed areas. After 4 yr of treatment, total spotted knapweed plant density (seedlings, juvenile, and adult plants) was 86% less in July-grazed areas and 61% less in August-grazed areas than in areas treated with biological control insects alone. Combined herbivory by targeted sheep grazing and biological control insects reduced adult plant density and prevented compensatory recruitment of spotted knapweed, but treatment with biological control insects alone did not.

Nut and kernel growth and shell hardening in eighteen hazelnut cultivars (Corylus avellana L.)

Valentini N., Moraglio S.T., Rolle L., Tavella L., Botta R. (2015): Nut and kernel growth and shell harden ing in eighteen hazelnut cultivars ( Corylus avellana L.). Hort. Sci. (Prague), 42: 149–158. Growth and development of nuts and kernels were measured in 18 hazelnut ( Corylus avellana L.) cultivars from cluster appearance until nut maturity and drop. At harvest, shell thickness and force to penetrate the shell were determined and related to the incidence of nut weevil damage. The force to penetrate the shells started to increase when nuts reached 80–90% of their final size, and continued until kernel full size. During nut growth, shell hardness and kernel size were highly correlated ( R 2 = 0.921). At maturity, values of force ranged from 46.7 to 185.7 N. Values of nut weevil damage ranged from 0.6 to 24.4%. At harvest, the force to penetrate the shells was highly correlated with the shell thickness (r = 0.945) and negatively correlated with the nut weevil damage ( r = – 0.564). Late onset of nut development was associ ated with a high percentage of nut weevil damage ( R = 0.638). These information can be used to model nut development and provide important tools for planning orchard management activities.

Effect of different insecticides in the control of mango nut weevil (Sternochaetus mangiferae F.)

Among the insecticides tested against nut weevil, carbaryl was effective in reducing the nut weevil infestation followed by endosulfan and malathion. Two applications of insecticides given at the time of flowering and marble size fruit stage were equally effective as in three sprays given at flowering marble size, fruit stage and advanced fruit development stage.

INCIDENCE OF DAMAGE BY NUT WEEVIL ON DIFFERENT HAZELNUT CULTIVARS IN NORTHWESTERN ITALY

The nut weevil Curculio nucum L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is one of the major hazelnut pests, responsible for high yield losses in Europe and Turkey. However, some hazelnut cultivars seem to be more resistant to the nut weevil attacks, even if mechanisms involved in the resistance are not yet altogether known. In a previous study on two cultivars and four selections of hazelnut, the susceptibility to nut weevil appeared to be related to the timing of shell hardening. Therefore, a three-year study on 15 hazelnut cultivars was carried out to assess their susceptibility to the nut weevil. In addition, nut and kernel development stages and shell hardening were detected. At harvest, nut weevil damage was significantly different between the cultivars. Despite their different earliness, ‘Hall’s Giant’, ‘Tonda di Giffoni’ and ‘Tonda Gentile delle Langhe’ were the least damaged (<5.0%), whereas the latest ‘Cosford’ showed the highest damage (35%). Thus, the earliness of nut development resulted not to be the only factor affecting the rate of nut weevil damage at harvest.

New tribes of the superfamily Curculionoidea (Coleoptera) in Burmese amber

Two new tribes in the Curculionoidea are described as the Anchineini Poinar and Legalov, n. trib. (Ithyceridae: Carinae) and Paleocryptorhynchini Poinar and Legalov, n. trib. (Curculionidae: Erirhininae). The genus Anchineus Poinar and Brown, 2009, n. placem. is transferred from the subfamily Curculioninae of the family Curculionidae to the subfamily Carinae of the family Ithyceridae. The genus Paleocryptorhynchus Poinar, 2009, n. placem. is transferred from the subfamily Cryptorhynchinae to the subfamily Erirhininae. The placement of the genus Mesophyletis Poinar, 2006 in the family Ithyceridae was confirmed. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0C0039DD-7BC6-4A54-9282-F43C5606D68B

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HAZELNUT TO THE ATTACKS OF THE NUT WEEVIL AND OTHER PESTS

SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HAZELNUT TO THE ATTACKS OF THE NUT WEEVIL AND OTHER PESTS