Nursery House Research Articles

Rumah Pembibitan Mangrove Sebagai Upaya Pemulihan Lingkungan di Kawasan Pesisir, Kecamatan Utan, Sumbawa

Geographically, Utan District is located in the coastal area of Sumbawa Regency, with abundant fisheries and marine potential. One of the potentials in Utan District is shrimp cultivation. Meanwhile, management of natural resources in coastal forest areas has tended to be less improved, this is caused by various things, one of which is a lack of public awareness of the importance of beach greening and maintaining existing coastal forests. Through the mangrove nursery program as an effort to restore the environment in coastal areas, it is hoped that it can raise awareness and take an active role in the community regarding the importance of a healthy environment. The results of this service activity show the success of forming a mangrove farmer group, developing a mangrove farmer group by conducting regular education and building a mangrove nursery house. This mangrove nursery is managed directly by a group of mangrove farmers and has succeeded in producing 2.500-4.000 mangrove seedlings and successfully marketed them. In conclusion, this service activity was successfully implemented and proven to be able to improve the welfare of farmers around the coast. Apart from that, with this mangrove nursery, the community can contribute to the planting process so that more carbon is absorbed in the atmosphere and the air quality in the Sumbawa environment becomes better. This means that the economy, society and the environment are sustainable.

Rapid Multiplication of Sugarcane Seedlings of PSJT 941 Variety from Tissue Culture Using Ethephon and Paclobutrazol

<p>Indonesia's sugar self-sufficiency was targeted since 2014 but the target has not been reached yet. One of the major constraints is the limited healthy seedlings available for new sugarcane area expansion. The mass production of healthy sugarcane seedlings may be achieved by rapid multiplication of tissue culture-derived seedlings using plant growth regulators (PGR) applied in the nursery house. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of ethephon and pacloburazol (PBZ) on the growth and seedling multiplication of sugarcane PSJT 941 variety. The research was carried out in the nursery house at Pasuruan Experimental Station, Indonesian Sugarcane Research Center. This study was arranged using a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments included (a) 3.5 ml/l ethephon, (b) 7.0 ml/l ethephon, (c) 1.5 ml/l PBZ, (d) 3.0 ml/l PBZ, and (e) control (without application of neither ethephon nor PBZ). The results showed that the highest number of shoots per clump was obtained from 3.0 ml/l PBZ treatment (8.7 shoots/clump) after 3 months of application. In the contrary, PBZ reduced the plant height compared with control and ethephon. Ethephon and PBZ treatments improved seed multiplication 8–52 times, much higher than the control that produced seed multiplication value six times. Further study is necessary to obtain optimal PBZ concentration for better stem height by decreasing the PBZ inhibition effect on stem growth.</p>

Effect of Inorganic Fertilizer on Morphological and Physiological Responses In ‘Siam’ (Tangerine) and ‘Keprok’ (Mandarin) Seedlings Under Nursery House

The growth of citrus seedlings has not only been influenced by fertilizer management but also species and cultivar as well. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the growth performance of Siam and Keprok seedling to inorganic fertilizer treatment under nursery house. Research was conducted in Nursery House, ICISFRI, Batu, East Java, Indonesia from February to November 2020. Factorial Randomized Block Design was used in this research consisted of two factors, I: Doses (0 %; 50 %: 2.5 g NPK + 2.5 g ZA/plant), and II: Cultivars (Tangerine/Siam cv. Banjar, Madu, and Pontianak; Mandarin/Keprok cv. Gayo, Kacang, and Madura) with three replications. An orthogonal contrast analysis was also used to identify the response of Tangerine and Mandarin group. Among 16 variables, only plant height, leaf thickness, and shoot dry weight were significantly influenced by the interaction between doses and cultivars with value of p<0.01; R2= 98.08 %; p<0.05; R2= 85.77 %; and p<0.01; R2= 99.14 %, respectively. Eight of 16 morphological and physiological traits (50 %) applied with either 0 % or 50 % gave similar responses between Mandarin and Tangerine group. Application of 50 % and 0 % produced 68.80 % and 81.30 % of similarities between Tangerine cv. Pontianak and Banjar, respectively. Meanwhile, similarities of Tangerine (Pontianak and Banjar) versus Tangerine cv. Madu that was applied with 0 % and 50 % of fertilizer application were 68.75 and 93.75 %, respectively.

Sustainability of the Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari (A Sustainable Food House Area Program) in Pasuruan Regency

The global demand for food is consistently increasing. However, the agricultural land area tends to decline in size. It would pose serious and strenuous issues in the future. The utilization of the house yard area through the Kawasan Rumah Pangan Lestari Program (KRPL/Sustainable Food House Area Program) offered a resolution for this issue. The objective of this study was to investigate the sustainability of the KRPL program in Pasuruan Regency from its ecological, social, and economic aspects, and most influential attributes. Interviews sessions arranged with 18 participants who funded by the National and Regional Revenues and Expenditures Budget. The data collected were analyzed using the Multi-Dimensional Scaling (MDS) approach and RAPFISH software. Findings revealed that the KRPL program classified into the moderate category, which indicated it could be executed sustainably in Pasuruan Regency. The economic aspect had the lowest sustainability index compared to the ecological and social aspects. The most influential attributes identified were the utilization of kitchen waste, pest control and irrigation (ecological), cooperation between group members, utilization of village nursery house, interests and benefits for other members (social aspect), cost savings, fulfillment of household consumption, user fees and visits, and product sales processed products (economic). To ensure the sustainability of the program, we need to address some issues and work in several areas: 1) community knowledge, attitudes, and skills improvement; 2) consumptive to productive thinking behavior transition; 3) intensive guidance from the creative and innovative workers, and 4) KRPL promotion

MECHANIZATION IN FRUIT CULTIVATION: PRESENT STATUS, ISSUES, CONSTRAINTS AND FUTURE ASPECTS OF NEPAL

Around the world, increasing population is heightening the food and feed demand. Fruit production is playing vital role in augmented food availability, improved nutrition, livelihood, employment opportunities and economy of Nepal. Given the low mechanization in horticultural crops especially for fruits cultivation in nation, the production is by far based on physical labour source (human power). However, the rising cost and decreasing availability of farm labour has heightened interest in mechanization. There is no doubt that farm mechanization has substantial role in boosting the scale of farm operations, lessening the production cost, tumbling drudgery, enlightening the timeliness of operations, augmenting crop productivity and contributing to improve food security and rural livelihoods. This paper has attempted to give a short glimpse of fruit mechanization status and development of Nepal. It has focused more on fruit production and mechanization status, issues and research gaps, available machinery and tools of different farm operations, challenges and constraints along with way forward for fruit development. Although the country has some positive moves in fruit mechanization area (especially in tillage), the level of fruit mechanization is very poor with respect to mechanical power (especially in hills), effective tools and implements, irrigation, pest, and orchard management, harvesting and post-harvest technology areas. The physical constraints of rugged terrain and steep topography, small and fragmented turfs, lack of skilled manpower, poor facilities of spare parts, repair and maintenance, low investing capacity of the farmers, lack of awareness among farmers and non-availability of farm implements and machine based on gender and agroecology are some of the main bottleneck for low level of mechanization in the country. Despite various constraints, there is an enormous opportunity to integrate appropriate machines into most cultivation tasks in a way that optimizes productivity of land and farmer’s life and economy. Making the best use of these machines requires a holistic approach that considers the ecological belt, topographical characteristics, fruit cultivar and equipment available. Therefore, a widespread participatory research method is required to test, validate and disseminate the fruit machinery and tools performance compared with traditional farming method. In fact, operation wise mechanization of orchard crops including nursery house, transplanting of saplings, pit making, spraying and weeding in tall crops and harvesting of fruits and post-harvest operations are prime intervention areas of current situation. Furthermore, immediate attention of the government and other bodies is required to strengthen and rejuvenate unproductive old orchards farm with proper tools and mechanism. Overall, this study highlights the need to prioritize and strengthen fruit mechanization research based on agro ecology and farmers need, improve credit access and spare parts, invest in technical human resources and agricultural machinery workshop, targeted subsidy for poor, women and youth friendly enterprises or real farmers following proper monitoring, incentivize local fabrication and, effective extension and custom hiring services to address the mechanization gaps and harness the potentiality of fruit development.

Morphological, physiological, pests and diseases responses of citrus seedling cultivars, and their contribution to cultivar classification under nursery house and open field

Information of morphological, physiological, and pests and diseases traits between Siam or Tangerine (C. nobilis L.) and Keprok or Mandarin (C. sinensis) seedlings group under nursery and open filed condition in Indonesia has limited. The contribution of morphological and physiological characters to cultivar classification of Siam and Mandarin group has also not been yet documented. The aims of this research were to evaluate the morphological, physiological, pests and diseases responses of citrus seedling cultivars, and their contribution to cultivar classification. This research was conducted at Tlekung Experimental Garden, Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Institute, Batu, East Java, Indonesia from February to December 2020. One-year-old budded seedlings were planted in plastic bags (size 15x30 cm) and put in both a nursery house and open field. The plastic bags were filled with mixed media (rice hull, soil, and compost) with the ratio of 1:1:1. The experimental design was a Two Stage Nested Design consisted of two factors, these were factor A: locations (nursery house and open field) and factor B as a nested-on factor A: cultivars (Siam cv. Pontianak, Siam cv. Banjar, Siam cv. Madu, Keprok cv. Kacang, Keprok cv. Terigas, Keprok cv. Madura and Keprok cv. Gayo). The results showed that the highest flush growth percentage was showed by Keprok cv. Madura grown under open field condition, while the biggest rootstock diameter was obtained from Siam cv. Madu grown in nursery house. Siam cv. Madu grown in open field also produced the highest root dry weight and stomata density. In terms of pests and diseases, aphids (Aphis gossypii) and leaf miner (Phyllocnistis citrella) have only been affected by locations, while for diseases was not found in this study. Contribution of morphological and physiological traits to citrus cultivars classification were about 64.70%. The average percentage of change in growth and develop capacity of Keprok group from open field to the nursery house increased by 2.35%, whereas for Siam one tended to decrease by 8.96%. In general, responses of morphological and/or physiological traits between Siam and mandarin group two locations were varied. Morphological and physiological traits may also useful for supporting genetically evaluation in improving citrus breeding programs.

Effects of &lt;i&gt; in vitro &lt;/i&gt; plant ages on the subsequent growth of &lt;i&gt; Plumbago indica &lt;/i&gt; l. after &lt;i&gt; ex vitro &lt;/i&gt; transplantation

The Indian leadwort (Plumbago indica L.) of the family Plumbaginaceae is a plant with high pharmaceutical value, as it contains plumbagin, a naphthoquinone with antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer properties. Among the propagation methods for the Indian leadwort, in vitro propagation is considered an effective method in producing disease-free transplants in a short period of time with high propagation rate. When plants grown in vitro are transferred to ex vitro condition, the environmental factors in the nursery house such as light, temperature, humidity and microorganism in the soil will affect their growth. Characteristics of transplants themselves is also critical for the subsequent growth. It is, thus, essential to establish the standards to evaluate and qualify in vitro plants for transplanting to ex vitro condition. Among these standards, the culture age of in vitro plants affects the maturations of their root, stem and leaves, which can in turn influence the acclimating ability and growth of in vitro plants after transplantation. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the culture age of in vitro Indian leadwort plants on their performance during ex vitro stage. For this purpose, three different culture ages of uniform in vitro plants, 35, 42 and 49 day-old, were studied. After 28 days of cultivation in the nursery house under the light intensity of 70 ± 10 µmol m-2 s-1, temperature of 35 ± 4 oC and relative humidity (RH) of 60 ± 10%, all three treatments achieved 100% survival rate. Increased fresh and dry weights and percentage of dry matter after cultivation in ex vitro condition were not statistically different between 42 day-old and 49 day-old in vitro plants, but were significantly different between these plants and 35 day-old in vitro plants. The development of shoot and root in ex vitro stage of 42 day-old and 49 day-old in vitro plants was more balanced, as shown by the higher ratio of shoot/root dry weight, than 35 day-old in vitro plants. The results of this study showed that for this Plumbago species, bigger in vitro plants led to better growth during ex vitro stage. These results also indicated that it was possible to transfer in vitro Plumbago plants to ex vitro condition after 5 weeks of in vitro culture stage.

Comparison on seed germination and seedling growth between Indonesian local corn cultivars for decide the quality of seed

Abstract. Wawo AH, Sumbogo VG, Lestari P. 2020. Comparison on seed germination and seedling growth between Indonesian local corn cultivars for decide the quality of seed. Biodiversitas 21: 3189-3199. Each region in Indonesia has local corn cultivars (Zea mays L), for example, South Sulawesi has some Pulut Pangkajene cultivars and Purbalingga, Central Java has Entog and Senggani cultivars. Compared to hybrid corn, local corn has its advantages such as dry resistance, short life, and specific taste. The identification of seed germination and seedling growth for Pangkajene corn (South Sulawesi), Entog and Senggani corns (Purbalingga) has not been performed, thus, specific characteristics to differ those three corn cultivars have not been available. The study aims to establish the characteristics of local corn cultivars, comprise the seed germination, seedling growth, and determine the best local corn cultivars for supporting food sources. This research has Factorial patterned with a Completely Randomized Design and it was repeated 4 times. The main factor is the germination facility, namely germination chamber and nursery house. Meanwhile, the second factors are corn cultivars, namely Pangkajene, Entog, and Senggani. The result shows that the Pangkajene and Entog cultivars have higher germinability and germination value compared to Senggani corn cultivar. Pangkajene and Senggani cultivars have higher seedling growth than Entog cultivar seedlings characterized by high relative growth rate (R) values. The Pangkajene cultivar has higher quality compared to 2 local corn cultivars of Entog and Senggani from Purbalingga (Central Java). Further, Senggani cultivars have higher quality than Entog cultivars.

Characterization of odorous pollution and health risk assessment of volatile organic compound emissions in swine facilities

The odor pollution and health risk caused by intensive livestock buildings are a public concern. In this study, the concentration, odor pollution, and health risk from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from different locations on a swine farm (swine nursery house, fattening swine house, manure storage, plant boundary and upwind locations) in different seasons (spring, summer, and fall) were evaluated quantitatively. The average VOC concentrations were 125.5, 1504.7, and 1698.5 μg/m3 in spring, summer, and winter, respectively. The total odor activity value (OAVSUM) of manure storage was the highest, with methanethiol, dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and H2S as the major contributors. Cumulative noncarcinogenic emissions exceeded the threshold in summer at all locations, except at the plant boundary and upwind locations. Furthermore, the cumulative carcinogenic risk threshold was also exceeded at the fattening swine house and manure storage area during the summer. Therefore, to protect farm staff working near the animal housing facilities, special attention should be paid to minimize the odorous nuisance and noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic risks.

Nutrient-uptake and -use efficiency in seedlings of rain-forest trees in New Caledonia: monodominants vs. subordinates and episodic vs. continuous regenerators

Abstract:The upper canopy of some rain forests in New Caledonia is dominated by single species. These monodominants are commonly secondary species, their dominance not persisting without disturbance. We tested whether dominance is associated with efficient uptake and use of nutrients (N, P and K), comparing between seedlings of monodominants (Nothofagus spp., Arillastrum gummiferum and Cerberiopsis candelabra) and 14 subordinates, grown in a nursery house. We also tested whether this trend applies more broadly to shade-intolerant trees that regenerate episodically (ER species) versus shade-tolerant trees that regenerate continuously (CR species). In the sun treatment, monodominants had higher photosynthetic nutrient-use efficiency and productivity for N and K, and uptake efficiency for N, P and K, than subordinates; ER species had higher photosynthetic nutrient-use efficiency for N, P and K, and uptake efficiency for N and P, than CR species. Uptake efficiency and productivity per nutrient mass were uncorrelated across species, yet Nothofagus spp., A. gummiferum and C. candelabra combined high levels of both traits for N, and Nothofagus spp. and A. gummiferum combined moderate to high levels for P, in sun-grown seedlings. This trait combination may contribute substantially to competitiveness and post-disturbance dominance on these nutrient-poor soils.

Growth and biomass allocation in seedlings of rain-forest trees in New Caledonia: monodominants vs. subordinates and episodic vs. continuous regenerators

Abstract:Some species-rich secondary forests in New Caledonia have a monodominant canopy. Here we investigate growth and biomass allocation traits that might explain single-species’ dominance of these post-disturbance stands, and their later decline in the absence of large-scale disturbance. Seedlings of 20 rain-forest trees were grown in two light treatments in a nursery house. In the sun treatment, monodominants grew faster (56.7 ± 1.4 mg g−1 wk−1) than subordinates (40.2 ± 2.6 mg g−1 wk−1). However, some episodically regenerating (ER) subordinates had high growth rates similar to those of monodominants. In the shade treatment, monodominants and subordinates had similar growth rates (33.7 ± 2.6 and 34.0 ± 1.9 mg g−1 wk−1 respectively). Notably, monodominants in both sun and shade treatments had lower root mass fraction (0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.27 ± 0.02 g g−1 respectively) than subordinates (0.39 ± 0.02 and 0.37 ± 0.02 g g−1). Fast growth in sunny conditions is probably imperative for these relatively shade-intolerant ER monodominants. In field conditions, high shoot mass fraction combined with efficient root performance may facilitate faster growth in monodominants competing with other ER species in sunlit sites. Slower growth in shade may contribute to loss of dominance over time in undisturbed forests.

Identification of key factors for dust generation in a nursery pig house and evaluation of dust reduction efficiency using a CFD technique

An evaluation of airborne dust in nursery pig houses is needed because the air quality within the buildings can deteriorate, compromising the respiratory health of both pigs and farmers. Creating acceptable aero-environmental conditions inside a livestock house requires an understanding of the mechanisms of dust generation, which involves a complicated combination of variables. A long-term, intensive dust monitoring study was carried out in a mechanically ventilated nursery pig house to determine the key factors affecting dust generation in different size fractions. The ventilation rate, indoor and outdoor air temperature, number and age of animals, and relative pig activity level were used as independent variables in multiple regression analyses. From our observations and statistical analyses, ventilation was the most influential factor of total suspended particulates and PM10. Vigorous activity among the animals, number of animals, and ventilation were significant factors in the generation of inhalable dust, and ventilation, indoor air temperature, and animal activity were significant factors in the generation of respirable dust. The statistical models identified adjusting the ventilation rate and improving the systematic characteristics of ventilation as effective components of a dust reduction strategy in terms of productivity and economic feasibility. Computational fluid dynamics was used to evaluate the dust reduction efficiency of pipe-exhaust systems during feed supply. According to the simulations, the application of a pipe-exhaust system would improve the indoor air quality of the experimental pig nursery house.

Influence of solid–liquid separation strategy on biogas yield from a stratified swine production system

As the fourth largest swine producer and exporter, Brazil has increased its participation in the global swine production market. Generally, these units concentrate a large number of animals and generate effluents that must be correctly managed to prevent environmental impacts, being anaerobic digestion is an interesting alternative for treating these effluents. The low-volatile solid concentration in the manure suggests the need for solid–liquid separation as a tool to improve the biogas generation capacity. This study aimed to determine the influence of simplified and inexpensive solid–liquid separation strategies (screening and settling) and the different manures produced during each swine production phase (gestating and farrowing sow houses, nursery houses and finishing houses) on biogas and methane yield. We collected samples in two gestating sow houses (GSH-a and GSH-b), two farrowing sow houses (FSH-a and FSH-b), a nursery house (NH) and a finishing house (FH). Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests were performed according to international standard procedures. The settled sludge fraction comprised 20–30% of the raw manure volume, which comprises 40–60% of the total methane yield. The methane potential of the settled sludge fraction was approximately two times higher than the methane potential of the supernatant fraction. The biogas yield differed among the raw manures from different swine production phases (GSH-a 326.4 and GSH-b 577.1; FSH-a 860.1 and FSH-b 479.2; NH -970.2; FH 474.5 NmLbiogas.gVS−1). The differences were relative to the production phase (feed type and feeding techniques) and the management of the effluent inside the facilities (water management). Brazilian swine production has increased his participation in the global market, been the fourth producer and the fourth exporter. The segregation of swine production in multiple sites has increased its importance, due to the possibilities to have more specialized units. Generally, these units concentrate a large number of animals and generate effluents that must be correctly managed to avoid environmental impact. Due to the biodegradability of manure, anaerobic digestion is an interesting alternative to treat these effluents. The low volatile solid concentration in the swine manure suggests the need for solid–liquid separation as a tool to improve biogas generation capacity. The present study aimed to determine the influence of simplified and cheap solid–liquid separation strategies (based on screening and settling) and different manure of each swine production phases (gestating and farrowing sows houses, nursery houses and finishing houses) on biogas and methane yield. We collected samples in two gestating sows house (GSH-a and GSH-b), two farrowing sows house (FSH-a and FSH-b), a nursery house (NH) and a finishing house (FH). The Biochemical Methane Production (BMP) tests were performed according to international standard procedure (VDI 4630). The settled sludge fraction responds for 20–30% of raw manure volume, producing 40–60% of the total methane yield. The methane potential of settled sludge fraction was about 2 times higher than the supernatant fraction. There are differences on biogas yield between the raw manure of different swine production phases (GSH-a 326.4 and GSH-b 577.1; FSH-a 860.1 and FSH-b 479.2; NH 970.2; FH 474.5 NmLbiogas.gVS−1). The differences are relative to production phase (feed type, feeding techniques, etc.), but also the management of the effluent inside the facilities (water management).

THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF CITRUS DERIVED FROM SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS PLANTLET AND SCION STOCK

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) of callus culture in vitro is one of citrus propagation ways for producing free virus and genetically true-to-type plantlets. To induce growing of plantlets derived from this technology, they should be grafted ex vitro onto a citrus rootstock. The research aimed to evaluate the growth performance of citrus plants cv. Siam Kintamani (Citrus nobilis L.) that used both plantlets and scions as their stocks. The research was conducted at Tlekung Research Station, Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institute from June 2011 to December 2012. The treatments were done at nursery house by grafting a plantlet and budding a scion onto an eight-month-old Japanese Citroon (JC) rootstock plant. The grafted and budded plants of one-year old were maintained at nursery house then transplanted into the field. In the field, the research was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications and used 15 plants as unit samples. The results showed that the vegetative growth of Siam Kintamani seedling derived from SE or grafted plant was faster than that of budded plant started from 10 to 12 months after treatment in the nersery house. In the field, the growth of SE grafted plant was only significantly different up to 6 months after transplanting. Plantlets produced from SE in vitro propagation can be used as a good alternative stock material for producing healthy citrus plants. Therefore, a further research is required especially on varieties used, reproductive growth and massive planlets production.

THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF CITRUS DERIVED FROM SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS PLANTLET AND SCION STOCK

Somatic embryogenesis (SE) of callus culture in vitro is one of citrus propagation ways for producing free virus and genetically true-to-type plantlets. To induce growing of plantlets derived from this technology, they should be grafted ex vitro onto a citrus rootstock. The research aimed to evaluate the growth performance of citrus plants cv. Siam Kintamani (Citrus nobilis L.) that used both plantlets and scions as their stocks. The research was conducted at Tlekung Research Station, Indonesian Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Institute from June 2011 to December 2012. The treatments were done at nursery house by grafting a plantlet and budding a scion onto an eight-month-old Japanese Citroon (JC) rootstock plant. The grafted and budded plants of one-year old were maintained at nursery house then transplanted into the field. In the field, the research was arranged in a randomized block design with three replications and used 15 plants as unit samples. The results showed that the vegetative growth of Siam Kintamani seedling derived from SE or grafted plant was faster than that of budded plant started from 10 to 12 months after treatment in the nersery house. In the field, the growth of SE grafted plant was only significantly different up to 6 months after transplanting. Plantlets produced from SE in vitro propagation can be used as a good alternative stock material for producing healthy citrus plants. Therefore, a further research is required especially on varieties used, reproductive growth and massive planlets production.

Gas exchanges in annonaceae species under different crop protections

This study aims to investigate the gas exchanges of different species of Annonaceae due to environmental variations provided by different types of crop protection. 'Araticum-de-terra-fria', 'araticum-mirim', 'biribá' and atemoya seedlings were cultived in three different crop protections: nursery, greenhouse and warm house. Gas exchanges were obtained in six plants, from 9:00 am to 11:00 am, with IRGA, LI-6400, at 180 Days After Transplanting. The different types of crop protection had a direct influence on gas exchanges of these species. Thus, nursery provided suitable conditions for 'araticum-de-terra-fria', 'araticum-mirim' and 'biribá', increasing their gas exchanges. To atemoya the best crop protection was the greenhouse.

Key volatile organic compounds emitted from swine nursery house

Abstract This study was carried out to quantify the concentration and emission levels of key volatile organic compounds (VOCs) – sulfides, indolics, phenolics and volatile fatty acids (VFA) – emitted from swine nursery house, and assess the effect of microclimate (including temperature, relative humidity and air speed) on the key odorous compounds. Samples were collected from the Experimental Farm of Seoul National University in Suwon, South Korea. And the collection took place for four seasons and the sampling time was fixed at 10:30 in the morning. The application of one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni t analyses revealed that, most of the odorous compound concentrations, such as dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), indole, p-cresol and all the volatile fatty acids were lowest during the summer (P

Evaluation of Different Storage Media for the Preservation of Bare Rooted Citrus Rootstock Seedlings

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different storage media namely, broad leaf root dip powder and clay slurry on the preservation of bare rooted rootstock seedlings of Cleopatra mandarin. Four concentrations of 'Broad leaf root dip powder' (BRP) (7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15g/l of water), 2.5kg/l clay slurry and a control were used as preservatives, while the grass straw and perforated transparent polyethylene bags were the storage media for preservation. The rootstocks were coated with the preservatives and arranged in a split plot experimental design under shade in the nursery house for observation. Sampled seedlings were picked from each treatment for transplanting to the field at different storage period up to six weeks after storage. Data collection on visual observation and field trials were analysed using ANOVA and descriptive statistics. Untreated seedlings were more susceptible to stress. Clay slurry treated seedlings preserved for 14 days, while seedlings dipped in 10 to 15g/l BRP were able to keep for 22 days. On the field, seedlings coated with clay slurry and the control transplanted immediately, recovered from stress faster than other preservatives 8WAP. The number of new leaves developed in seedlings treated with 7.5, 10g/L BRP and clay slurry were significantly (p Key words: Broad leaf root dip powder, Clay slurry, Grass straw wrapping, Perforated transparent polyethylene bag bare root.

Alternative methods of substrate disinfection to prepare coffee seedlings (Coffea arabica L.)

Searching for an efficient product or method of substrate disinfection to produce coffee seedlings ( Coffea arabica L.), this work evaluated the effect of different products in the preparation of the substrate for seedlings in polyetilene bags, in a nursery house at Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG-Brazil. Thirteen modes of substrate disinfection were tested in a randomized block design with four replications. The substrate used was the standard for seedlings from polyetilene bags; the surface soil was removed from areas with 20 year old coffee crops infested with weed seeds. The coffee cultivar used was Paraiso H 419-1. The number of weed seeds that emerged during the first five months of the seedlings in the nursery house was analyzed to verify the efficiency of the disinfection product/method proposed The solarization (30 days), without collector, formol and PCNB treatments were the most efficient in substrate disinfection with greater control of weed plant incidence. The methyl bromide and autoclaving treatments, however, were equally efficient and superior to the other ones.

Exposure assessment to airborne endotoxin, dust, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in open style swine houses

Information is limited for the exposure levels of airborne hazardous substances in swine feed buildings that are not completely enclosed. Open-style breeding, growing and finishing swine houses in six farms in subtropical Taiwan were studied for the airborne concentrations of endotoxin, dust, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. The air in the farrowing and nursery stalls as partially enclosed was also simultaneously evaluated. Three selected gases and airborne dusts were quantified respectively by using Drager diffusion tubes and a filter-weighing method. Endotoxin was analyzed by the Limulusamoebocyte lysate assay. Average concentration of airborne total endotoxin among piggeries was between 36.8 and 298 EU/m3, while that for respirable endotoxin was 14.1–129 EU/m3. Mean concentration of total dust was between 0.15 and 0.34 mg/m3, with average level of respirable dust of 0.14 mg/m3. The respective concentrations of NH3, CO2 and H2S were less than 5 ppm, 600–895 ppm and less than 0.2 ppm. Airborne concentrations of total dust and endotoxin in the nursery house were higher than in the other types of swine houses. The finishing house presented the highest exposure risk to NH3, CO2 and H2S. Employees working in the finishing stalls were also exposed to the highest airborne levels of respirable endotoxin and dust. On the other hand, the air of the breeding units was the least contaminated in terms of airborne endotoxin, dust, NH3, CO2 and H2S. The airborne concentrations of substances measured in the present study were all lower than most of published studies conducted in mainly enclosed swine buildings. Distinct characteristics, including maintaining swine houses in an open status and frequent spraying water inside the stalls, significantly reduce accumulation of gases and airborne particulates.