Numerous Clumps Research Articles

Efficacy Trials with Insecticides at Planting for Stalk Borer Control, 1980

Abstract Corn was planted with a no-till planter on May 16 in 30 in rows. The field located near Belleville, Mifflin County, PA was in corn the previous year, but still contained numerous clumps of orchard grass on which eggs of the stalk borer were frequently found. It was chisel plowed and disced lightly (minimum tillage) before planting. Treatments were single x 200 ft rows arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Granular formulations of insecticide were applied, via planter mounted applicator, in a 7 in band in front of the press wheel. The Orthene seed treatment was applied to the seed several days prior to planting.

Efficacy Trials with Topical Applications for Stalk Borer Control, 1980

Abstract Corn was planted with a no-till planter onMay 16 in 30 inch rows. The field located near Belleville, Mifflin County, PA was in corn the previous year and was infested with numerous clumps of orchard grass on which stalk borer eggs were readily found. It was chisel plowed and lightly disced before planting. Treatments were single x 50 ft rows with 3 buffer rows between. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used.

Bactericidal Effect of Oleic Acid on Group A Streptococci: Mechanism of Action

In contrast to Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci, group A streptococci are infrequently present on normal human skin, except in certain populations with endemic impetigo. This has been attributed to differences in susceptibility to the bactericidal effect of skin surface lipids, particularly unsaturated fatty acids. When an M type 6 strain group A streptococcus was exposed to 500 mug of oleic acid per ml, viable counts decreased by 4 logs in 5 min. The rank order of killing was 35 > 20 > 4 degrees C. Oleic acid did not kill a strain of S. aureus, a strain of coagulase-negative staphylococcus, or a strain of Escherichia coli, but bound rapidly to these bacteria as well as to the group A streptococcus. The loss of [(3)H]uridine from labeled oleic acid-treated group A streptococcal cells was greater than 100 times that of controls. There was no loss of [(3)H]-thymidine from group A streptococci or of [(3)H]uridine or [(3)H]thymidine from identically exposed coagulase-negative staphylococci. When [(3)H]uridine was added to group A streptococci during mid-log-phase growth, cessation of uptake occurred within 5 min of addition of 50 mug of oleic acid per ml. Electron microscopic changes seen within 5 min included condensation of the nucleoid and distortion of the streptococcal surface by numerous clumps and blebs. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, S. aureus, and E. coli similarly exposed showed no comparable electron microscopic changes. We propose that oleic acid kills group A streptococci by altering the integrity of the cell membrane with resulting loss of ribonucleic acid but not deoxyribonucleic acid.

The effect of cytochalasin B and colchicine on concanavalin A induced vacuolation in mouse peritoneal macrophages

Macrophages bind concanavalin A (ConA) and interiorize the ConA-receptor conjugates in minute ConA-bearing pinosomes that undergo intracellular fusion processes to yield medium size (2–5 μ) and large size (>5 μ) vacuoles. The number and size of the vacuoles depends on ConA concentration and on the composition of the incubation medium. Cytochalasin B (CB) reduces ConA internalization by 30% and the surface bound lectin redistributes to form numerous clumps of fluorescence. Macrophage ConA-induced vacuolation is inhibited by CB both when the incubation is carried out in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (90% inhibition) or in phosphate buffered saline (80% inhibition). Colchicine reduces [ 3H]ConA internalization by 20% and has no detectable effect on the surface distribution of fluorescein-ConA conjugates. Incubation of macrophages with colchicine prior to or during ConA induction of vacuole formation results in an enhancement of cell vacuolation; the number of the developing large size vacuoles exceeds 4–6-fold that obtained in the absence of the alkaloid. The results suggest the involvement of elements of the cytoskeleton (microfilaments-microtubuli) in regulation of the sequence of events leading to ConA-induced vacuolation and that CB and colchicine have opposite effects on the process.

Electron microscopy of the placenta and related structures of the marmoset

The marmoset has recently become an important animal in oncologic research, especially with respect to herpes deoxyribonucleic acid viral tumors. As a prototype of the primitive New World monkey, it is also valuable for the study of primate evolution. For these reasons this ultrastructural description of its placenta is presented, including the first electron micrographs of the basal plate and amnion. The main placental mass is pseudolabyrinthine, or trabecular. The ultrastructural features of the cellular and syncytial trophoblast and endothelium closely resemble those of higher primates. The junctional region shows numerous clumps of moderately well-differentiated trophoblast, an acellular junctional zone, and a poorly developed decidual reaction. Trabecular connective tissue is sparser and transitional trophoblastic elements are less prominent than those in the human placenta. The amnion is ultrastructurally indistinguishable from that of the higher primates. Although the marmoset's placenta retains certain primitive gross and histologic features, such as the large persistent yolk sac and the trabecular condition, it is ultrastructurally quite similar to that of man.

Scanning electron microscopy of the human cerebral ventricular system. II. The fourth ventricle.

Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the ultrastructural differences exhibited by the varigated ependymal lining of the near-term human fetal 4th ventricle. The central portion of the fourth ventricular floor, including the median sulcus is punctuated by numerous clumps of cilia. The density of cilia here is not as great as that described for other regions of the human cerebral ventricular system; accordingly, underlying substructure can be noted. There are distinct differences between ependymas that line the floor of the fourth ventricle with those of the adjacent area postrema. The latter region possesses not cilia, but instead exhibits a dense knap of microvilli. The ultra-architecture of the choroid plexus is relatively similar to that of other circumventricular organs with the exception that it possesses small isolated groups of cilia as well as microvilli. These findings are discussed with respect to the dynamics of local CSF movement and flow, ependymoabsorption and ependymosecretion

Biological control of prickly pear cacti on Santa Cruz Island, California

This publication summarizes 25 years of heretofore unreported efforts to effect the biological control of prickly pear cacti infesting rangeland on Santa Cruz Island, situated off the coast of southern California. To date, partial to substantial biological control of the pest cacti, Opuntia littoralis (Engelmann) Cockerell, O. oricola Philbrick, and their hybrids, has been achieved. The principal biological control agent is a cochineal insect, Dactylopius sp., which is native to the southern California mainland. It was introduced to the island free of its principal natural enemies—Hyperaspis taeniata significanis Casey and Laetilia coccidivora (Comstock)—and has multiplied markedly, at the same time destroying numerous clumps of cacti throughout the island. Effective range management practices, i.e., eradication of wild sheep and restrained cattle grazing, have aided the biological control efforts, and both have resulted in the return and persistence of annual grasses on formerly overgrazed and cacti-infested grazing lands. The coreid bugs, Chelinidea tabulata (Burmeister) and C. vittiger Uhler, were also successfully introduced to Santa Cruz Island from Texas and mainland California, respectively, but neither species is thought significant as a biological control agent. The cactus-feeding phycitids, Olycella junctolineella (Hulst), Melitara dentata (Grote), and M. prodenialis Walker, were not successfully colonized on Santa Cruz Island.

An Additional Record of Reithrodontomys in Illinois

On March 22 and 23, 1956, small mammal trapping in Whiteside County, 1 mile west of Denrock in northwestern Illinois, resulted in the capture of Reithrodontomys . The selected trapping sites included a railroad right-of-way and an adjacent bluegrass pasture which contained a dry marsh. The pasture contained numerous clumps of bluegrass and an occasional bull thistle. The dry marsh had a band of sedges and cattails around the perimeter with infrequent large clumps of marsh smartweed toward the center. The railroad right-of-way, which is burned each year during late March and early …

Further Studies in Antigen Emulsion Preparation for the Ball Test for Syphilis

Several years ago a ball test for syphilis was described. The results with this test are very easy to read accurately with the naked eye. The negative test shows a uniformly turbid fluid. A strongly positive test on the other hand shows a thoroughly clear fluid and suspended in its upper portion a large opaque white ball. A positive test shows a few large white clumps inthe upper half of a slightly turbid fluid and a doubtful test shows numerous small white clumps suspended in turbid fluid. The phenomenon of ball formation in this test is apparently dependent upon the interlocking of numerous small clumps of needle like particles which dovetail into each other upon centrifugation. The ball test applied in two slightly different ways gives results of about equal sensitivity with the two microscopic slide precipitation tests (1, for the diagnosis and 2, for the exclusion of syphilis) and serves as an excellent check for the slide tests. The antigen emulsion for the ball test as described is prepared by mixing salt solution and cholesterinized antigen, the resultant combined antigen cholesterin particles although of desirable shape (long thin needles) are satisfactory for use for only a few to several hours after preparation following which time the emulsion breaks down, the particles become granular and the globules of antigen only present in the emulsion clump together. As described previously, emulsions generally employed in precipitation tests for syphilis (including the ball test mentioned above) are made by mixing salt solution with cholesterinized antigen. The resultant aggregates are composed of antigen

BACTERIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL STUDIES OF AN EPIDEMIC OF KOCH-WEEKS BACILLUS CONJUNCTIVITIS ASSOCIATED WITH CELL INCLUSION CONJUNCTIVITIS

1. There are cases in which epithelial cell inclusions may alone be present in the conjunctival smears. In such cases no other pathogenic organisms, such as the Koch-Weeks bacillus or the pneurnococcus, can be demonstrated in smears or cultures. 2. The conjunctiva can become simultaneously infected with the inclusion bodies and Koch-Weeks bacilli or other organisms. 3. In cases of acute or subacute conjunctival inflammations due to mixed infections the clinical features of each infection may be present. The course of the inflammation is, however, more prolonged. 4. Within recent years, the Koch-Weeks bacillus has only seldom been found in our routine examinations. 5. The epidemic studied was of a severe type. 6. Clinically it is practically impossible to distinguish pneurnococcal conjunctivitis from the Koch-Weeks conjunctivitis. Bacteriological examination of smears and cultures is the only means by which the etiological diagnosis can be definitely established. 7. Conjunctivae of certain species of monkeys are susceptible to the von Prowazek inclusion bodies, but not to the hemoglobinophilic bacilli isolated from cases of epidemic conjunctivitis. 8. The injection of conjunctival scrapings containing the von Prowazek cell inclusions into the testicles of rabbits produces no cell inclusions in the latter, while the injection of a pure culture of the hemoglofcinophilic bacilli causes an acute inflammation accompanied by numerous clumps of the organisms, simulating the von Prowazek bodies at certain stages of their evolution. 9. There exists an apparent morphological similarity between the degenerated forms of this variety of the hemoglobinophilic bacilli and the cell inclusions, both in cultures and in experimental orchitis in the rabbit. But, as a rule, the elementary bodies of the latter are much smaller and more sharply defined than the smallest granules of the former, while the initial bodies are bigger, more intensely stainable, and less definite in their contour than the hemoglobinophilic bacilli found in the infected conjunctivae.