Numerical Artifacts Research Articles

Environmental magnetic, Geochemical and Sulfur isotopic imprints of an Indus archaeological site 4MSR from western India (Rajasthan): Implications to the Indus industrial (metallurgical) activities

A high number industrial hearths, furnaces, and kilns were excavated from an Indus archaeological site 4MSR (western Rajasthan, India) on the dry bed of Ghaggar-Hakra (erstwhile Saraswati) river channel near India-Pakistan international border, providing numerous artifacts of Indus metallurgical activity (jewellery items made of Copper (Cu), Gold (Au) and Silver (Ag), anvil, fishhook, arrowhead, spearhead, moulds, slag etc.). Array of inter-connected hearths, vats, range of stone weights and beads made of semi-precious stones (steatite, terracotta, paste) further suggest the site was being used as a metal-craft factory. Nine 14C ages (seven AMS and two conventional) from cultural layers provided site occupational history spanning from the early Harappan phase to the termination of the mature phase. Maximum number of industrial hearths and furnaces were found during the mature phase (2341 ± 30 to 1691 ± 100 BCE). Highly enriched magnetic susceptibilities (χlf: 114 ± 61.2 × 10−8m3kg−1) in the industrial hearths indicate intense burning activities at these metallurgical factory. Similar enrichments were seen in hearth-sediments for Sulfur (S), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr) and Phosphorous (P) contents. Transition elements viz. Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn) and Lead (Pb) were significantly enriched in these hearths possibly as major leftovers of the Harappan metallurgical activities. High S contents found in industrial hearths could be due to usage of Sulfur rich material used for metal-works and usage of gypsum for polishing metal ware and floors. Excesses of Calcium (Ca) and Strontium (Sr) could be due to enhanced usage of river-shells used in ornaments and bead making, while elevated Phosphorous (P) contents might be due to presence of charred bones of cattle, tortoise and fish.

A closer look at the Tillya-tepe folding crown and attached pendants

Tillya-tepe, the 1stcentury AD burial site, was situated in ancient Bactria, modern Afghanistan. Among the numerous gold artefacts found in the six excavated graves was a spectacular gold crown worn by a high status woman. This article analyses the design and iconography of this crown against the backdrop of a number of factors, including the steppe nomadic heritage of the Tillya-tepe people, and the presence of Graeco-Roman style imagery which appears on some of their most important possessions.

Excavations at Musselburgh Primary Health Care Centre

An excavation was undertaken by CFA Archaeology Ltd (CFA) between August and November 2010 on the site of the new Musselburgh Primary Health Care Centre. The site, which lies to the south of Inveresk Road, is centred on NGR: NT 3428 7224. Until its demolition, the area had been occupied by Brunton Wireworks. The Scheduled Monument of Inveresk Roman Fort lies at the top of the steep slope c 50m to the south of the excavation site. The excavation identified six phases of activity on the site, the earliest being a Mesolithic flint scatter. The area was used as a burial ground in the Iron Age and a ring ditch may also be of prehistoric date. Later, six Roman inhumation burials (four of which had been decapitated) and a horse burial were interred, and a possible Roman fortlet was constructed. Across the site, a network of interconnected ditches formed part of a Roman-period field system, which cut through the rampart of the possible fortlet, and through a number of the graves. Along the southern boundary of the site a large accumulation of Roman midden deposits overlay features associated with the field system, although it may have started to build up while the latter was still in use. A post-built structure was also found, one post of which cut a ditch of the field system. The midden deposits extended along the full length of the southern boundary of the site, measuring 110m long by up to 20m wide. Numerous artefacts were recovered, representing the rubbish and discarded personal belongings of the fort occupants. The pottery included samian bowls with personal names scratched on the bases. Evidence from these, together with isotopic analysis of the human skeletons, shows that the ethnic origin of those living in the fort was diverse, as would be expected for the Roman army.

High Precision Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (HiPPSO)

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a nature-inspired meta-heuristic adaptable to continuous optimization problems. To avoid numerical instabilities or artifacts it is necessary to evaluate floating point calculations with high precision. Our High Precision Particle Swarm Optimization (HiPPSO) software realizes this demand. Additionally our software provides an automatic procedure to adjust precision if it is necessary for accurate evaluations. This enables a fast execution time because the software always evaluates the calculations with suitable precision and does not use too much precision if it is not necessary. HiPPSO is implemented in C++ and has a very flexible class hierarchy to replace subroutines on purpose or extend functionality by simply implementing abstract classes. The software is available on a GitHub repository at <a href="https://github.com/alexander-rass/HiPPSO" target="_blank">https://github.com/alexander-rass/HiPPSO</a>.

Artifactual Lung Ultrasonography: It Is a Matter of Traps, Order, and Disorder

When inspecting the lung with standard ultrasound B-mode imaging, numerous artifacts can be visualized. These artifacts are useful to recognize and evaluate several pathological conditions in Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine. More recently, the interest of the Pulmonologists has turned to the echographic study of the interstitial pathology of the lung. In fact, all lung pathologies which increase the density of the tissue, and do not consolidate the organ, are characterized by the presence of ultrasound artifacts. Many studies of the past have only assessed the number of vertical artifacts (generally known as B-Lines) as a sign of disease severity. However, recent observations suggest that the appearance of the individual artifacts, their variability, and their internal structure, may play a role for a non-invasive characterization of the surface of the lungs, directing the diagnoses and identifying groups of diseases. In this review, we discuss the meaning of lung ultrasound artifacts, and introduce hypothesis on the correlation between their presence and the structural variation of the sub-pleural tissue in light of current knowledge of the acoustic properties of the pleural plane.

Structured light entities, chaos and nonlocal maps

Spatial chaos as a phenomenon of ultimate complexity requires the efficient numerical algorithms. For this purpose iterative low-dimensional maps have demonstrated high efficiency. Natural generalization of Feigenbaum and Ikeda maps may include convolution integrals with kernel in a form of Green function of a relevant linear physical system. It is shown that such iterative $nonlocal$ $nonlinear$ $maps$ are equivalent to ubiquitous class of nonlinear partial differential equations of Ginzburg-Landau type. With a Green functions relevant to generic optical resonators these $nonlocal$ $maps$ emulate the basic spatiotemporal phenomena as spatial solitons, vortex eigenmodes breathing via relaxation oscillations mediated by noise, vortex-vortex and vortex-antivortex lattices with periodic location of vortex cores. The smooth multimode noise addition facilitates the selection of stable entities and elimination of numerical artifacts.

Pozostałości krzyżackiego warsztatu kuszniczego na zamku w Człuchowie

Excavations carried out in 2008–2018 in the Teutonic Order castle in Człuchów revealed numerous artefacts made of bone and antler as well as half-finished products and waste consisting of those materials. Out of those finds 894 were identified as connected with producing parts of crossbows: 73 were finished products (plates and nuts), 198 — half-finished parts of plates and 623 — production waste and part-processed material. 98.3% of the artefacts were made of deer antlers; the remaining 1.7% of animal bones. The products were divided into four groups. Group I includes plates from the front part of the tiller (between the prod and the nut), where the bolt was placed. Those were usually elongated rectangular pieces, meticulously polished, wider at the front of the tiller and narrower at half-length. Group II comprises plates from the rear part of the tiller (behind the nut), which were usually elongated triangles tapering towards the butt. Group III are thin elongated plates, probably of a decorative function, which were placed on other parts of the tiller. Group IV consists of nuts, which were part of the trigger mechanism. A common characteristics of plates from groups I–III was that they had regular grooves which helped in attaching them to the wooden tiller. An analysis of half-finished products and production waste makes it possible to identify the tools that were used and to reconstruct techniques of antler-processing. The data indicate that the Człuchów castle workshop not only produced but also mended crossbows. The finds suggest that it functioned between the mid-14th c. and the mid-15th c. and was located in the outer part of the fortification, since most of the artefacts in question were found the gatehouse backfill. Similar workshops have been excavated in Vilnius, Viljandi and Trondheim. Information about the functioning of crossbow workshops in many castles and towns of the Teutonic Order state can also be found in the Order’s inventories. Written sources also indicatethat such workshops were supplied with large amounts of antlers and materials to produce glue.

Computational errors of the induced electric field in voxelized and tetrahedral anatomical head models exposed to spatially uniform and localized magnetic fields

At low and intermediate frequencies, the strength of the induced electric field is used as dosimetric quantity for human protection in the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines. To compute the induced electric field, numerical methods based on anatomically realistic voxel models are commonly used. However, grid-based models introduce staircase approximation errors when curved surfaces are discretized with voxels, particularly in correspondence of boundaries with large differences in electrical conductivity. By contrast, those kind of artefacts are absent in tetrahedral meshes. Here, we investigate the computational errors that affect voxelized and tetrahedral head models when exposed to uniform magnetic fields at 50 Hz, and localized exposure due to transcranial magnetic stimulation. Five subjects were considered, and for each of them four voxel grids and four tetrahedral meshes were reconstructed with different resolutions. The differences in the results were characterized by comparing the induced electric fields computed using those meshes/grids. The results showed modest discrepancies in the overall electric field distributions between the various grids and meshes. However, the peak electric field strengths were erroneous for both tetrahedral and voxel models. Therefore, post-processing techniques are needed to suppress those numerical artefacts. For this purpose, the 99.99th, or lower, percentile of the electric field strength was found to remove the numerical errors. In addition, we found that spatially averaging the electric fields over 2 mm cubical volumes, as described by the ICNIRP, was effective in removing most of the spuriously large electric fields. When spatial averaging was used, relative coarse head models consisting of approximately 1 mm voxels or tetrahedral meshes with 2 mm average side length were sufficient to mitigate the artefacts. Nonetheless, the additional percentile filtering might still be needed to suppress the erroneous values completely.

Archaeological exploration in the Dnipropetrovsk region in 2017

Materials of archaeological exploration of monuments without land characteristics in the territory of Dnipropetrovsk region in 2017 are reported. The work is conditioned by the necessity to establish the safety of archaeological objects that have already been registered by the Dnipropetrovsk Regional Center for the Protection of the Historical and Cultural Values and which have recently been revealed. The settlement near the village Vilne of Novomoskovsk was explored in 2005. It occupies the natural cape of the right bank of the Samara river. It is located 1 km to the NE from the village outskirts. The area of the settlement is limited to two sources of drinking water. In the central part of the cape there are four pits. Stratigraphy is established, the thickness of the cultural layer is 0,8–0,9 m. The area of the monument is 50 x 20 m. The artifacts are represented by fragments dishes of clay: walls, bottoms and top part of vessels. The dishes are ornamented with rollers, drawn lines, embossed lines. The numerous bones found belong to large and small cattle and a horse. There are pieces of slag. All matherials refer to the Boguslav-Belozersk culture of the Late Bronze Age. In the Sinelnikovo District, a settlement near the village Zaporozhets near Sinelnikovo was investigated. It was discovered by the work of the DniproHES expedition of the Institute of Archeology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the late 1920s. Territorially occupies part of the cape of the left bank of the river Dnepr from the village. Not digging. As a result of the survey of the monument in the 1970s, A. V. Bodiansky and L. P. Krylova collected numerous artifacts that reflect the destruction of the cultural layer. The pits laid in 2017 by the Dnipropetrovsk National University on the area of the settlement testify to its further destruction as a result of the natural factor (flooding of the Dnieper river) and active anthropogenic activity of the last decades. The cultural layer with thickness up to 0.4 m is poorly saturated with finds. Archaeological materials include single fragments of ceramics with a glossy Saltov-type surface and animals bones. The carried out researches testify to the preservation of only the peripheral part of the object, which chronologically and culturally represents the Late Slavonian period in the history of the ancient population of Nadporozhye.

Preliminary observations on the Levantine Aurignacian sequence of Manot Cave: Cultural affiliations and regional perspectives

A well-preserved sequence of Early Upper Paleolithic (EUP) occupations has been revealed in the past decade in Manot Cave, the studies of which shed light on the cultural dynamics and subsistence patterns and paleoenvironment. Most intriguing is the series of overlying Levantine Aurignacian occupation layers, exposed near the entrance to the cave.Area E is considered the inner part of the main activity area in Manot Cave. Remains of intact combustion features, as well as numerous flint artifacts and faunal remains, were found, indicating a high level of preservation. Within a 2.5 m sequence, nine distinct occupation layers were defined. The presence of characteristic flint and osseous industries alongside a rich mollusk assemblage led to the initial association of the sequence as a whole to the Levantine Aurignacian. However, as research advanced and variability in the material culture became apparent, it became clear that a division of the sequence into two phases, early and late, is required.A preliminary study of the assemblage variability implies distinct changes in human behavior between the two phases. Most prominently, these are indicated by a change in bladelet production method and morphology alongside an increase in the significance of the bladelet component within the flint assemblage, the disappearance of composite osseous industries, and a steep decrease in mollusk shell representation in the late occupation phase.Radiocarbon dating indicates a short time span between the two phases. The earlier phase defined as, Levantine Aurignacian, was ascribed an age range of 38–34 ka cal BP with a more constrained age range of 37–35 ka cal BP suggested based on Bayesian models. In the late phase, which is temporarily referred to as “post-Levantine Aurignacian,” an age range of 36–33 ka cal BP is suggested.

ASYMMETRIC PERIODIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR MOLECULAR DYNAMICS AND COARSE-GRAINED SIMULATIONS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

Periodic boundary conditions are commonly applied in molecular dynamics simulations in the microcanonical (NVE), canonical (NVT) and isothermal-isobaric (NpT) ensembles. In their simplest application, a biological system of interest is placed in the middle of a solvation box, which is chosen ‘sufficiently large’ to minimize any numerical artefacts associated with the periodic boundary conditions. This practical approach brings limitations to the size of biological systems that can be simulated. Here, we study simulations of effectively infinitelylong nucleic acids, which are solvated in the directions perpendicular to the polymer chain, while periodic boundary conditions are also applied along the polymer chain. We study the effects of these asymmetric periodic boundary conditions (APBC) on the simulated results, including the mechanical properties of biopolymers and the properties of the surrounding solvent. To get some further insights into the advantages of using the APBC, a coarse-grained worm-like chain model is first studied, illustrating how the persistence length can be extracted from local properties of the polymer chain, which are less affected by the APBC than some global averages. This is followed by all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of DNA in ionic solutions, where we use the APBC to investigate sequence-dependent properties of DNA molecules and properties of the surrounding solvent.

Пам’ятки археології села Ульвівок і його околиць у дослідженнях львівських вчених

The old village of Ulvivok, located above the Bug River in Sokal district, Lviv region, is extremely rich with archaeological sites. Relief, favourable for living, fertile soils, large river have contributed to appearing of human settlements on this area since ancient times. This fact is witnessed by finds of numerous archaeological artifacts near Ulvivok and discovery of significant archaeological sites – cemeteries and settlements, which have an interesting history of research since the late XIX century and till nowadays, associated with many famous Lviv scientists. An important role in the preservation and study of local archaeological finds was played by Dzieduszycki Museum. The first references to finds from Ulvivok and the surrounding villages – Horodylovychi, Stargorod, Skomorokhy and Telyazh – are found at the works of local historian B. Sokalski and geologist A. Lomnitcki, published in 1899. J. Nykorovych – the owner of the village and amateur archaeologist contributed noticeably preservation and research of sites during XIX – beginning of XX century. The first extensive exploration in Ulvivok in 1923 was conducted by archaeologist and local historian, guardian of the prehistoric monuments of Lviv district B. Janusz, who discovered a tomb of Globular Amphorae culture and part of the burials of the most famous archaeological sites near Ulvivok – inhumation cemetery from the end of Bronze Age of “Ulvivok-Rovantsi type”. The same cemetery was investigated in 1931 by archaeologist T. Sulimirski, who published the results of excavations. Local archaeological finds were studied by famous Ukrainian archaeologist J. Pasternak, J. Bryk, K. Żurowski, J. Dąmbrowski, I. Sveshnikov, L. Krushelnytska. Nowadays, the exploration work was conducted by N. Wojceschuk, surveys in Ulvivok, Horodylovychi, Stargorod and excavation of Early Iron Age site were carried out by D. Pavliv. At least 14 archaeological sites (8 settlements and 6 cemeteries) and about 100 individual finds have been found on the territory of the village and surrounding area. This territory on the western part of Ukraine is extremely rich with archaeological sites of almost all epochs. It is witnessed by the great historical importance of this region and requires continuation of professional archaeological examinations and protective actions for the preservation of archaeological heritage. Key words: Ulvivok, archaeological site, Lviv scientists, Globular Amphorae culture, burial complex of Ulvivok-Rovantsi type.

Comments on ‘numerical stability of detonations in white dwarf simulations’

ABSTRACT Katz &amp; Zingale (KZ19) recently studied a one-dimensional test problem, intended to mimic the process of detonation ignition in head-on collisions of two carbon–oxygen (CO) white dwarfs. They do not obtain ignition of a detonation in pure CO compositions unless the temperature is artificially increased or $5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ He is included. In both of these cases they obtain converged ignition only for spatial resolutions better than $0.1\, \textrm{km}$, which are beyond the capability of multidimensional simulations. This is in a contradiction with the claims of Kushnir et al. (K13) that a convergence to $\mathord {\sim}10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ is achieved for a resolution of a few km. Using Eulerian and Lagrangian codes we show that a converged and resolved ignition is obtained for pure CO in this test problem without the need for He or increasing the temperature. The two codes agree to within $1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and convergence is obtained at resolutions of several km. We calculate the case that includes He and obtain a similar slow convergence, but find that it is due to a boundary numerical artefact that can (and should) be avoided. Correcting the boundary conditions allows convergence with resolution of ${\sim}10\, \textrm{km}$ in an agreement with the claims of K13. It is likely that the slow convergence obtained by KZ19 in this case is because of a similar boundary numerical artefact, but we are unable to verify this. KZ19 further recommended to avoid the use of the burning limiter introduced by K13. We show that their recommendation is not justified.

Backflow stabilization by deconvolution-based large eddy simulation modeling

In the numerical simulations of incompressible fluids, the occurrence of incoming flows through outlet boundaries where Neumann conditions are prescribed may introduce the numerical instability known as the backflow instability. This backflow instability is related to the nonlinear convective term and is often challenging the numerical simulation of the blood flow in large vessels. In fact, the alternation of systole and diastole induces backflows at the outlets, which are usually Neumann boundaries since the lack of velocity data requires the prescription of traction/pressure conditions. The Reynolds numbers that trigger the backflow instability are generally moderate (in the range of a few hundreds and above).In this work, we prove that a particular Large Eddy Simulation (LES) model implicitly stabilizes the backflow instability. This LES model uses deconvolution filters and is the basis of the so-called Evolve-Filter-Relax scheme recently introduced by Layton, Rebholz and their collaborators as an effective alternative to Direct Numerical Simulations for the moderate or large Reynolds number flow. With a judicious selection of the parameters of this LES scheme, it is possible to suppress the term that triggers the numerical backflow instability, so to obtain reliable and efficient numerical simulations. This is particularly attractive in computational clinical studies, where many cases need to be studied in a relatively short time.We provide a rigorous proof of our statement and numerical evidence that corroborates the theory on both idealized and realistic cases. For the latter, we consider a patient-specific aortic aneurysm geometry. Aortic simulations feature Reynolds numbers and flow regimes that particularly benefit from this serendipity (aka ‘two-birds-one-stone’) circumstance, where a LES modeling is stabilizing a numerical artifact.

Study of the Effect of Thermal Dispersion on Internal Natural Convection in Porous Media Using Fourier Series

Natural convection in a porous enclosure in the presence of thermal dispersion is investigated. The Fourier–Galerkin (FG) spectral element method is adapted to solve the coupled equations of Darcy’s flow and heat transfer with a full velocity-dependent dispersion tensor, employing the stream function formulation. A sound implementation of the FG method is developed to obtain accurate solutions within affordable computational costs. In the spectral space, the stream function is expressed analytically in terms of temperature, and the spectral system is solved using temperature as the primary unknown. The FG method is compared to finite element solutions obtained using an in-house code (TRACES), OpenGeoSys and COMSOL Multiphysics®. These comparisons show the high accuracy of the FG solution which avoids numerical artifacts related to time and spatial discretization. Several examples having different dispersion coefficients and Rayleigh numbers are tested to analyze the solution behavior and to gain physical insight into the thermal dispersion processes. The effect of thermal dispersion coefficients on heat transfer and convective flow in a porous square cavity has not been investigated previously. Here, taking advantage of the developed FG solution, a detailed parameter sensitivity analysis is carried out to address this gap. In the presence of thermal dispersion, the Rayleigh number mainly affects the convective velocity and the heat flux to the domain. At high Rayleigh numbers, the temperature distribution is mainly controlled by the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. Longitudinal dispersion flux is important along the adiabatic walls while transverse dispersion dominates the heat flux toward the isothermal walls. Correlations between the average Nusselt number and dispersion coefficients are derived for three Rayleigh number regimes.

Initiation of Richtmyer–Meshkov instability by a detonation wave

As part of the HyCFS-R numerical code development, a module for the simulation of multiphase chemically reacting flows based on the Euler–Euler approach was implemented. The code was verified on simple 0D and 1D problems, such as constant volume explosion and 1D shock tube problem. For more comprehensive testing the numerical simulation of the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability in reactive heterogeneous media was performed. The comparison against the reference solution revealed that numerical method implemented in the HyCFS-R either introduce too much dissipation and suppress the detonation wave front instabilities or lead to numerical artifacts in the Richtmyer–Meshkov instability flow pattern.

Physical Mechanisms Providing Clinical Information From Ultrasound Lung Images: Hypotheses and Early Confirmations.

In standard B mode imaging, a set of ultrasound pulses is used to reconstruct a 2-D image even though some of the assumptions needed to do this are not fully satisfied. For this reason, ultrasound medical images show numerous artifacts which physicians recognize and evaluate as part of their diagnosis since even one artifact can provide clinical information. Understanding the physical mechanisms at the basis of the formation of an artifact is important to identify the physiopathological state of the biological medium which generated the artifact. Ultrasound lung images are a significant example of this challenge since everything that is represented beyond the thickness of the chest wall ( ≈ 2 cm) is artifactual information. A convincing physical explanation of the genesis of important ultrasound lung artifacts does not exist yet. Physicians simply base their diagnosis on a correlation observed over the years between the manifestation of some artifacts and the occurrence of particular lung pathologies. In this article, a plausible genesis of some important lung artifacts is suggested.

Optimizing the finite-difference implementation of three-dimensional free-surface boundary in frequency-domain modeling of elastic waves

The problem of modeling seismic wave propagation for multiple sources, such as in the solution of gradient-based elastic full-waveform inversion, is an important topic in seismic exploration. The frequency-domain finite-difference (FD) method is a good choice for this purpose, mainly because of its simple discretization and high computational efficiency. However, when it comes to modeling the complete elastic wavefields, this approach has limited surface-wave accuracy because, when modeling with the strong form of the wave equation, it is not always easy to implement an accurate stress-free boundary condition. Although a denser spatial sampling is helpful for overcoming this problem, the additional discrete points will significantly increase the computational cost in the resolution of its resulting discrete system, especially in 3D problems. Furthermore, sometimes, when modeling with optimized schemes, an inconsistency in the computation precision between the regions at the free surface and inside the model volume would happen and introduce numerical artifacts. To overcome these issues, we have considered optimizing the FD implementation of the free-surface boundary. In our method, the problem was formulated in terms of a novel system of partial differential equations satisfied at the free surface, and the weighted-averaging strategy was introduced to optimize its discretization. With this approach, we can impose FD schemes for the free surface and internal region consistently and improve their discretization precision simultaneously. Benchmark tests for Lamb’s problem indicate that the proposed free-surface implementation contributes to improving the simulation accuracy on surface waves, without increasing the number of grid points per wavelength. This reveals the potential of developing optimized schemes in the free-surface implementation. In particular, through the successful introduction of weighting coefficients, this free-surface FD implementation enables adaptation to the variation of Poisson’s ratio, which is very useful for modeling in heterogeneous near-surface weathered zones.

Динамика палеолитических индустрий Алтая по археологической летописи Денисовой пещеры

Today, Altai has the most insightful archaeological sites reflecting the ancient history of the vast space spanning from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific Ocean and from Mongolia to the Arctic Ocean. The most engaging findings in the study of the primitive period were obtained in the North-Western part of Altai based on the materials of a crosscutting study of multilayer Paleolithic sites in the valley upstream of the River Anuy. The longest cultural timeline was stu­died in Denisova Cave. Analysing the Pleistocene cave deposits, the researchers applied a number of modern methods in archeology, stratigraphy, lithology, paleontology, geochronology, and other related sciences. Besides cave deposits with numerous artefacts, they discovered extensive paleontological materials, which helped to trace the evolution of cultural traditions from the primitive period to the end of the Paleolithic era and reconstruct the living conditions of the primitive human beings across the paleogeographic stages of the Pleistocene. The latest anthropological discoveries in the cave are associated with the core issues in the development of Homo genus and the formation of modern man.

UKRAINE — TURKEY: THE VERGES OF COOPERATION

The formation of the scientific cooperation of Ukraine and Turkey began from the beginning of independence state, after crushing of Soviet ideological system. From 1989. the archaeological investigations of historical center of Ochakiv (Mikolayiv region) begin by expedition of the Institute of archaeology of NAN of Ukraine. The study of new collection, which include numerous artefacts of Turkish culture needed with consultations with Turkish archaeologists. Due to help of the Ambassador of Turkey in Ukraine Acar Germen, the first international contacts were established and in 1997—1998. first project in Ochakiv provided under the chief of prof. B. Ersoy from Turkish side. In 1999 began joint the excavation in Akkerman, which continue till 2006. The results of expedition published in numerous books and articles. The next direction of cooperation were exhibitions, which take place in Kiev and Izmir. In 2005. the historical and cultural association Ukraine-Turkey created, member of which represented various fields of study: archaeology, history, literature and language. A very important place take archaeological investigation of the Ottoman monuments on the territory of Ukraine, which allow to discover new view on the history both of countries, reconstruction of integrations in the system of material culture.