Numerous Ambiguities Research Articles

Bone Tissue Changes in Individuals Living with HIV/AIDS: The Importance of a Hierarchical Approach in Investigating Bone Fragility.

Skeletal alterations and their complications can significantly impact the quality of life and overall prognosis of patients living with HIV (PLWHIV). Considering skeletal alterations are often asymptomatic and unapparent during routine clinical evaluation, these conditions are frequently overlooked in the clinical management of PLWHIV. However, since the use of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has increased life expectancy in PLWHIV effectively, osteopenia, osteoporosis, and bone fragility are now considered to have a major health impact, with a substantial increase in healthcare costs. This narrative literature review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the contemporary literature related to bone changes in PLWHIV, focusing on the importance of taking a multi-scale approach in the assessment of bone hierarchical organization. Even though a low bone mineral density is frequently reported in PLWHIV, numerous ambiguities still remain to be solved. Recent data suggest that assessment of other bone properties (on various levels of the bone structure) could contribute to our understanding of bone fragility determinants in these individuals. Special attention is needed for women living with HIV/AIDS since a postmenopausal status was described as an important factor that contributes to skeletal alterations in this population. Further research on complex etiopathogenetic mechanisms underlying bone alterations in PLWHIV may lead to the development of new therapeutic approaches specifically designed to reduce the health burden associated with skeletal disorders in this population. A major challenge in the clinical management of PLWHIV lies in the adverse skeletal effects of some frequently prescribed cART regimens (e.g., regimens containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate), which may require a switch to other pharmacological approaches for maintained HIV infection (e.g., regimens containing tenofovir alafenamide). Taken together, the findings are indicative that the HIV/AIDS status should be taken into consideration when designing new guidelines and strategies for individualized prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of increased bone fragility.

행정형법의 실체법적 문제점에 관한 소고

The overuse and abuse of criminal law in what is called the Risk Society is an unfortunate trend. Over the past 40 years, administrative criminal law has expanded significantly in size and scope, encompassing the prosecution and judgment of violations of administrative law such as financial market law, tax law, building law, fair trade law, and environmental law. It is estimated that nearly 1,000 statutes contain criminal penalties, with approximately 12,500 criminal code provisions in those statutes. A more significant problem is that many of these regulations, motivated by the aim of controlling risk rather than enhancing social justice, are often too vague or obscure. This makes it challenging to punish individuals who violate criminal offences without criminal intent or even knowledge that these offenses exist.
 The Serious Accidents Punishment Act is a typical example of administrative criminal law containing numerous ambiguities, likely leading to considerable confusion during enforcement. This confusion results in many gray areas, sparking widespread debate throughout the business community. The new law, implemented on January 27, 2022, aims to penalize the owners and management of companies with 50 or more workers for failing to fulfill their duties to prevent serious accidents.
 This article examines the characteristics of administrative criminal laws and analyzes the problems associated with them, such as challenging the principle of clarity and the culpability principle required under the penal code. Moreover, it suggests that Congress should amend or repeal redundant or superfluous administrative criminal laws to avoid overcriminalization and excessive punishment. This would eliminate vague, overly broad criminal offenses, preventing arbitrary application of criminal statutes. Regarding the Serious Accidents Punishment Act, urgent action is needed to abolish or at least amend the law to clarify the obligations and offences for preventing practical serious accidents.

Study on the effects of sound factors and their association with the psychological evaluation of thermal comforts

Humans have evaluated the living environment as a whole rather than based on individual factors. However, there are numerous ambiguities regarding the interrelationship between sound and thermal environment in actual living. In this research, we aimed to demonstrate the impact of sound and its association with a psychological evaluation of thermal comfort by exposing participants to sounds. We performed subjective evaluation experiments using the semantic differential method. A subjective investigation of the surrounding and sound environment using 30 pairs of evaluation items was conducted using the sound source of the fireplace. Additionally, we asked about the sound association and the clothing amount through free writing. In terms of evaluating the immediate surroundings, we compared the group that associated the sound with the fireplace appropriately with the group that did not: "Warm," "Comfortable," "Open," and three other components, and the subjective evaluation of the sound shifted significantly to the positive side in three items. As a result, it was revealed that sounds positively affected thermal comfort when associated appropriately. Furthermore, we clarified that associating sounds appropriately impacted the feeling of relaxation in the space.

Papal Indult, Cult, Veneration and François Du Puy’s Vita of Saint Bruno the Carthusian

The article deals with the issue of the cult of Saint Bruno, the founder of the Carthusian Order. The scholarly literature had so far failed to present this matter from the perspective of canon law and that has caused numerous ambiguities and terminological errors, that have also affected the way in which scholars perceived the development of this saint’s cult. The public cult of St. Bruno was only authorized by Pope Leo X in 1514, when he allowed the Office of St. Bruno to be celebrated within the Order. The article also presents the connections of this papal indult with the Life of St. Bruno written by the General of the Order, François du Puy.

EXAMINING THE PROVISIONAL ORDER IN ARBITRATION IN DOMESTIC LAW, EXPLAINING THE NEEDS, GAPS, AND HARMS OF THE CURRENT SITUATION

Iran’s legal system is encountering numerous ambiguities and gaps due to evident and unavoidable weaknesses in the field of legislation and the existence of a dual structure of laws, which has caused inadequacies and challenges for the arbitration institution. As a result, the public desire to refer claims to arbitration has decreased. One of the most critical legal weaknesses in arbitration can be the failure to determine the independence and impartiality of the exclusive arbitrator, conflict in jurisdiction and arbitration, and the creation of an arbitration institution in the case of divorce in a faraway from the existing conditions. The current conditions of the philosophy of arbitration, the gaps about the law regarding the expert opinion issued by the arbitrator, and the legal ambiguity regarding the issuance of a provisional order and the fulfillment of the request, at the same time, many laws seem obsolete and old when it comes to arbitration. In addition to the legal system's weaknesses regarding the arbitration institution, the educational system does not work properly to improve the level of knowledge of the people and law students, especially lawyers and judges, and the judicial system deals with the content of any protest with many interventions. In this way, it has taken the strength of the arbitration institution and its votes. On the other hand, it has caused the accumulation of arbitration votes in the judicial system, while this possibility exists in most of the world's legal systems. A kind of judicial supervision of the arbitration award is foreseen in the form of the possibility of protesting the arbitration award. This is only limited attention to a part of the decision issued by the arbitrator. Also, on the other hand, courts, in many cases prevent the implementation of arbitration decisions for many reasons, and all these issues have caused the lack of development of arbitration.

Legal Analogy in the Cases of Overcoming a Contract’s Verbal and Numerical Ambiguity

The relevance of the research stems from the wider spread of contract conflicts and legal disputes caused by verbal and numerical ambiguity of certain contract terms, given the absence of a special legislative rule to overcome such ambiguities. The work aims to identify and evaluate the most effective law enforcement methods of overcoming the discrepancy of the notations of quantitative values in a contract that is expressed with words and numbers. Research methods included a special technical–legal toolkit, including methods of analogy and legal modeling, civil doctrine means of analysis and synthesis, induction, and deduction, as well as comparison and generalization. As a result, the paper refutes the universal character of the analogy of law as a method of overcoming legal gaps in the area under study. At the same time, the active and positive role of analogy as a part of other methods of interpretation of ambiguous contractual provisions, such as literal interpretation, combination of textual and contextual interpretations, and its appeal to tradition, isshown. The significance of the work lies not only in its ability to orient lawyers and practitioners in a set of different options to overcome the verbal and numerical ambiguity of the contracts but also to indicate ways to solve common problems associated with the ambiguities and incompleteness that come with the contractual terms.

Foci Classification in Malaria Elimination Setting: A Conceptual Framework

The concept of malaria elimination is becoming more and more important. Among countries with malaria transmission in 2015, eliminating malaria from 35 countries including those in the Great Mekong has been targeted by 2030. In the journey to elimination through the foci classification procedure, a limited number of “hotspots” among a large number of foci should be precisely defined to be covered by effective controlling measures. There is a common consensus that foci and case classification are fundamental principles of malaria elimination and prevention of reintroduction. However, there are numerous ambiguities and controversies in almost all aspects of foci classifications. These uncertainties result in misclassification that, in turn, wastes lives, time, and money thereby violating value for money principles. New progress in the literature such as ignoring “new potential” foci and using the class of “active foci” instead of the two classes of “new active” and “residual active” is in opposition to the philosophy of foci classification. In this paper, we seek to elaborate the controversies and ambiguities around the concept of foci classification and ultimately suggest some solutions. Some of the ways forward include: (a) foci classification should be done by parasite type; (b) a set of foci classes includes “cleared up”, “new potential”, “new active”, “residual active”, and “residual nonactive”;(c) The number and population of various foci classes should be regularly updated and monitored as the basis for measuring progress toward elimination and it can be considered as the basis for needs assessment and planning response; (d) The coverage and completeness of the controlling interventions by foci classes should be regularly monitored; and (e) The criteria for early detection of outbreaks should be defined. Furthermore, two applicable models for foci classification by parasite have been proposed.

Resonances of Chindon-ya, Sounding Space and Sociality in Contemporary Japan by Marié Abe

Reviewed by: Resonances of Chindon-ya, Sounding Space and Sociality in Contemporary Japan by Marié Abe Bruno Deschênes (bio) Resonances of Chindon-ya, Sounding Space and Sociality in Contemporary Japan. Marié Abe. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 2018. xxv + 252 pp., 8 pages of plates, b&w photographs, appendix, bibliography, index. ISBN: 9780819577788 (hardcover), $85.00; ISBN: 9780819577795 (paperback), $27.95; ISBN: 9780819577801 (e-book), $22.99. Companion website: http://www.ResonancesOfChindon-ya.com. During Japan's Edo period (1603–1868), Edo city (today's Tokyo) was a major center for entertainment, alongside Osaka and Kyoto. Among the many forms of entertainment found mainly in and around the pleasure quarters were those that relied on a large number of street performers (see Groemer 2016). When Japan took the path to modernization in the second half of the nineteenth century, a majority of these street-performing troupes disappeared. Although a few still exist today, the most prominent genre is one that became popular after World War II, called chindon-ya. Marié Abe, in this most enlightening book, recounts how this form of street performance adapted itself to twentieth-century modernity, becoming a modern redefinition of Japanese street sounds and entertainment. The primary argument of Abe's book shows how the practice of chindon-ya is built on a close interrelation between sound, history, and "sociality" in defining street and neighborhood environments as "dynamic space produced through social relations, practices and imaginaries" (xxii). Space, time, and social and musical sounds become a form of embodied and affective resonance, which Abe defines by using the Japanese term hibiki (resonance, but not just in an acoustical sense) (xxiii). Chindon-ya adapted its characteristics while keeping a nostalgic foot in the past. In her introduction, Abe gives us a view of her key arguments and provides an overview of the sounds and history of chindon-ya. The syllable chin is the onomatopoetic word for the sound of a small, flat gong chime, and don the sound of the drum. As for ya, it refers to business, in this case a business that "makes sounds." At the beginning of the twentieth century, street musicians were using the shamisen (the three-stringed Japanese lute) as a melodic instrument. Because of the increasing noise of the new urban environment, the [End Page 153] shamisen became almost inaudible. The use of louder brass-and-reed Western instruments proved to be better suited to hearing among and over the incessant street noises. These augment the core percussion instruments, most of which are of Japanese origin, but in particular the kane, the distinctive highpitched small gong that can be heard from afar and that announces to the neighborhood that a troupe is nearby. Chindon-ya's primary function has always been to serve as an advertisement for local businesses, with players distributing pamphlets or publicity sheets to passersby. Troupes perform a wide range of music, including military marches, old popular songs, tunes from traditional comic vaudeville, theme songs from children's TV programs, contemporary J-pop tunes, and some known songs from the West. Other than their standard introduction, few tunes are exclusive to them. Their advertising practice includes speech and theatrical performance, with a mellifluous style of delivery coming from popular theater. In addition, extravagant costumes and makeup, both traditional and modern, are part of the image of chindonya, although some musicians might also dress casually. The chindon-ya style of today, as well as the term itself, appeared in the 1930s. The origin can be traced back to sometime around 1845, while the use of sound for self-advertisement can be traced back at least to the twelfth century. Up until the 1930s, these street entertainments had different names and formats, but after World War II chindon-ya really took off. There were well over 2,000 chindon-ya performers across the country in the reconstruction period of the early 1950s. Toward the end of the 1990s there was a modest resurgence, with about 30 troupes existing today. Abe indicates that chindon-ya shows numerous ambiguities. It is a marginal activity, viewed by many as out of place, especially from a modern-world viewpoint. It is both a...

Problematizing Indigeneity in sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for natural resource management

There is considerable evidence in the literature of the nature of Indigeneity in Africa, yet few studies explore the complexity of definitions of the concept at different spatial scales. This paper builds on existing scholarship by problematizing ‘Indigeneity’ at both regional and national scales through a critical analysis and synthesis of contemporary literature across sub-Saharan Africa, in association with a specific case study from northern Ghana. In generating the review, the concomitant implications for natural resource management and associated conflicts are analyzed. The paper argues that the definitions and conceptualizations of Indigeneity are heterogeneous with numerous ambiguities and complexities at regional and national scales, which have contemporary implications for both acute and prolonged issues of natural resource allocation and management. Claims of Indigeneity in relation to climate change-driven migration and settlement processes are facilitating support for resource access and utilization, but also generating a myriad of problems linked to overlapping and disputed claims. The ambiguity of claims of Indigeneity by vulnerable individuals and groups also has latent implications. Political misunderstandings or conflicts over natural resources are becoming more widespread across Africa during a period of environmental change. Understanding the complexity of Indigeneity at both regional and national scales will provide important opportunities to inform effective policy for the sustainable and equitable distribution and management of resources in sub-Saharan Africa.

A Complicated Case of Stroke, Epilepsy, and Mood Disorder: Hyperhomocysteinemia or Medication Cascade

Introduction: Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and vascular disease, which is correlated with cerebral problems and various neurological disorders. Case presentation: We report a 20-year-old lady with a history of hyperhomocysteinemia affected with stroke, seizure, and mood disorder. By initiating medication for these illnesses, different complications appeared. During the hospital stay, drugs for treating a disease deteriorated the other. We encountered a complex patient and numerous ambiguities in her management. Conclusions: For patients with elevated serum homocysteine and psychiatry disorders, it is important to consider MTHFR gene mutation. A challenge in these patients is to select the medication that does not deteriorate hyperhomocysteinemia. In this complex case, we used carbamazepine that was accompanied by clinical improvement.

Krivično delo povrede prava po osnovu rada i prava iz socijalnog osiguranja - problemi u praksi i potreba za noveliranjem

The aim of the paper is to determine the main characteristics of the crime in question. It was pointed out that this is a criminal norm that provides protection to labor relations in a general way, i.e. workers' rights. Therefore, there are numerous ambiguities in judicial practice, mostly concerning the legal qualification of the violation of labor regulations and issues of proper application of the ne bis in idem principle. The paper specifically points to de lege ferenda legal solutions that would aim to more clearly determine the scope of labor rights that are protected by the relevant criminal norm.

Milk and Dairy Products and Their Impact on Carbohydrate Metabolism and Fertility-A Potential Role in the Diet of Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Milk and dairy products are considered an important component of healthy and balanced diet and are deemed to exert a positive effect on human health. They appear to play a role in the prevention and treatment of carbohydrate balance disturbances. The products include numerous valuable components with a potential hypoglycemic activity, such as calcium, vitamin D, magnesium and probiotics. Multiple authors suggested that the consumption of dairy products was negatively associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and ovulation disorders. However, there are still numerous ambiguities concerning both the presumed protective role of dairy products in carbohydrate metabolism disorders, and the advantage of consuming low-fat dairy products over high-fat ones, especially in women with the risk of ovulation disorders. Therefore, this literature review aims at the presentation of the current state of knowledge concerning the relationship between dairy product consumption and the risk of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus in women, and the potential effect on the course of polycystic ovary syndrome.

A Review of Family Resilience: Understanding the Concept and Operationalization Challenges to Inform Research and Practice

ABSTRACT Family resilience is a concept that has wide and deep roots, ranging from the development of the concept of individual resilience to the postulates of general systems theory, including family systems theory and related therapeutic models as well as studies on family stress and coping. Integration of these roots into a comprehensive theory remains incomplete. Consequently, numerous ambiguities in the conceptualization and operationalization of the concept of family resilience remain. This has important implications for both research and the application of the concept to practice. This article aims to contribute to the clarification and understanding of this evolving concept by reviewing the foundations upon which the concept of family resilience has emerged and has been developing. Our work connects family resilience to the concepts of individual resilience, as well as, community resilience, presenting key challenges but also possible solutions in operationalizing indicators of risk, protective factors, and good outcomes. This article discusses the influence of context and dominant social discourses in defining both risk exposure and family adaptation, highlighting community engagement as a core resilience resource. The article concludes by presenting the challenges that remain in the field of family resilience research, especially in light of the relevance of this concept to interventions and practice pertaining to child and youth care practice.

Opšte karakteristike osnovnog pojma terorizma

Scientists trying to reach a consensus on the meaning of the term "terrorism" and how to deal with it have concluded that it is almost impossible to find a framework for a single generally accepted definition. When considering the conceptual determination of the word "terrorism", fragmented attitudes should serve as a warning that we are walking on thin ice where there is a collision of numerous definitions, a wealth of determinations with numerous discrepancies, contradictions, inaccuracies, and ambiguities. Some of the definitions are short and precise, and some implicitly explain what 'terrorism' means, some concepts coincide with those on which the content of the notion of terrorism is based, whereas some formulations are based on the delimitation of this criminal act in the field of national legislation. Ultimately, to summarize, at no point in history has this complex theme been discussed as it is today, while the results have been modest, even unsatisfactory. In short, progress in that sense has not been made. However, individual and collective scientific thought has contributed to defining the legal outlines of terrorism. Finally, its features have been determined significantly by international contracts and case law, which have clarified this concept, its main features. Based on this reference, as the author points out, significant differences exist between the aforementioned theoretical positions. The author says that a look at the level of substantial delimitation of concept terrorism will enable us to obtain interesting and applicable conclusions, which can be further used in explaining and scrutinizing both the characteristics and the specific content of the notion of terrorism, all in the function of looking for the most suitable model to fight against it.

The Czech Way of Addressing the Global Challenges Accompanied with Creative Industries

The article aims to provide a clear picture of the Czech Republic’s approach toward coping with the creative industries in the context of their numerous shortcomings and ambiguities. The theoretical framework of the article is divided into three primary parts, each dealing with a different set of problems. The first part deals with the problems arising from the scattered definition of the concept of creative industries along with potential linguistic problems arising from understanding the meaning of words creative industries in different cultures. The second part deals with the issue of the creation of various tools and methods for incorporating creative industries within national economies. The third part deals with the subject of creating public policies in the field of culture and the possible dilemmas associated with them. At the end of each section, space is dedicated to describing the Czech Republic’s approach concerning dealing with these problems. Methodologically the article is built upon the secondary research of relevant research papers written by academics researching the field of creative industries and on the analysis of the statistical data provided by the Czech Statistical Office. Findings resulting from the article points to the increased long-term efforts of state officials to establish the concept of creative industries fully

“Faking” Disability and Performing Gothic Narratives in Matthew Lewis’s The Monk

There are very few depictions of physical disability in the early Gothic novels of the late Eighteenth and early Nineteenth Centuries. However, there are several moments in such texts when a faked disability is used in a pseudo-drag performance by an able bodied actor, a kind of negotiation of disabled identity. Such depictions exploit patterns of eighteenth-century masquerade performance to prioritize and problematize physical identity as a space of profound socio-moral and personal destabilization. This phenomenon within the early Gothic in turn aligns the performance of identity with that of Gothic narrative, redefining self-fashioning practices in terms of “otherness.” This article will use Tobin Siebers’s work on disability performance to examine the use of “fake” disability as a means of negotiating Gothic narrative in Matthew Lewis’s 1796 novel The Monk. The Monk distinguished itself as a novel focused both thematically and strategically on the dialectic interpretation of physical performance, on “seeing” and reading identity within a fundamentally unstable universe. Disability masquerade in this text illuminates numerous ambiguities that defined personal, social, and literary identity at this time, and that also influenced later depictions of disability in the developing Gothic mode.

Robust flow-guided neural prediction for sketch-based freeform surface modeling

Sketching provides an intuitive user interface for communicating free form shapes. While human observers can easily envision the shapes they intend to communicate, replicating this process algorithmically requires resolving numerous ambiguities. Existing sketch-based modeling methods resolve these ambiguities by either relying on expensive user annotations or by restricting the modeled shapes to specific narrow categories. We present an approach for modeling generic freeform 3D surfaces from sparse, expressive 2D sketches that overcomes both limitations by incorporating convolution neural networks (CNN) into the sketch processing workflow. Given a 2D sketch of a 3D surface, we use CNNs to infer the depth and normal maps representing the surface. To combat ambiguity we introduce an intermediate CNN layer that models the dense curvature direction, or flow, field of the surface, and produce an additional output confidence map along with depth and normal. The flow field guides our subsequent surface reconstruction for improved regularity; the confidence map trained unsupervised measures ambiguity and provides a robust estimator for data fitting. To reduce ambiguities in input sketches users can refine their input by providing optional depth values at sparse points and curvature hints for strokes. Our CNN is trained on a large dataset generated by rendering sketches of various 3D shapes using non-photo-realistic line rendering (NPR) method that mimics human sketching of free-form shapes. We use the CNN model to process both single- and multi-view sketches. Using our multi-view framework users progressively complete the shape by sketching in different views, generating complete closed shapes. For each new view, the modeling is assisted by partial sketches and depth cues provided by surfaces generated in earlier views. The partial surfaces are fused into a complete shape using predicted confidence levels as weights. We validate our approach, compare it with previous methods and alternative structures, and evaluate its performance with various modeling tasks. The results demonstrate our method is a new approach for efficiently modeling freeform shapes with succinct but expressive 2D sketches.

Coaching: una pseudopsicología de la posmodernidad

This article seeks to contribute to the understanding of the coaching phenomenon, which, for several years, has been an alternative of personal growth that presents numerous ambiguities and diffuse limits, both in its study and work object and in its methodology, as well as in the personal and professional requirements for their practice, which represents a serious danger to psychological health of those who come for help. The conditions in which coaching is produced and developed are analyzed within its socio-cultural-economic context characterized by a marked tendency towards success and happiness, with a strong facilitative orientation. Finally, it attempts to outline a psycho-hygienic culture that invites to see psychology and psychotherapy beyond psychopathology and the reductionist medical model, and oriented more towards a more integrating vision of human existence, dedicated not only to rehabilitation, but to the promotion and development of psychological functions and the promotion of a freer and more meaningful life.

De oudejaarsconference van Claudia de Breij

Abstract This written version of various conversations came into being as a response to Dutch entertainer Claudia de Breij’s 2016 New Year’s Eve cabaret performance. We were enticed to write something about this performance because of the numerous ambiguities that were present in it. What was striking was the fact that we, a group of Dutch and Belgian academics and activists, working in different disciplines but united by our mutual interests in and passion for the themes of (super-)diversity, gender and sexuality, and religion and societal matters, each interpreted this performance differently. From a conciliatory, interconnecting cabaret performance in which alterity and difference were (re)presented as something positive, to a performance that confirmed already-existing stereotypes rather than subverting them: all these different interpretations and impressions are explained in detail in the following diffractive dialogue that was engendered by and through various conversations that took place in Utrecht, the Netherlands in January, May, August, and September 2017.

Kant on the Science of Aesthetics and the Critique of Taste

Abstract This article considers the reasons Kant rejects the possibility of a science of aesthetics throughout his career. It begins by surveying the background of Kant’s denial, focusing first on the introduction of aesthetics as a new science in the works of Alexander Baumgarten and Georg Friedrich Meier. After showing that there are numerous ambiguities in the way Baumgarten and Meier present their new science, the article considers Kant’s account of the differences between aesthetics and logic in the transcripts of his Lectures on Logic. Because Kant uses the differences between aesthetics and logic to explain why logic is and aesthetics is not a science, these discussions provide a great deal of insight into his conception of science as well as his views on aesthetics. Finally, the article addresses the reasons Kant continues to insist that aesthetics is not a science but “a mere critique of taste” after he announces his discovery of the a priori principles of aesthetic judgment.