Numerical Human Body Model Research Articles

A numerical evaluation of electromagnetic fields exposure on real human body models until 100 kHz

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to describe how numerical models of human body have been applied for the evaluation of current density induced by strong magnetic field, to verify the respect of the basic restriction proposed by International Committee Non Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines.Design/methodology/approachFinite element method has been used in order to compute the induced current density in a suitable human body model and a simplified model – a homogeneous cylinder – due to a time‐varying magnetic field.FindingsIn the practical case of a resistance welding equipment, the implemented computational technique has been used in order to evaluate both the magnetic flux density and the induced current density in different tissues. Their values have been also compared with the ones obtained in a homogeneous cylinder.Practical implicationsThe proposed method can be used in order to evaluate the compliance of the magnetic field produced by resistance welding equipments with ICNIRP limits.Originality/valueA realistic model of human body has been used. In the paper, the difference on magnetic flux density and corresponding current density values is pointed out for various source positions using a heterogeneous tetrahedral human body model.

Evaluation of finite element human body models in lateral padded pendulum impacts to the shoulder

Lateral impacts are of great concern for occupant safety. In order to design side protective systems, it is of importance that the timing of the body and the head should be well predicted. Today, experimental and numerical Anthropometric Test Devices (ATDs) are used as human substitutes to predict the human kinematics. As a complement to the ATDs, numerical Human Body Models (HBMs) are used as research tools. The objective of this study is to compare the loading and kinematics of the shoulder complex in three different HBMs with published biological experiments. This study also compares the models with each other and with two numerical ATDs. The results indicate that no HBM can be used for detailed prediction of the kinematics of the human shoulder complex. However, in the presented statistical analysis, all HBMs show a better overall correlation to experiments compared to the numerical ATDs.

Overview on the development of a test standard for the evaluation of motorcyclists' impacts on road infrastructure elements1

The problem of injuries to motorcyclists caused by impacts with roadside barriers is not a recent issue (S. Peldschus, E. Schuller, J. Koenig, M. Gaertner, D. García, and A. Mansilla, Technical bases for the development of a test standard for impacts of powered two-wheelers on roadside barriers, Proceedings of the 20th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles Conference, 2007) but at present, few standards have been proposed in this field. In APROSYS SP4 ‘Motorcycle accidents’, one of the main objectives is to develop a proposal of test procedure to evaluate road infrastructure in terms of motorcyclists' safety. For that purpose, it is necessary to know which are the most representative scenarios describing real motorcyclists' impacts against the infrastructure. Conclusive results have been obtained neither from the database analysis nor from the literature review. A theoretical study, reconstruction of accidents and a computer simulation work have been performed in order to select the parameters to be used in the standard proposal. On the other hand, no crash-test dummies are available (specifically developed and validated) for this application. The use of similar test standards and a numerical human body model aiming to modify an existing (Hybrid III) dummy are seen to be the most applicable steps to improve the described situation in the medium term. Accordingly, injury criteria have been defined for head, neck and thorax. This paper describes the work methodology that has been followed for the establishment of guidelines which can lead to a future European Standard for the assessment of roadside furniture performance.

Analysis of On-Body Transmission Mechanism and Characteristic Based on an Electromagnetic Field Approach

In this study, an electromagnetic field approach is used to clarify the mechanism of on-body transmission. A homogeneous cylinder is used as an arm model, and the characteristic of electromagnetic field distribution around the cylinder is extracted based on surface wave approximation and numerical analysis, respectively. As a result, the surface wave approximation is found to be valid in the far-field region from the excitation source in the frequency range of 10-150 MHz. Moreover, in the near-field region of the excitation source, the attenuation along the cylinder surface is much smaller than that toward the outside. In addition, by using a numerical human body model, the path loss for on-body transmission is also formulated.

Femme enceinte et accidentologie routière: intérêt de l'approche numérique. Application à un choc frontal au troisième trimestre de la grossesse avec analyse de l'effet de la ceinture de sécurité

The goal of our work is the development of a numerical model of pregnant woman in driving position. We present an application to the study of injury mechanisms during a frontal car crash for a seat belt restrained pregnant woman in driving position. We integrated a digital representation of a pregnant uterus, foetus and placenta in a previous existing numerical model of non pregnant Human body in driving position, the Humos model. The realization of a numerical simulation of a frontal car crash enabled us to analyze the part played by the safety belt in the organic traumatisms. Three phases were highlighted. The first phase consists of a translation forwards of the pregnant uterus during the impact. The second phase is a rotation forwards in the sagittal plan of the pregnant uterus with for axis of rotation the posterior wall of the pubis. The third phase is a vertical adjustment coupled to a translation of the uterus towards the back. This translation leads the uterus to impact the spine. The development of a pregnant numerical model in the field of accidentology allows the analysis of organic traumatisms. That makes it possible to study the role played by the existing safety systems. This model might make it possible to develop safety systems specific to the pregnant woman.

Low-Frequency Dosimetry of Inhomogeneous Magnetic Fields Using the Coil Source Model and the Household Appliance

In this paper, the magnetic field properties and the dosimetry at ELF (50 Hz) are investigated using a coil model, which is prescribed in the European standard EN50366 (CENELEC) as a substitute source model for real household appliances. The accuracy of magnetic field vectors and values of the induced current density, which is achieved with the coil model, were compared with the results of two test appliances (a drilling machine and a hand mixer) obtained from the equivalent source model. It was demonstrated that the magnetic fields obtained (dominant component and strength) using the coil model and the real appliance show an agreement with each other with a maximum difference of 5 dB. The calculated induced current densities in the numerical human body models (homogeneous and anatomical body models) and the real appliances also show a good agreement with each other with a maximum difference by a factor of 1.6 (by the anatomical body model). Furthermore, the values of both field vectors and induced current density values calculated using the coil model were shown to be higher than those calculated in the case of the real appliances. Based on these results, the applicability of the coil model prescribed in EN50366 confirms that of the two applied test appliances.

Numerical human body model to predict human shoulder impact response

Numerical human body model to predict human shoulder impact response

Implementation of a numerical human body model for long track speed skating impacts

Implementation of a numerical human body model for long track speed skating impacts