Number Of Windings Research Articles

PENGARUH JUMLAH LILITAN DAN JENIS MATERIAL COIL PADA PV SOLAR ELECTRIC WARMER DOC

DOC brooding period where chicks need heating for development for 14 days with temperatures of 30°C-34°C. During the use of ordinary heating devices, another alternative is to use solar panel-based electric heating because it can save energy sources. The objectives of this research are (1) to determine the effect of variations in the number of coil material turns from 20, 30 and 40 turns on the heat produced by the PV Solar Electric Warmer DOC, (2) to determine the effect of the thermal conductivity of the coil material (copper and nickel) on the heat generated. produced by PV Solar Electric Warmer DOC. The method used is experimental by varying the number of coil windings using thermal conductivity of copper and nickel materials to the heat generated by PV Solar Electric Warmer DOC. The use of variations in the number of coil windings in this study was 20, 30 and 40. The results of this study are the greater the number of coil windings and the type of thermal conductivity affects the heat generated by PV Solar Electric Warmer DOC. In the test copper coil with winding 20 has an average temperature of 30°C, winding 30 averaging 31°C and winding 40 averaging 31°C. When testing nickel materials with the number of windings 20 have an average of 31°C, winding 30 averaging 32°C and winding 40 averaging 33°C. In thermal conductivity testing, nickel coil material reaches the highest temperature of 35° C and copper coil testing reached a high temperature of 32°C

Physics in deformable spacetime: Physical laws emerging from the surface minimality principle and the masses of particles

In this work, the study was focused on how deformable spacetime gives rise to physical laws, particularly quantum and special relativity. It was shown that both the Lorentz factor and quantum mechanics can emerge from the dynamical behavior of minimal surfaces in deformable spacetime, where the Möbius transformations prevail rather than the Lorentz transformations. The motion of deformable surfaces under minimality conditions creates a helicoidal pattern, a minimal surface with a metric designated by AdS (anti-de Sitter) space. Its isometry is a catenoid of which metric belongs to dS (de Sitter) space. When the two ends of the helicoid join it becomes a Möbius strip with multi-twists (i.e. windings), the so-called Möbius helicoid. It represents the most elementary mass with the attributes of charge and spin. It was shown that the number of windings increases with velocity according to the Lorentz factor. In other words, the Lorentz factor emerged from the transformation equations between the helicoid and catenoid, and both of them are isometric minimal surfaces. This fact serves as a means of transforming the metrics of the two isometric surfaces in AdS and dS spaces. There is an intimate relation between helicoidal motion, Möbius helicoid, and the Lorentz transformations. The zitterbewegung behavior of Dirac electron can be explained by the internal dynamics of the Möbius helicoid. Instead of using electromagnetic theory which led to the birth of special relativity, one can use the electrical circuit theory for deformable surface dynamics. A master equation was derived by using the resistive, capacitive, and inductive properties of deformable spacetime. The electromagnetic wave, Schrödinger, Klein–Gordon, Dirac, quantum telegrapher, and quantum torsion equations could be easily obtained from this master equation by making some simplifying assumptions for the parameters involved. The existing torsion due to helicoidal motion modifies the energy/mass equation (i.e.E=mc2) of special relativity. The Higgs potential can be obtained from the dynamic potential term of the master equation. Deformable space–time allows the emergence of a rich number of physical laws and relations. The masses of particles were calculated using the Möbius helicoid model for the very elementary structure of mass. The mass of a particle can be visualized as a three-dimensional network of helicoids with relatively higher stability. The stability is particularly associated with the phase changes of the catenoidal structure of the Möbius helicoid and the torsional vibrational modes of windings. Both the phase (or shape) change and/or the increase of the vibrational energies of windings produce a new configuration that represents a new particle. The masses of 187 particles were determined from this mechanism with an accuracy of ±3 MeV. It turned out that excitation energy states which could be expressed in terms of prime number multiples of a precursor mass play an important role in providing relatively higher stability.

Dual Coupled Inductors With Controllable Integrated Leakage Inductance and CM Noise Suppression for CF-DAB Converter

A dual coupled inductors (DCI) structure is proposed, which integrates the two dc inductances, a high frequency transformer and a leakage inductance into two standard EE cores. And the dc inductance and leakage inductance can be accurately controlled by designing the number of PCB windings and the air gap length. Consequently, a DCI DAB converter is derived by the derivation process of the DCI structure. Furthermore, to suppress the CM noise, an improved PCB winding coupled inductor structure is proposed to reduce the parasitic capacitance. The proposed improved coupled inductor structure is obtained by the exchanged PCB layers and misaligned PCB windings. Finally, the validity of the proposed topology and design is verified by experimental results from a 1-kW laboratory prototype.

RETRACTED: Investigation of A Two‐Dimensional Model for Cogging Torque Calculation in Homopolar Inductor Machines

Because the magnetic circuits of homopolar inductor machines (HIMs) are three‐dimensional (3‐D), a 3‐D finite element model (FEM) is usually built to accurately compute the cogging torque in HIMs, but the drawback is very time‐consuming in modeling and computing. Therefore, a two‐dimensional (2‐D) FEM of HIMs is needed to simplify the computation of the 3‐D FEM. However, the existing odd harmonic 2‐D FEM cannot accurately predict the cogging torque in HIMs. To address this problem, this paper proposes a full‐order harmonic 2‐D FEM. First, the analytical expressions of HIM cogging torque are derived by the combination of energy method and air‐gap field modulation principle. Based on the obtained analytical expressions, the equivalent principles between the 3‐D and 2‐D FEMs are analyzed. According to the above equivalent principles and taking a 48‐slot/4‐tooth (48S4T) permanent magnet (PM) HIM as an example, a full‐order harmonic 2‐D FEM of the example machine excited by a field winding is proposed. The structure of the full‐order harmonic 2‐D FEM is described in detail. The turn number of field winding and field current amplitude of the proposed 2‐D FEM are investigated. The differences between the odd harmonic 2‐D and full‐order harmonic 2‐D FEMs are also analyzed. Finally, the cogging torque in the 48S4T PM HIM with distinct rotor tooth‐arc to tooth‐pitch ratios is computed by 3‐D, odd harmonic 2‐D and full‐order harmonic 2‐D FEMs of the machine, respectively. The results illustrate that compared with the odd harmonic 2‐D FEM, the full‐order harmonic 2‐D FEM can shorten the calculation time and has the similar computation accuracy as the 3‐D FEM. Moreover, the experimental validation is performed on a prototype of the 48S4T PM HIM. The error between the maximum cogging torque obtained by the full‐order harmonic 2‐D FEM and experiments is only 2.12%. © 2023 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Expansion of the Possibilities of Providing the Control and Protection System of Asynchronous Motors With an Electric Signal

This article presents a study of the measuring windings that provide a high-quality electrical signal for the control system and protection during the shaving of phases occurring in asynchronous motors. The magnitude of the asynchronous motor stator currents in the form of secondary voltage imposes such requirements as high sensitivity and high rate of change of the sensor elements of the converter, isolation from the primary circuit, efficiency, small size and weight, low cost. To meet these requirements, a three-phase sensitive control and reactive power control element of an asynchronous motor is placed in the space between the main windings and windings on the stator wedges and provides the normative value of the received output signals. At the same time, receiving a signal from a sensitive element that determines the symmetry of the three-phase primary currents of an asynchronous motor and disconnecting the current from a stator can expand the capabilities of this current converter and ensure a normal electrical value at the output, as well as the possibility of using these signals directly in the protection and control systems of an asynchronous motor. The rational choice of the number of windings of the measuring instrument and their placement on the stator wedges when obtaining a normalized output voltage on three-phase current converters of the asynchronous motor protection system was carried out by the recommended methods. The sensing element of the three-phase current converter of the asynchronous motor stator complements the function of the basis for transmitting information to the control, monitoring and protection system. This current-to-voltage converter is a structurally simple and easy-to-manufacture technology that allows you to continuously change and measure the operating state of an asynchronous motor, control system and sew up when a signal is given.

高周波励磁下における低透磁率トロイダルコアの測定精度に及ぼす巻線の影響

High frequency magnetic measurements for low permeability toroidal cores are demonstrated using various primary and secondary coils on low permeability magnetic toroidal cores, and effects of coils on their precision is discussed. As the number of turns in primary and secondary coils are reduced, measured permeability shows higher dispersion. This fact relates to the deviation of the strength of magnetizing field due to the small number of primary windings. It is also demonstrated several winding methods of primary coil to reduce the dispersion.

Study Of The Effect Of The Number Of Coils On Voltage And Current Value

Transformers or often referred to as Transformers are electrical devices that can change the decrease and increase in AC voltage to DC. This transformer works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. Based on the results of the analysis of the calculation data, it can be concluded that the number of primary and secondary windings greatly affects the value of the voltage and current, this is in accordance with the theory, namely VP/VS = NP/NS = IP/IS

Fast One-Step Fabrication of Highly Regular Microscrolls with Controllable Surface Morphology.

Although rolling origami technology has provided convenient access to three-dimensional (3D) microstructure systems, the high yield and scalable construction of complex rolling structures with well-defined geometry without impeding functionality has remained challenging. The straightforward, one-step fabrication that uses external mechanical stress to scroll micrometer thick, flexible planar films with centimeter lateral dimensions into tubular or spiral geometry within a few seconds is demonstrated. The method allows controlling the scrolls' diameter, number of windings and nanostructured surface morphology, and is applicable to a wide range of functional materials. The obtained 3D structures are highly promising for various applications including sensors, actuators, microrobotics, as well as energy storage and electronic devices.

Equivalent Circuit Based Modeling of Multiple Winding Transformers

Developing suitable equivalent circuit models for multiple winding transformers provides great convenience in obtaining system equations. In general, circuits models are available for two-winding transformers. The paper proposes an equivalent circuit model based on ideal transformer representations consisting of dependent sources for multiple winding transformers. The use of equivalent circuit simplifies analysis and makes solutions more understandable. Since the model has a systematic structure, the increase in the number of windings does not affect the obtaining of the system equations. To validate the proposed equivalent circuit model, an application example, whose theoretical results can be easily seen, has been added to the study.

Performance of Generator Translation and Rotation on Stroke Length Drive of the Two-Rod Mechanism in Renewable Energy Power Plant

Generators are the main components in renewable energy power plants, especially in plants powered by ocean waves. The generator consists of two components of translational and rotational motion. Generators of translational and rotational motion can produce electric power from renewable energy sources such as water, wind, sea waves, biomass, and others. The voltage and electric power are the performance values of the translational and rotational generators which are affected by the type of magnet, the number of coil windings, the distance between the magnet and the coil winding and rotation, the geometry of the drive components, the type of drive, the length of the generator drive stroke, and so on. The types of translational and rotational generator drives can be found in the use of pneumatic motion mechanisms, two-rod motion, crankshaft motion, and others. A common problem in older power plants was that generator components were heavy, easy to break, less rigid, and had low rotation speed. Therefore, to overcome this problem, a generator with a two-rod mechanism is used in this research. In this paper, the generator drive step using a two-rod motion mechanism is used to run the generator. The length of the piston stroke is used to determine the performance of the generator, set at a length of 170–270 mm. The results show that the generator with two-rod motion mechanism rotating at 100–250 rpm can produce 30.9–55 volts at a frequency of 6.9–63.7 Hz with a maximum power of 0.377 w. By setting a piston stroke length of 170 mm, we obtained a rotation of 100–191 rpm and an electrical voltage of 30.9−35 volts. At a piston stroke length of 230 rpm, a rotation of 78–172 rpm is obtained with an electrical voltage of 47.7–55.5 volts. A piston stroke length of 270 mm produces a rotation of 172–256.5 rpm with a mains voltage of 39.9–55.5 volts. Testing the generators of translational and rotational motion using a two-rod motion mechanism in series and parallel with a stroke length of 270 mm produced a rotation from 179.2 to 242.3 rpm and an electric voltage from 57.4 to 79.5 volts and become constant at 35.6 volts by using a parallel mechanism. These results show that the generator translation and rotation motion can produce electric power by using renewable energy resources.

AUTOMATIC COIL WINDING MACHINE

The article deals with the design of a fully automated coil winding machine for stator winding of a motor used in submersible pumps. The conventional coil winding machine winds copper wire onto a former (winding fixture). The former is attached to the sliding arm which is actuated manually. However this machine usually has material tension limitations, operator intervention and low productivity and as motors are the basic need for all operation requiring automation, the stator winding becomes the growing and essential process in automation solutions. The machine winds the coil within the slots of the former. The length of the former is 9.2 cm. The number of slots and windings per slot are customized. The winding is done by suitable methodology using various components. The three phase geared induction motor actuates the rotation of sliding arm with suitable belt and pulley arrangement. Proximity sensor is used to count the number of turns of the sliding arm. The machine winds the coil of 110 turns per minute at 120 rpm. Shifter assembly consists of series of nylon pulleys to maintain tension and linear alignment. The ball screw mechanism is used for precise slot shifting, and it is driven by stepper motor. The machine is controlled by the PIC16F877A microcontroller. The required number of turns and slots is given as input through a keypad which is displayed in a LCD. After the process is over, it is notified through a buzzer. The approximate cost of the developed machine is reduced very much.

Desain Dan Implementasi Transformator Satu-Fasa Dry-Type Dengan Pendekatan Core Geometry

Energy is one of the most important needs for humans to support daily life, especially for developing countries such as Indonesia. One of the energies needed in human life is electrical energy. For this reason, innovation was developed, namely a dry-type Single-Phase Transformer with a core geometry approach developed in the AL 1.01 building of the State Polytechnic of Malang. Calculations performed on the tool are to calculate the value of windings per volt (GPV) and the number of primary and secondary windings. Its manufacture uses a toroid-shaped transformer core. The core specification of the transformer is an outer diameter of 15cm, then an inner diameter of 5.8 cm, and a height of 7cm. The toroid transformer core that will be used is previously isolated from the transformer first to avoid leakage current which can cause heat in the transformer core. The density of the email wire from the transformer winding both from the primary and secondary windings will affect the performance of the transformer, the more tightly the email Wire is wrapped in the transformer core, the vibration generated from the transformer will be smaller, this will affect the voltage losses later in the transformer testing phase carried out using different beaban, each load changes the efficiency of the transformer that has been made will also change, this is because each load tested has different factors.

Design of Quasi-Halbach Permanent-Magnet Vernier Machine for Direct-Drive Urban Vehicle Application

Removing the gearbox from the single-motor configuration of an electric vehicle (EV) would improve motor-to-wheel efficiency by preventing mechanical losses, thus extending the autonomy of the EV. To this end, a permanent-magnet Vernier machine (PMVM) is designed to ensure such operation. This machine avoids the high volume and large pole-pair number of the armature winding since its operating principle resembles that of a synchronous machine with an integrated magnetic gear. Therefore, such a structure achieves low-speed and high-torque operation at standard supply frequencies. From the specification of an urban vehicle, the required specification for direct-drive operation is first determined. On this basis, an initial prototype of a Vernier Machine with permanent magnets in the rotor that can replace the traction part (motor + gearbox) is designed and sized. This first prototype uses radial contiguous surface-mounted magnets and its performance is then analyzed using finite element analysis (FEA), showing a relatively high torque ripple ratio. The rotor magnets are then arranged in a quasi-Halbach configuration and simulations are performed with different stator slot openings and different ratios of the tangential part of the magnet in order to quantify the effect of each of these two quantities in terms of average torque, torque ripples and harmonics of the back-electromotive force at no load. Since the design and optimization of this motor is finite element-assisted, a coupling process between FEA Flux software and Altair HyperStudy is implemented for optimization. This method has the advantages of high accuracy of the magnetic flux densities and electromagnetic torque estimates, and especially the torque ripples. The optimization process leads to a prototype with an average torque value that meets the specification, along with a torque ripple ratio below 5% and a high power factor, while keeping the same amount of magnet and copper.

Thermoplastic composite connecting rods

Engineering carbon fiber thermoplastics have been used in the development and optimization of composite connecting rod(s) with design requirement of bearing 14,000 N and 1 mm maximum deflection. The studies featured engineering thermoplastics- 30 wt percent carbon fiber poly ether ether ketone (C-PEEK) long fiber thermoplastics (LFT) injection over molded in conjunction with 70 wt percent carbon/polyphenylene sulfide (C-PPS) and carbon/poly ether imide (C-PEI) tapes. Over molding of thermoplastic tapes has been investigated in terms of number of tape winding around the small and big end, and different winding patterns within the connecting rod geometry. The design was progressively optimized for the geometry of the connecting rod, i.e., increasing the wall thickness of the small end and width of the center section. The effect of over molded metal bushing with C/PEEK LFT at the bearing surfaces was also investigated. The material and geometry optimization successfully met 14,000 N while several design iterations were necessary to meet the 1 mm deflection limit constraint. Finite element analysis (FEA) was adopted to optimize the increase of the width of the center section width and wall thickness of the small end. The optimized composite connecting rod was estimated to be 78% lighter than the steel incumbent.

High Step-Up SEPIC-Based Trans-Inverse DC–DC Converter With Quasi-Resonance Operation for Renewable Energy Applications

This article proposes a new single switch trans-inverse high step-up converter applicable in sustainable sources of energies such as photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell (FC). Through developing a single-ended primary-inductor converter by a three-winding built-in transformer (BIT) mixed with a switched-capacitor voltage multiplier cell, high voltage gains as well as low voltage stress across the <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mosfet</small> can be achieved to reduce the required duty cycle and the conduction losses. The third winding of the BIT acts in a trans-inverse manner whose turns ratio should be lower than unity. Hence, with a lower number of windings the voltage gain can also be improved. Furthermore, the quasi-resonance operation of the proposed converter, reduces the associated switching losses of the <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mosfet</small> and also guarantees zero current switching of diodes through the whole switching cycle. Meanwhile, low input current of the proposed converter serves as an interesting feature to maintain PV and FC lifetime. The detailed steady-state analysis of the proposed high-efficiency converter is presented with an extensive performance comparison to explore its advantages. Finally, a 200-W prototype with 20–250-V voltage conversion is developed in the laboratory to examine the carried steady-state analysis.

Starting winding parameters influence on starting characteristics of salient-pole synchronous motor

The asynchronous method of starting a salient-pole synchronous motor (SPSM), its starting characteristics, which are the dependence of the current I of the stator and the electromagnetic moment M to the slip s at constant stator winding feed voltage U and frequency f have been analyzed. A mathematical model that considers magnetic and electrical asymmetry was designed. The magnetic asymmetry of the SPSM is cased by the salient-pole structure of the rotor, and the electric - due to the different number of windings along the longitudinal and transverse axes. To consider the magnetic and electrical asymmetry of SPMS carry out the following transformations: 1) replacing of the three-phase stator winding with two-phase, where the magnetic axis of one of the windings coincides with the longitudinal axis d, and the magnetic axis of the second winding - with the transverse axis q of the fixed coordinate of the orthogonal system dq; 2) the starting short-circuited winding is replaced by two windings: a longitudinal starting winding, the magnetic axis of which coincides with the d-axis, and a transverse starting winding, the magnetic axis of which coincides with the q-axis; 3) the movable rotor of the engine is considered stationary. The developed mathematical model showed that the starting properties of SPSM and the type of its starting characteristics depend on both: the parameters of the stator windings and the parameters of the rotor windings - the starting winding and the excitation windings. During the SPSM design process, the specified starting properties can be achieved by the variation of the starting winding parameters, which depend on the number of rods, sizes, and materials of rod and short-rings, as well as the size (width and height) of the slot groove. A computer program for calculating its starting characteristics with a given set of parameters for researching SPSM according to the described mathematical model was developed.

Performance Improvement for double-stator permanent magnet synchronous machine using analytical subdomain model

An analytical subdomain model is employed in this paper for predicting the magnetic field distributions in a three-phase double-stator permanent magnet synchronous machine (DS-PMSM) during open-circuit and onload conditions. Due to the stator cores are located in the outer and inner parts of the motor, the DS-PMSM construction is quite complex. The rotor magnets are positioned between these two stators. The stator inner radius, stator outer radius, slot opening, magnet arc, magnet thickness, inner and outer air-gap thickness and number of windings turns will directly influence the motor performance in DS-PMSM. The analytical subdomain model employed in this paper has a significant advantage as a rapid design tool since it is capable of precisely predicting the performance of DS-PMSM while requiring less computational effort. The analytical model was initially created using the separation of variables technique in four subdomains based on the Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations: inner air-gap, inner magnet, outer magnet and outer air-gap. Applying the appropriate boundary and interface conditions yields the field solutions in each subdomain. Besides, the fractional DS-PMSM with different number of slots between outer and inner stators to rotor poles can result in low cogging torque and non-overlapping winding configuration. The analytical results are validated by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The slotted air-gap flux density, back-emf, and output torque have all been evaluated as electromagnetic performances. The results demonstrate that the suggested analytical model is capable of accurately predicting the DS-PMSM performance.

Quantitative analysis of common‐mode current in flyback converter with balance winding

AbstractThe balance winding of the transformer is a compact and flexible technique for the common‐mode (CM) noise reduction of isolated power converters. A proper design of the grounding and turn number of the balance winding will generate an inverse displacement current to balance the CM noise flowing through the transformer. However, a trial and error process to find the optimum design is necessary for practical applications due to the unexplored source of calculation errors. In this paper, a quantitative analysis method of CM currents flowing through all the paths between windings is proposed for error quantifications. Based on an interleaved transformer, the capacitances are extracted with the help of electric field simulations, and the contribution of each path to the CM noise is analysed. Although the paths between adjacent layers are dominant in the CM noise, it is proved that ignoring non‐adjacent inter‐layer paths will lead to calculation errors due to the high voltage difference even with low capacitances. As both the application and verification of the proposed quantitative analysis method, the accurate evaluation of noise reduction effects and determination of the optimum balance winding turns can be achieved in experiments.

Design and Control of an Electronic Bouncer Circuit for Volume-Optimal Long-Pulse High-Power Pulse Transformers

Pulse transformer size is fundamentally linked to application pulselength, pulse power and pulse rise time. In considering long-pulse high-power applications, it has earlier been demonstrated that the large voltage-time integral associated with long-pulse operation in combination with the severe pulse rise time required to ensure high pulse efficiency strictly limits the number of transformer winding turns thereby resulting in extremely large pulse transformers. This article investigates a new way of sizing and controlling an electronic bouncer circuit in reducing the effective pulse rise time. It is demonstrated that, in considering typical long-pulse application parameters, the pulse rise time may generally be reduced by a factor of 2, implying that pulse efficiency could be retained while significantly reducing pulse transformer volume. The developed idea is used in formulating a unified design procedure for volume-optimal pulse transformers with an electronic bouncer circuit. The method and proposed design procedure are illustrated and evaluated in a case study considering the European Spallation Source klystron modulator requirements (pulse amplitude of 115 kV/100 A, pulselength of 3.5 ms, pulse repetition rate of 14 Hz, and pulse rise time of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$&lt; 120~\mu \text{s}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ). Finally, the proposed design procedure is used to evaluate the greatest attainable pulselength for a given set of application parameters and as a function of system constraints.

Fiber to The Home (FTTH) Network Design in Analyzing Macro Bending Problems in The Home Cable Installation Segment

Fiber to The Home (FTTH) is one of the optical networks used for every home in accessing the internet in the form of voice, data, and video. In this study, the authors built an FTTH design from a Handheld Light Source (HLS) as input, then connected it to ODC. Furthermore, it is connected with ODP, OTP, and ROSET. After building the design, the design was tested using the link power budget calculation method, which is 22.803 dB. As a result, the design has a total attenuation value of 18.4 dB which means it meets the standards and can be used. Next, analyze the problems that have the potential to cause macro bending interference in the FTTH home cable installation segment cable. The methods used in this macro bending problem are the HLS calibration method, Optical Power Meter (OPM) measurement, and Visual Fault Locator (VFL) macro damage detection. From this analysis, the results of macro bending will be obtained on the parameters of curvature diameter, the number of windings, and the search for critical angles of indoor cable macro bending. This macro bending in-home wiring installations affect the total attenuation value on FTTH. In addition, the macro bending of 3-winded indoor cables with a diameter of 0.5 cm on each winding still meets the standards in the FTTH design. However, for macro bending 5 windings with a diameter of 0.5 cm, each winding can cause the total attenuation value of FTTH to pass the Link power budget and ITU-T G984.