Number Of Stink Bugs Research Articles

Combination of UV and green light synergistically enhances the attractiveness of light to green stink bugs Nezara spp

The southern green stink bug Nezara viridula and its congener N. antennata are important agricultural pests worldwide. These species show positive phototaxis and their compound eyes have high sensitivity to UV and green lights. The attractiveness of monochromatic UV, green lights and combined UV and green light to stink bugs was investigated under field conditions. The number of stink bugs caught increased with the number of UV LEDs, but very few bugs were caught using green light, irrespective of the number of LEDs. However, the most stink bugs were caught when both colors were combined. These results indicate that monochromatic green light is less attractive to Nezara bugs, but when mixed with UV light, it synergistically enhances the attractiveness of UV light. This finding contributes to the construction of reliable and highly specific light traps to monitor Nezara bugs. The addition of green light hardly affected the attractiveness of the UV light to other insects, such as Anomala beetles, which are often caught in light traps. We conclude that the spectral composition of light that is attractive to nocturnal insects depends on the species, hence it is possible to make ecologically friendly light traps that are target specific.

Association between landscape composition and the abundance of predator and herbivore arthropods in Bt and non-Bt soybean crops

Cropland expansion has been occurring over the last century, especially in South America, displacing non-crop areas mainly with soybean. Changes at a landscape level were followed by changes at a local scale, such as the adoption of insect-resistant transgenic crops. The homogenization of agroecosystem composition and agronomic practices have a great impact on arthropod predators and herbivore insects, which has not been quantified to a great extent in South America. We evaluate the effects of cover composition (1 km radii) as a landscape variable, and Bt adoption as a local variable on the quantity of the main predators and pests in soybean fields in Uruguay. Over a two-year period, we sampled 60 soybean fields with sweep net and beating sheet. We found that Bt and non-Bt soybean fields did not differ in the number of predators and stink bugs, while Bt fields were associated with less caterpillars’ abundance. The proportion area of soybean negatively affected the quantity of some predators in this crop. In contrast, the landscape cover with natural grassland, commercial forest and maize positively affected some of these beneficial organisms. The number of stink bugs in soybean was highly affected by the surrounding cover composition. Arthropod responses depend on soybean’s phenological period. We demonstrate the effects of the agriculturalization process on soybean predators and pests, suggesting that Bt adoption does not affect predators and each vegetation cover impacts them differentially. Different non-crop landscape cover and the abundance of predators in the field margin are positively associated with the abundance of predators in soybean fields.

Black Cherry as A Host Plant For Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in Agroecosystems in Georgia, USA

Stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) are polyphagous pests that disperse from woodland habitats into crops following food availability. Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.; Rosaceae) is common in the southeast US. In this 3-yr study, our principal objective was to determine if black cherry acts as a reproductive host as well as a source of food for stink bugs in woodland habitats adjacent to crops in Georgia, USA. Each yr, black cherry trees were examined visually for stink bug species and stages in addition to using pheromone-baited canopy and ground traps to capture them. In 2016, we compared the number of stink bugs captured in canopy traps versus ground-based traps. Chinavia hilaris Say, Euschistus servus (Say), Euschistus tristigmus (Say), and Nezara viridula (L.) (all Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were detected in traps each yr of the study. Total number of stink bugs was significantly higher in ground traps (1.53 ± 0.07) compared to canopy traps (0.71 ± 0.07) in the 2016 test. Only C. hilaris (99.2%) and N. viridula (0.8%) were found on trees during visual sampling. Over both types of sampling methods, egg masses, most instars, and both sexes of adults of C. hilaris were detected in black cherry. The nymph to adult ratio for this species was 1:1 in traps and nymph biased in visual samples. Anastatus reduvii (Howard) (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae) (44%), Trissolcus edessae Fouts (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) (35%), and Ooencyrtus sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (21%) emerged from C. hilaris egg masses. The nymph to adult ratio for N. viridula was adult biased. Both nymphs and adults of E. servus and E. tristigmus were captured in traps; however, the majority of individuals were adults. We conclude that black cherry is a significant reproductive host and a food source for C. hilaris. However, our results indicate that it serves as a food source more so than a reproductive host for the other 3 stink bug species.

Optimization of sample unit size for sampling stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in soybean

Cost-effective and reliable sampling procedures are crucial for integrated pest management. Sweep net sampling is commonly used for stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in soybean, with sample size being the number of sets of sweeps, and sample unit size the number of sweeps in each set. Sample unit size has received little attention, but can affect sampling parameters. Here, two sample unit sizes (10 vs. 25 sweeps) were compared for the sampling of stink bug taxa. On average, sampling for stink bugs took 3.6 more minutes with the 25-sweep than with the 10-sweep sample unit size. Generally, estimates of the mean number of stink bugs per sweep were similar between the two sample unit sizes for Euschistus spp. and Chinavia hilaris combined (“combined herbivores”) and Euschistus spp. The 25-sweep sample unit size had a higher probability of detecting combined herbivores, Euschistus spp. and Podisus spp., lower standard errors and relative variance for combined herbivores and Euschistus spp., lower standard errors for C. hilaris, and higher relative net precision [which accounts for sampling cost (i.e., time)] for combined herbivores and Euschistus spp. Taken together, the better probability of detection, precision and efficiency of the 25-sweep sample unit size support the continued use of sampling plans developed for that sample unit size. The optimization of sample unit sizes is an important factor that should be accounted for in the development of sampling plans.

Brzo širenje i prva masovna pojava vrste Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji u Hrvatskoj

The brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys (Stal, 1855)) is an extremely polyphagous invasive insect originating from East Asia. It causes damage by feeding on fruit trees and shrubs, legumes, forest trees, and ornamental shrubs and trees. The pest has successfully established in North America and Europe and causes economic damage to agricultural production. The first discovery of H. halys in Croatia occurred in 2017 in the coastal region in Rijeka. In 2018, the pest was sporadically observed in urban areas of Sveta Nedelja, Zagreb and Vukovar, and a total of 22 specimens of H. halys were found in single and multi-family houses in eight locations. The discovery of the species in the continental part of the country is evidence of the spread of this species in Croatia. During 2019, the first mass occurrence of the pest was detected in the rural area of Zagreb (Drencec) in a soybean field. A total of 723 specimens of H. halys were identified. The average number of stink bugs per 10 plants was 14 specimens, which poses a serious threat to soybean production in the area. The very rapid spread of the pest from urban to rural areas and the establishment of its local populations is evidence of the invasive nature of the species and a warning signal for farmers in Croatia. To prevent the spread and mass occurrence of H. halys on agricultural land and to minimise possible damage to agricultural production, it is necessary to constantly monitor the pest and, if necessary, to take appropriate protective measures in agriculture.

Weeds in Florida Sugarcane as Host Plants for Three Species of Rice Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Weeds in Florida Sugarcane as Host Plants for Three Species of Rice Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Dinâmica populacional de Euschistus heros em cultivares de soja de diferentes ciclos de desenvolvimento

O percevejo-marrom-da-soja Euschistus heros, destaca-se como uma das principais pragas da cultura, sendo fundamental realizar amostragens periódicas para aferir a densidade populacional e auxiliar na tomada de decisão de controle.O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar a dinâmica populacional de E. heros em cultivares de soja transgênica de diferentes ciclos de desenvolvimento. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos anos agrícolas 2013/14 e 2014/15 na FCAV/UNESP, Jaboticabal, SP, Brasil. Foram selecionados três campos, e em cada um foi demarcada uma área de 8.000 m2 (0,8 ha), sendo cada área subdividida em 80 parcelas de 100 m2 (10 m x 10 m). As cultivares de soja transgênica de diferentes ciclos de desenvolvimento utilizadas foram: SYN 1365 RR (precoce), M 7908 RR (média) e BRS Valiosa RR (tardia). As amostragens foram realizadas semanalmente pelo método da batida de pano, registrando-se o número de ninfas e adultos. Foram confeccionadas figuras para demonstrar a dinâmica populacional entre os dados médios de infestação do inseto-praga e o estágio fenológico da cultura, sendo a influência dos fatores meteorológicos analisada por meio da análise de regressão múltipla com seleção de variáveis pelo método “stepwise”. De acordo com os resultados da dinâmica populacional, as maiores densidades populacionais de E. heros foram observadas no estádio fenológico R6 da soja, e a temperatura máxima é o fator meteorológico que mais influenciou na variação da densidade populacional de E. heros.

Release of the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi to manage the Neotropical Brown Stink Bug, Euschistus heros, in soybean production

Eushistus heros is one of the major pests in soybean in South America. Not only has insecticides constantly failed on its control but also triggered different negative side effects related to the overuse of chemicals. Among the biocontrol agents that can be used in Augmentative Biological Control, Telenomus podisi stands out due to its high parasitism capacity on eggs of its hosts. Therefore, this study aimed to assess T. podisi release strategies and moments (release done together with the detection of first E. heros adults in the area as well as together with fungicide sprays), in order to reach optimal parasitoid field performance. For this purpose, a replicated experiment was conducted with a soybean crop located in Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, during 2017/18 and 2018/19 crop seasons. Treatments consisted of 18750 released T. podisi pupae (released either inside cardboard capsules or as unprotected pupae sprinkled in bulk, at different moments) and were evaluated against insecticide spraying strategies. At harvest, yield and quality of the seeds were measured. Overall, our results clearly indicate that T. podisi pupae can be released either encapsulated or unprotected, with similar efficacy. Their release in the field increased E. heros egg parasitism to 70% and 50%, in 2017/2018 and 2018/2019, respectively. Thus, T. podisi can be efficiently used to control stink bug eggs. However, since the number of stink bugs ≥0.5 cm in the field highly depends on its migration from neighboring fields, it is important to use T. podisi inside integrated pest management.

Nanoparticulated Sulfur and Essential Orange Oil (Oro Solve®) Increases Efficiency of Euschistus heros Control In Soybean

Soybeans stand out among the main crops of world economic interest, Brazil being one of the main producing and exporting countries. Thus, this work aimed to evaluate the efficiency of insecticides used alone and with the addition of adjuvant formulas based on orange oil and nanoparticulated sulfur (Oro Solve®) in the control of the neotropical brown stink bug in soybean. The experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm of the State University of Maringa – UEM, located in the city of Umuarama – PR. Samples were collected and periodically evaluated at predetermined intervals: an analysis prior to application and analysis was performed at 1, 3, 5 and 10 days after application. On the 10th day after the beginning of the experiment, a new application was performed, with subsequent evaluations 1 and 3 days after reapplication. In the evaluations, the number of stink bugs found per sampling and the efficiency of control in each treatment was noted. It was evaluated by manual harvesting of 1.0 meters in three lines of the useful area of each plot, with a posterior trail, using a stationary trail. After weighment, the grains or values were transformed to kg.ha-1, using the correction of recovery for the water content of 13%. Neotropical brown stink bug occurrence data, insecticide and mixtures evaluation, as well as soybean yield, were subjected to analysis of variance by the F test, and the means compared by the Duncan and Tukey test (P≤0.05), respectively. The insecticides based on acephate (Perito®), imidacloprid + bifenthrin (Galil®) and bifenthrin + carbosulfan (Talisman®) in addition to Oro Solve® were found to show greater bedbug control efficiency. There was a greater extension of the effective control period in the treatments that had adjuvant addition. The application to the tests that were sprayed with insecticides in addition to Oro Solve®, and the insecticides used alone were used, but they all differed from the control and the percentage increase was always higher in the tests containing the mixture with Oro Solve®.

Spatial distribution and sampling plan of the phytophagous stink bug complex in different soybean production systems

AbstractPhytophagous stink bugs are major soybean pests, and knowledge of spatial distribution models of the pest in the crop is fundamental to establishing an appropriate sequential sampling plan, and thus, allowing the correct utilization of control strategies. This work aimed to study the spatial distribution of phytophagous stink bugs in soybean grown in different cropping systems and determine a sequential sampling plan. The experiment was conducted in Maracaju, MS, Brazil, during the agricultural year of 2012/2013. Soybean cultivars BRS 284 and SYN 1163 RR were placed in an experimental area comprising six fields (two soybean cultivars × three cropping systems). Sampling was performed weekly, using a beat cloth per plot and counting the number of stink bugs found, virtually throughout the soybean reproductive period. Concerning the statistical analyses, we used the dispersion indexes (variance‐to‐mean ratio, Morisita's index, exponent k of the negative binomial and Green's coefficient) and probabilistic methods of frequency adjustment (negative binomial and Poisson). Adult and nymph phytophagous stink bugs showed aggregate disposition in the field regardless of the cropping system, and their numbers were adjusted to the negative binomial probability distribution. There was no difference in the behaviour of adult and nymphs considering the tested cultivars. We elaborated a practical sequential sampling plan for phytophagous stink bug complexes, considering crops intended for the production of grains and seeds.

Seeding Dates and Cultivars Effects on Stink Bugs Population and Damage on Common Bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.

Fields experiments were conducted during two growing seasons (2010-2011 and 2012-2013) at three seeding dates to identify stink bug (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) species and to determine their seasonal population density fluctuation and damage caused to three common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars "Ica Pijao," "Cubacueto 25-9," and "Chévere." Stink bug species observed were Nezara viridula (L.), Piezodorus guildinii (Westwood), Chinavia rolstoni (Rolston), Chinavia marginatum (Palisot de Beauvois), and Euschistus sp. The most prevalent species was N. viridula in both seasons. The largest number of stink bugs was found in beans seeded at the first (mid September) and third (beginning of January) seeding dates. Population peaked at BBCH 75 with 1.75, 0.43, and 1.25 stink bugs/10 plants in 2010-2011 and with 2.67, 0.45, and 1.3 stink bugs/10 plants in 2012-2013 in the fields seeded the first, second, and third seeding dates, respectively. The lowest numbers of stink bugs were found in beans seeded at the second (mid November) seeding date. A significant negative correlation between relative humidity and number of stink bugs was found in 2010-2011, and a similar tendency was observed in 2012-2013. The highest seed and pod damage levels occurred in cv. "Chévere" and the lowest in cv. "ICA Pijao" during both seasons. Results suggest that cv. "ICA Pijao" and the second (mid November) seeding date is the best choice to reduce stink bug damage.

Effect of Planting Date and Density on Insect Pests of Sweet Sorghum Grown for Biofuel in Southern Florida

There is much research and resource currently being invested in sweet sorghum, Sorghum bicolor L. Moench, for biofuel in southern Florida. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of planting date and density on insect pests of the crop in southern Florida. Emergent damage was primarily caused by fall armyworms, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), and to a lesser extent by the lesser cornstalk borer, Elasmopalpus lignosellus Zeller. Damage at heading was caused by different species of stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Both emergent damage and numbers of stink bugs at heading varied significantly between planting dates. Correlation analysis showed that planting density had no to little effect on percentage damage by insects to emerging or heading sweet sorghum. Estimated ethanol yield was highest in the first crop of the early planting and decreased thereafter. No consistent effect of planting density or row configuration on yield was shown.

Eficiência de métodos de amostragem de lagartas e de percevejos na cultura de soja

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a capacidade de coleta de três métodos de amostragem de lagartas e de percevejos na cultura de soja. Para isso, em área de 6,16ha de soja, foi demarcado um gride de 154 pontos amostrais, espaçados de 20×20m. Em cada um desses 154 pontos, foram coletadas lagartas (pequenas, grandes e total) e percevejos (ninfas, adultos e total) (seis variáveis), por meio dos métodos de amostragem pano-de-batida, pano-de-batida largo e pano-de-batida vertical, em 14 estádios fenológicos da cultura de soja, totalizando 6.468 coletas. Para cada uma dessas seis variáveis, em cada um dos 14 estádios fenológicos e no geral (todos os estádios fenológicos), as médias dos três métodos de amostragem foram comparadas pelo teste t (bilateral) de Student para dados pareados, em nível de 5% de probabilidade. O número de lagartas coletadas por meio dos métodos de amostragem é decrescente na seguinte ordem: pano-de-batida vertical, pano-de-batida largo e pano-de-batida. O número de percevejos coletados por meio dos métodos de amostragem pano-de-batida vertical e pano-de-batida largo é superior ao pano-de-batida. O pano-de-batida vertical é o mais eficiente para a coleta de lagartas e de percevejos.

Cis-Jasmone indirect action on egg parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) and its application in biological control of soybean stink bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

In many plants, the secondary metabolite cis-jasmone activates the metabolic pathway that produces volatile organic compounds attractive to natural enemies and, sometimes, repellent to herbivores. Previous studies indicate that the feeding damage caused by the herbivore Euschistus heros or the exogenous application of cis-jasmone in soybean plants induces the release of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) with a similar chemical profile and these compounds can attract the stink bug egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi (Scelionidae). Herein we tested in field conditions the effect of exogenous application of cis-jasmone in soybean plants on the parasitoid and stink bug community and on stink bug egg parasitism. In two areas, one within a soybean and another within a Crotalaria matrix, we randomly distributed 2m2 plots, with soybean plants induced (treatment, n=5) or not induced by cis-jasmone (control, n=5) in the field. We sampled the parasitoid community weekly with yellow sticky traps (n=3/plot) and monitored parasitism with sentinel eggs of E. heros (n=150/plot). We also monitored the population of stink bugs weekly, by sampling each plot with shake-cloth technique. The abundance of Scelionidae was highest overall and also in treated plots during the first four weeks in the area with a soybean matrix, but decreased thereafter. The richness of parasitoid families was similar between treatment and control plots in the area with a soybean matrix, but higher in control plots in the area with a Crotalaria matrix. Evenness was higher in control plots in the area with soybean matrix, whereas the reverse occurred in the area with a Crotalaria matrix. Results suggest that treatment with cis-jasmone effectively attracted and enhanced the population of scelionid parasitoids, but had no effect on the occurrence and intensity of parasitism and in the number of stink bugs.

Can ants visiting extrafloral nectaries of the yardlong bean, Vigna unguiculata var. sesquipedalis, protect the legume seeds from stink bugs?

The yardlong bean Vigna unguiculata var. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc (cv. Jyuroku-sasage) has extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) that attract ants. The efficacy of ants visiting EFNs of the yardlong bean as a guard against stink bugs that attack the legume seeds was evaluated by field observation and experiments. The number of ants visiting the EFNs at the base of a legume was not associated with the legume length; the EFNs attract ants during all stages of legume growth. Ant species included Formica japonica Motschulsky and Pristomyrmex punctatus Smith, with the former being predominant. Diurnal activities of ants (F. japonica) visiting EFNs and stink bugs (3 species) attacking the legumes were investigated during 3 days in summer. While the number of ants increased during the day and decreased at night, the number of stink bugs exhibited the reverse pattern. The frequency of stink bugs on legumes with ants was one-third of that seen on legumes without ants. We tested 4 treatments: (1) excluding ants from legumes, (2) applying honey to legumes, (3) aphid colony on legumes, and (4) control. I found that the number of stink bugs was the highest on the ant-excluded legumes and the lowest on the honey-treated ones. These results suggest that ants visiting EFNs serve as a guard against stink bugs that attack the legumes; the efficacy of this protection depends on the diurnal activities of the ants.

Bacterial Symbionts of the Giant Jewel StinkbugEucorysses grandis(Hemiptera: Scutelleridae)

Microbiological characterization of gut symbiotic bacteria in a limited number of stinkbugs of the families Acanthosomatidae, Plataspidae, Pentatomidae, Scutelleridae, Parastrachiidae, Alydidae and Pyrrhocoridae has shown symbiotic association with midgut bacteria to be common in phytophagous taxa of these heteropteran insects. Here we investigated the midgut bacterial symbiont of Eucorysses grandis, a stinkbug of the family Scutelleridae. A specific gammaproteobacterium was consistently identified in insects from five different geographic origins. The bacterium was detected in 64 of 64 insects sampled from three host populations. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the bacterium constitutes a distinct lineage in the Gammaproteobacteria, neither closely related to the gut symbiont of another scutellerid stinkbug, Cantao ocellatus, nor to gut symbionts of other stinkbugs. Diagnostic PCR, in situ hybridization and electron microscopy demonstrated that the bacterium is located extracelluarly, in the midgut fourth section, which possesses crypts. These results indicate that the primary gut symbionts have multiple evolutionary origins in the Scutelleridae. A Sodalis-allied facultative symbiont was also identified in some insects from natural populations. Biological aspects of the primary gut symbiont and the secondary Sodalis-allied symbiont are discussed.

Seed predator deterrence by seed‐carrying ants in a dyszoochorous plant, Chamaesyce maculata L. Small (Euphorbiaceae)

Seeds are often carried by omnivorous ants even if they do not carry elaiosomes. Although many seeds carried by ants are consumed, both seeds abandoned during the seed carrying and leftover seeds are consequently dispersed (dyszoochory). These non-myrmecochorous seeds do not necessarily attract ants quickly. Therefore, these seeds often seem to be exposed to the danger of consumption by pre-dispersal seed predators. We propose the hypotheses, “seed predator deterrence hypothesis” that plants may benefit from seed-carrying ants if they deter seed predators from visiting plants, and seed-carrying ants may play additional roles in plant reproductive success, besides dyszoochory by ants. To test the hypotheses, we investigated the abundance of seed-carrying ants of the species Tetramorium tsushimae Linnaeus and Pheidole noda Smith F., and of the seed predatory stinkbug, Nysius plebeius Distat, on the spotted sandmat, Chamaesyce maculata L. Small, of which the seeds have no elaiosomes but are consumed by both ants and bugs. In the field, ants and stinkbugs seldom encountered each other on the plant. The number of stinkbugs beneath the plants with ants was smaller than that beneath the plants without ants. In laboratory experiments, the number of stinkbugs on the shoot was smaller when ants were present than when they were absent. These results might support the seed predator deterrence hypothesis: the probability of seed predation by stinkbugs seems to be reduced by the ant visits on plants and/or the existence of ants beneath the plants. This study highlights a new ant–plant interaction in seed dispersal by ants.

Detecting stink bugs/damage in cotton utilizing a portable electronic nose

Current scouting techniques for stink bugs are variable, time-consuming, and costly. The overarching goal of this research was to develop effective and affordable tools for detecting stink bugs and damage induced by stink bugs in cotton. A commercially available electronic nose (Cyranose 320) comprising an array of 32 carbon-black composite sensors was used for this purpose and its performance was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Volatile compounds emitted by stink bugs were confirmed to be trans-2-decenal and trans-2-octenal. Four of 32 sensors responded to volatile chemicals produced by bugs and showed responses (smell-prints) to pure trans-2-decenal that were identical to those obtained from stink bugs. Under laboratory conditions, internal boll injury (interior walls of bolls and locks with raised callus growths or obvious damage to lint and seed) was predicted 95% of the time and the presence of stink bugs 100% of the time. There was a strong correlation ( R 2 = 0.95) between the number of stink bugs in a sample and the response of Cyranose sensors.

Toxicity, Feeding Preference, and Repellency Associated With Selected Organic Insecticides Against <I>Acrosternum hilare</I> and <I>Euschistus servus</I> (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the toxicity, feeding preference, repellency, and field efficacy associated with the organic insecticides azadirachtin, pyrethrins, and spinosad against two stink bug species, Acrosternum hilare (Say) and Euschistus servus (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Laboratory toxicity bioassays were conducted using treated green bean pods. The conventional pyrethroid lamda-cyhalothrin was included for comparison. A. hilare adults and nymphs were most susceptible to lamda-cyhalothrin and to tank mixes of pyrethrins + spinosad. E. servus adults were susceptible to lamda-cyhalothrin, spinosad, and all tank mixes, whereas E. servus nymphs were susceptible to lamda-cyhalothrin only. Feeding preference tests were conducted using insecticide-treated tomatoes and counting the number of feeding stylet sheaths on fruit after 24 h. All tomatoes treated with either azadirachtin, pyrethrins, or tank mixes resulted in fewer numbers of stylet sheaths than the untreated control, whereas treatment with spinosad alone did not. In filter paper repellency tests, both E. serous and A. hilare were repelled by pyrethrins and exhibited no response to azadirachtin. E. servus was attracted to spinosad in comparison with a water-treated control; however, A. hilare displayed no response. In field efficacy trials, each of the organic insecticides reduced the number of stink bugs in soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., for up to 2 d after treatment; however, none of the insecticides reduced stink bug damage to fruit in tomatoes even after multiple applications. Implications for organic growers and integrated pest management programs are discussed.

콩포장에서 노린재류의 밀도조사법 개발

콩의 생식생장기에 노린재류의 밀도조사법을 개발하고자 하였다. 타락법, 포충망법 및 달관법으로 콩의 개화기(R2), 결협기(R4) 및 성숙기(R7)에 발생하는 톱다리개미허리노린재, 가로줄노린재, 풀색노린재, 알락수염노린재 및 썩덩나무노린재의 성충과 약충의 밀도를 조사한 결과 노린재류의 총 조사량은 타락법에서 5,214.2마리로 가장 많았으며, 다음은 달관법에서 2,581.8마리 였으며, 포충망법에서 103.1마리로 가장 적었다. 타락법과 달관법에 의한 노린재류의 총 조사량은 가로줄노린재 > 풀색노린재 > 썩덩나무노린재 > 톱다리개미허리노린재 > 알락수염노린재의 순서로 많았고, 발생량의 차이도 분명하였으나, 포충망법에 의한 노린재류의 총 조사량은 18-23마리로 발생량의 차이가 분명하지 않았다. 따라서 타락법에 의한 주요 노린재류의 조사밀도는 톱다리개미허리노린재 성충을 제외하곤 대체로 높았다. 하지만 타락법보다 불출법으로 콩의 개화시부터 성숙까지 톱다리개미허리노린재의 성충을 더 많이 조사할 수 있었고, 일중 조사량은 오후시간대보다 오전시간대에 많았다. 그러므로 콩포장에서 노린재류의 밀도조사법으로 톱다리개미허리노린재는 불출법으로, 가로줄노린재, 풀색노린재, 알락수염노린재 및 썩덩나무노린재는 타락법이 추천되었다. 이러한 2가지 조사법의 적용은 노린재류의 종간 행동적 특성 차이 때문이다. This study was conducted to develope the observing methods for density of stink bugs in soybean reproductive stage. The adults and nymphs of bean bug, Riptortus clavatus, red-banded shield bug, Piezodous hybneri, green stink bug, Nezara antennata, Sole bug, Dolycoris baccarum, and brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys were observed by three observing methods such as beating, sweeping net, and visual counting methods in the full bloom (R2), full pod (R4) and beginning maturity (R7) of soybean. As a result, total number of stink bugs observed was the highest with 5,214.2 by beating method, and then was 2,581.8 by visual counting method, and was the lowest with 103.1 by sweeping net method. Total number of stink bugs observed by the beating and visual counting methods was P. hybneri, followed by N. antennata, H. halys, R. clavatus and D. baccarum with clear difference in observed number of each stink bugs while total number of stink bugs observed by sweeping net method was very low in the range of 18 to 23. Accordingly, the observed density of stink bugs exception of R. clavatus adult by beating method was generally high. However, the number of R. clavatus adult was more observed by flushing method than that by beating method from the beginning bloom (R1) to full maturity (R8), and was more observed at morning time than that at afternoon time. Therefore, two observation methods that flushing method for R. clavatus and beating method for the other stink bugs were recommended for the occurring density of stink bugs in soybean because both bean bug and pentatomidae stink bugs have distinct behavior characteristics such as flying and dropping.