Number Of Roots Research Articles

A mono-phasic protocol for micropropagation of potato cv. CoochBehar local, its acclimatization, on-field evaluation, and fidelity analysis.

A protocol for micropropagation of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cv. CoochBehar local retaining the fidelity of the in vitro regenerants was established for the first time. Initially, tuber sprouts were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 0.5-1.5mg/l 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (Kin), meta-Topolin (mT), and zeatin (Zea). A maximum number of shoots was induced in 0.5mg/l Zea followed by 0.5mg/l mT. For subsequent rooting, the shoots were inoculated in MS medium supplemented with 1.0-3.0mg/l indole-3-acetic acid and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), wherein 1.0mg/l IBA-fortified medium recorded the maximum number of roots. The mono-phasic micropropagation, i.e., simultaneous multiple shoots and roots formation was achieved in MS medium with combinations of Zea (0.25-1.0mg/l) with 1.0mg/l IBA, wherein 0.5mg/l Zea + 1.0mg/l IBA exhibited the best results. The micropropagated plantlets were then acclimatized in cocopeat with 100% survival before field evaluation. To ensure the true-to-type nature of the micropropagated plants, the cytology, flow cytometry, intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR), and start codontargeted (SCoT) polymorphism primers based fidelity analyses were carried out. Cytology and flow cytometry confirmed that the micropropagated plants had the same ploidy levels. Likewise, the molecular marker-based genetic fidelity study via ISSR and SCoT primersshowed monomorphic banding patterns. The present protocol has the potential for large-scale propagation, conservation, and commercialization of indigenous potatoes and can also be used to study the response of other potato cultivars to in vitro regeneration.

Effect of meta-Topolin on morphological, physiochemical, and molecular dynamics during in vitro regeneration of Salix tetrasperma Roxb.

An efficient in vitro propagation protocol has been established for a valuable medicinal plant, Salix tetrasperma using mature nodal explants. The investigation aimed to observe the influence of various combinations and concentrations of cytokinins (mT, BA, and Kn) and auxins (NAA, IAA, and IBA) on regeneration potential using the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. Among individual cytokinin treatments, 5.0 µM mT resulted highest response of 92% with maximum shoot number (11.6 ± 0.08) per explant and shoot length (4.5 ± 0.22 cm) after 12 weeks of culture. However, synergistic treatment of mT (5.0 µM) and NAA (0.5 µM) further improved proliferation with (21.3 ± 0.40) shoots per explant and (6.9 ± 0.13 cm) shoot length in 96% cultures after 12 weeks of incubation. Rooting from in vitro raised microshoots was achieved on ½ MS medium supplemented with various concentrations of low-dose auxins. The highest number of roots (10.4 ± 0.20) per shoot with mean root length (5.7 ± 0.11 cm) with maximum rooting frequency (97%) was observed in 0.5 µM IBA, after 4 weeks of culture. The rooted plantlets achieved a remarkable 86% survivability rate, when transferred to ex vitro conditions during acclimatization. Analysis of photosynthetic parameters and their characteristics during the acclimatization phase revealed a gradual decline in photosynthetic attributes during initial weeks; however, a significant improvement was noted as the growth proceeded. SEM analysis revealed the ultra-morphological structural differences between in vivo and in vitro derived leaves of S. tetrasperma. Moreover, DPPH assay observed differential antioxidant activity of in vitro raised plantlets throughout the acclimatization period. The GC-MS analysis from leaf extracts of donor plants and in vitro derived plantlets has revealed a broad spectrum of phytochemical compounds with significant pharmacological properties. No polymorphism in the banding pattern was found when the genetic fidelity of the regenerated plants was evaluated using SCoT primers, indicating the clonal stability of micropropagated plants. This study is the first to explore the use of mT in regeneration of S. tetrasperma, showing its more effectiveness than BA and Kn.

Impact of management technologies on banana growth and fusarium wilt mitigation

The study was conducted during 2023-2024 under the Department of Fruit Science, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The objective of the study was to find out the best technology for the Fusarium wilt management in the banana cultivar Rasthali under pot culture experiment. The experiment was conducted with nine treatments replicated thrice with three plants in each replication in a completely randomized design (CRD). The treatment T7- Bacillus subtilis (10 g/plant) +Salicylic acid 5mM spray showed more root length (71.89 cm) and number of roots (30) than other treatments. The treatment T7- Bacillus subtilis (10 g/plant) + Salicylic acid 5mM spray showed a 33 % improvement in root length over absolute control (T1) and a 53 % increase over inoculated control (T2). Whereas the number of roots was 50% more in T7 than in T1 and 76 % more than in T2. The length of the pseudostem and girth of the pseudostem were 69.40 cm and 25.43 cm. The leaf area was 2.99 m2 and the number of leaves was 12. The physiological parameters such as chlorophyll content (57.03), stomatal resistance (0.521 Scm-1) and transpiration rate (9.572 ?g H2O cm2 S-1) of T7 were significant. In soil enzymes, the chitinase activity was 37.50 ?mol/min/g and ? 1, 3 Glucanase 40.33 ?mol/min/g. It showed less disease incidence (DI %) of 18.86 % and a disease severity index (DSI %) of 14.73 %. The absolute control (T1), without the pathogen, had no disease. The inoculated control (T2) showed the highest disease incidence and disease severity index of 100 %. T7- Bacillus subtilis (10 g/plant) + Salicylic acid 5 mM spray showed less disease incidence (DI %) of 18.86 %and a disease severity index (DSI%) of 22.93 % over the absolute control (T1). And 81.14 % and 77.07 % reduced disease incidence (DI %) and disease severity index (DSI %) compared to inoculated control (T2). It is concluded that T7- Bacillus subtilis (10 g/plant) + Salicylic acid 5 mM spray can be used to control Fusarium wilt in cultivar Rasthali.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОСТАВА ПИТАТЕЛЬНОЙ СРЕДЫ НА КОРНЕОБРАЗОВАНИЕ ГОЛУБИКИ ТОПЯНОЙ (VACCINIUM ULIGINOSUM L.) СЕВЕРНОРОССИЙСКОГО ПРОИСХОЖДЕНИЯ В КУЛЬТУРЕ IN VITRO

The results of studies on clonal micropropagation of blueberry (Vaccinium uliginosum L.) at the stage of rooting of microshoots in vitro are presented. V. uliginosum is an economically valuable forest berry species in food and medicinal terms, which can be successfully used for cultivation in areas of former peat mining. To quickly obtain a large amount of healthy planting material, it is advisable to use the method of clonal micropropagation. It is necessary to improve the technology for growing V. Uliginosum in in vitro culture for forms of Northern Russian origin. The objects of study are plants of V. uliginosum forms Arkhangelsk and Vologda. At the stage of rooting of microshoots in vitro, the highest values of the number of roots (5.2–5.4 pcs.) of V. uliginosum plants were noted on the Woody Plant Medium culture medium. The maximum total length of roots of V. uliginosum of the Arkhangelskaya form (on average 10.6 cm) in in vitro culture was detected on the Woody Plant Medium culture medium, the Vologodskaya form (9.3–9.9 cm) – on the Woody Plant Medium and Woody Plant Medium 1/2 media. An increase in the content of indolylacetic acid in the culture medium from 1.0 to 2.0 mg/l contributed to an increase in the number of roots (1.2–1.4 times) and a decrease in the average root length (1.3 times) of V. uliginosum plants of northern Russia origin in in vitro culture, while the total length of roots did not differ significantly depending on the form and concentration of auxin.

On the Root Structure of the Coupled Assembly Probability of Initiation Equations

In this report, we study several aspects of the root spectrum of the coupled assembly probability of initiation equations to bolster confidence in the results of the companion paper, A. K. Prinja, P. F. O’Rourke, and S. D. Ramsey, “Probability of Initiation in Coupled Multiplying Assemblies.” We apply Bernstein’s Theorem to develop analytical expressions for the number of distinct nontrivial roots for two and three coupled assemblies and make inferences that the behavior holds in general. This result provides a benchmark number for the expected number of roots to be obtained when calculating the entire root spectrum. We employ a numerical method, the Homotopy Continuation Method (HCM), to obtain the entire root spectrum. We use the HCM to study parametric behavior of the root spectrum for subcritical and supercritical systems and compare with the Newton-Raphson Method (NRM) result, which provides only a single solution but is computationally favorable. We show that indeed the NRM and HCM agree (for a single root), and we further perform a stability analysis on the entire spectrum to show that the NRM result is the only stable root in the spectrum for the entire range of system criticalities. The results are demonstrated for systems consisting of two and four coupled assemblies.

Effect of initial bone morphology on alveolar bone remodeling following molar extraction: A retrospective study.

The clinical evidence about alveolar ridge changes following molar extraction and how the alveolar bone morphology influences the ridge dimensional changes remains limited. A total of 192 patients with 199 molar extractions were included in this retrospective study. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of patients were obtained 0-3 months pre extraction and 6-12 months post extraction. Outcome variables included the change rate in ridge height and width. The effect of morphology on the outcomes was explored by single-factor analysis, correlation analysis, and a multiple linear regression model. Significant resorption of alveolar bone occurred vertically and horizontally after molar extraction. Jaw, furcation involvement, number of roots, number of bone wall defects, extraction reasons, overall relative bone loss (RBL), bone height of the furcation region, thickness of the lingual/palatal wall, and height difference between buccal and lingual/palatal walls (|HB-HL|) were significantly correlated with the change in the height of the central alveolar bone (HC). The number of bone wall defects, overall RBL, and |HB-HL| were significantly correlated with horizontal width change. HC resorption was higher in sockets with |HB-HL|>2.5mm and overall RBL>50%. The alveolar bone presented significant resorption after extraction. Anatomical characteristics affected the dimensions of the alveolar bone after molar extraction. When the initial overall RBL was severe or |HB-HL| was larger, the loss of alveolar bone dimensions was even more. In recent years, it has been demonstrated that the local anatomical morphology of extraction sites may influence the process of alveolar bone remodeling. However, most studies have focused on the anterior teeth, with fewer investigations addressing molar extraction sites. Therefore, we aimed to describe ridge changes following molar extraction and investigate how alveolar bone morphology influences ridge dimensional changes. In this retrospective study, we included a total of 199 alveolar sockets from 192 patients with molar extractions and obtained the corresponding cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images 0-3 months pre extraction and 6-12 months post extraction. The results showed significant resorption of the alveolar bone following molar extraction. We found that anatomical characteristics significantly affect the dimensions of the alveolar bone after molar extraction. Specifically, the loss of alveolar bone dimensions was greater when the initial overall relative bone loss (RBL) was severe or when the difference between buccal and lingual/palatal walls was greater.

Comparative Three Years Field Study of Planting Material Generated Through Tissue Culture and Conventional Fasciculated Root of Safed Musli

Aims: The present study was aimed to investigate comparison between conventional and tissue culture raised plantlets of safed musli at field condition. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in completely randomized block design with 8 repetitions. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted during the kharif season for three consecutive years (2018-19, 2019-20 and 2020-21) at Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Station, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat. Methodology: Uniform sizes of single sprouted fasciculated root and 30-35 days old secondary hardened plantlets were used as conventional planting materials and tissue culture raised plantlets respectively. Morpho-physiological parameters at 30, 60 and 90 days after transplanting and yield and quality attributing parameters were recorded after harvesting. Results: The analysis of variance exhibited that significant difference among the planting materials during the individual years in most of the parameters. Conventional planting materials produced more vigorous growth behaviour in terms of leaves per plant, chlorophyll content and leaf area than tissue culture raised. Maximum number of fasciculated root per plant (13.72), length (9.43 cm), girth (2.70 cm), fresh (21.31 g) and dry (3.03 g) weight with greater dry recovery rate (14.99 %) and saponin content (2.16 %) was exhibited in conventional planting materials. The same planting materials were also registered higher survival rate (80.59 %) at field condition than tissue culture raised (59.38 %) planting material. Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggested that conventional plating materials to be choose for safed musli cultivation in kharif season for greater survival and higher yield. There is a need to be strengthening the present in vitro protocol and acclimatization process of safed musli.

High-throughput phenotyping of wheat root angle and coleoptile length at different temperatures using 3D-printed equipment

BackgroundInnovation in crop establishment is crucial for wheat productivity in drought-prone climates. Seedling establishment, the first stage of crop productivity, relies heavily on root and coleoptile system architecture for effective soil water and nutrient acquisition, particularly in regions practicing deep planting. Root phenotyping methods that quickly determine coleoptile lengths are vital for breeding studies. Traditionally, direct selection for root and coleoptile traits has been limited by the lack of suitable phenotyping methods, genetic and phenotypic complexity, and poor repeatability in sampling. In this study, we innovated a method utilizing 3D printing technology to measure root angle and coleoptile length in wheat seedlings. We evaluated seedlings from eight different wheat genotypes across varying temperatures and validated our findings through image processing techniques.ResultsThe analysis of variance in root architecture revealed significant differences among genotypes for root angle. Temperature treatments also significantly influenced shoot length, number of roots and total root length. The Tosunbey genotypes exhibited the highest root angle and the lowest root angle was observed in Altindane genotypes. Additionally, we observed that increasing the temperature led to an increase in seedling root length. Similarly, the coleoptile architecture analysis showed significant differences among genotypes in coleoptile length, leaf length, number of roots, and total root length. Temperature treatments and deep sowing applications significantly affected these traits as well. The Tosunbey and Müfitbey genotypes exhibited the longest coleoptile length, whereas the Nevzatbey genotype showed the shortest.ConclusionSelecting for a narrow root angle and a high number of seminal roots can result in deeper, more branched root systems. Furthermore, developing wheat genotypes with longer coleoptiles can enhance plant production and early vigor, particularly with deep sowing. Our method, using the eqiupments producing by 3D printing technology enables high-throughput phenotyping of wheat roots and coleoptiles, offering new insights into root and coleoptile system regulation at different temperature conditions. This method can be seamlessly integrated into breeding programs to enhance drought tolerance, rapidly phenotyping populations for root and coleoptile characteristics.

Evaluation of Honey as a Rooting Adjuvant for Cutting Propagation of Three Common Nursery Crops

Plant propagation is a labor-intensive process in the nursery and greenhouse industry, with labor accounting for 41.4% of expenditures in 2019—$4.8 billion of the $11.6 billion total. Labor availability remains a critical issue, and current methods of applying root-promoting compounds to cuttings often yield inconsistent rooting responses. This research investigated honey as a rooting adjuvant and its effects on rooting in Red Cascade™ miniature rose (Rosa ‘MOORcap’), common camellia (Camellia japonica), and southern magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora ‘Little Gem’). For Red Cascade™ rose, adding honey to water-soluble indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) solutions did not improve root counts compared to IBA alone. However, 1000 µL∙L⁻1 IBA produced more roots than 250 µL∙L⁻1 IBA. Camellia and magnolia cuttings were treated with multiflora, Manuka, or commercial honey, alongside IBA rates of 0 to 4500 µL∙L⁻1. In camellia, honey type or auxin rate did not significantly affect rooting, but local and multiflora honey combined with higher IBA rates increased root counts. For magnolia, multiflora honey improved both root number and quality, outperforming other treatments. While honey showed limited benefits for camellia and rose, multiflora honey demonstrated potential economic advantages for magnolia propagation, enhancing root quality and quantity for producers.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СПЕКТРАЛЬНОГО СОСТАВА СВЕТА НА МИКРОКЛОНАЛЬНОЕ РАЗМНОЖЕНИЕ ЗЕМЛЯНИКИ САДОВОЙ (FRAGARIA × ANANASSA DUCH.) IN VITRO

The purpose of research is to study the effect of the spectral composition of light on the proliferation and rooting of shoots during microclonal propagation of the garden strawberry of a neutral day, the Cabrillo variety. The study was carried out in 2021–2022 in the Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center of Agricultural Biotechnology of the Far East named after A.K. Chaika”. The object of the study is the microshoots of garden strawberry of the remontant variety of neutral light day Cabrillo (Cabrillo) in in vitro culture under different light spectrum. The following lighting options were used for strawberry micropropagation: 1 – phyto-rack with white LED lamps (SPB-T5-eco) in combination with LED phyto-lamps (SPB-T8-Fito); 2 – phytoshelf of LLC ELSIS BelGU with LED lighting of the X-bright Fito series; 3 – phytoshelving of LLC AVTech with white fluorescent lamps (TL-D 36W / 33-640, Phillips) in combination with phytolamps (L 36W/77 Fluora, Osram). Illumination was measured with a TKA Luxmeter (Russia), and the irradiance level was measured with a TKA-Spectrum (FAR) spectrophotometer (Russia). The experiment took into account the number of shoots formed, the number of leaves, the number of roots; the height of the plants, the length of the roots were measured under different lighting conditions. Illumination with LED lamps with predominance of red light in the spectrum (option 2) ensured the regeneration of the largest number of garden strawberry shoots; the multiplication factor was 8.0 per explant. For the rooting stage, the best lighting option was also the 2nd option with LED lamps, in which strawberry plants of maximum height (4.5 cm) and a large number of roots (8.5 pieces) were formed. The largest number of roots (8.6 pcs.) was formed in plants under LED lighting with predominance of the blue spectrum (1st variant). In microclonal propagation of remontant garden strawberries of a neutral day, variety Cabrillo, it is more efficient to use LED irradiators for lighting than fluorescent ones.

Correlation Studies in Early Clonal Generation under Water Logging Condition in Sugarcane for Yield and Its Attributing Traits

An experiment was carried out during 2021-22 at Sugarcane Research Institute, Dr. RPCAU, Bihar using 24 clones that were planted in augmented design along with two checks. Data was recorded for the nine characters. There was a positively significant correlation found among cane yield and the following characteristics: cane diameter at harvest, number of millable canes at harvest, germination percentage at 45 days after planting, and number of shoots at 120 days after planting. Whereas, the number of aerial roots per node showed a negative correlation with cane yield. Traits viz., germination % at 45 days after planting, number of shoots at 120 days after planting, cane diameter at harvest, single cane weight, number of millable canes at harvest, HR Brix in November had direct and positive effect on cane yield, among these, number of millable canes at harvest showed highest direct and positive effect followed by single cane weight on cane yield, whereas, plant height at harvest, number of aerial roots per node, HR Brix in December and January showed negative direct effect on cane yield. The characters that showed significant correlation and positive direct effect can be selected further to obtain higher cane yields in sugarcane.

Utility of the radiological report function of an artificial intelligence system in interpreting CBCT images: a technical report.

The aim of this technical report was to assess whether the "Radiological Report" tool within the Artificial Intelligence (AI) software Diagnocat can achieve a satisfactory level of performance comparable to that of experienced dentomaxillofacial radiologists in interpreting cone-beam CT scans. Ten cone-beam CT scans were carefully selected and analyzed using the AI tool, and they were also evaluated by two dentomaxillofacial radiologists. Observations related to tooth numeration, alterations in dental crowns, roots, and periodontal tissues were documented and subsequently compared to the AI findings. Kappa statistics, along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals, were calculated to ascertain the degree of agreement. The agreement between the AI tool and the radiologists ranged from substantial to nearly perfect for identifying teeth, determining the number of roots and canals, assessing crown conditions, and detecting endodontic treatments. However, for tasks such as classifying bone loss, identifying posts, evaluating the quality of fillings, and appraising the situation of periodontal spaces, the agreement was deemed slight. The "radiological report" tool of the Diagnocat demonstrates satisfactory performance in reliably identifying teeth, roots, canals, assessing crown conditions, and detecting endodontic treatment. However, further investigations are needed to evaluate the tool's effectiveness in diagnosing posts, assessing the condition and quality of fillings, and determining the status of periodontal spaces.

DEVELOPING A COST-EFFECTIVE MICROPREDATION PROTOCOL FOR TWO CARNATION (DIANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS L.) VARIETIES UNDER IN VITRO CONDITIONS

A successful attempt was made through this investigation to develop a cost-effective protocol for two varieties of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) ornamental plants named Clove Pink and Scarlet. Healthy and vigorous cultures were established by inoculating axillary buds on MS medium after a successful disinfestation process by sterilizing in 2.5% NaOCl for 10 minutes. The microshoots were multiplied by testing different benzyladenine (BA) and kinetin concentrations. Luckily, the best multiplication parameters were achieved with MS medium free of growth regulators, which will reduce the propagation costs. The higher number of shoots (11.60 shoots/ explant), leaves (59.80 leaves/ explant), and longest shoots (10.90 cm) when grown on MS medium without Plant growth regulators (PGRs), Additionally, the clove pink variety on MS medium with 1.5 mg l-1 BA and Scarlet variety grown on MS-free of PGRs respectively. A 100% percent rooting was achieved for both varieties when 1.5 mg l-1 Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was added to the culture media. The same NAA concentration for scarlet variety microshoots resulted in the highest number of roots (26.2 roots/explant) and the longest roots (9.0 cm). Successful acclimatization was observed by transferring the well-rooted plantlets to greenhouse conditions while putting them in peat moss

Spatial-Temporal Dynamics of Adventitious Roots of Typha domingensis Pers. Seedlings Grown with Auxin/Cytokinin.

The spatial-temporal dynamics of an in vitro radicular system of Typha domingensis for the development of rhizofiltration technologies, with the potential for use as a phytotreatment of eutrophicated water, were studied for the first time in the roots of seedlings and in rhizotron systems. The effect of indole-3-acetic acid (AIA) in combination with kinetin (CIN) or 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) on seedlings cultivated in the light and dark in three radicular systems and in a rhizotrophic regime for the screening of dynamic rhizogenic lines, by weekly allometric measurements of the length and number of roots, were studied. Inhibition of the elongation and branching velocities of roots by BAP and light was observed but CIN increased elongation and branching. In rhizotrons cultivated in light and dark conditions with different AIA/CIN ratios, isolated root explants remained inactive; however, roots attached to a meristematic base presented a significant increase in growth development, with values comparable to those of roots attached to seedlings cultivated in light without hormones. The results revealed that six adventitious rhizogenic root lines with basal meristems have the potential for use in a wide range of environmental and innovative applications in phytotreatment technologies involving eutrophicated water.

Genome-wide association study and genomic prediction of root system architecture traits in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) at the seedling stage

Root system architecture (RSA) plays an important role in plant adaptation to drought stress. However, the genetic basis of RSA in sorghum has not been adequately elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the genetic bases of RSA traits through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and determine genomic prediction (GP) accuracy in sorghum landraces at the seedling stage. Phenotypic data for nodal root angle (NRA), number of nodal roots (NNR), nodal root length (NRL), fresh shoot weight (FSW), dry shoot weight (DSW), and leaf area (LA) were collected from 160 sorghum accessions grown in soil-based rhizotrons. The sorghum panel was genotyped with 5,000 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for use in the current GWAS and GP studies. A multi-locus model, Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification (FarmCPU), was applied for GWAS analysis. For GP, ridge-regression best linear unbiased prediction (RR-BLUP) and five different Bayesian models were applied. A total of 17 SNP loci significantly associated with the studied traits were identified, of which nine are novel loci. Among the traits, the highest number of significant marker-trait associations (MTAs) was identified for nodal root angle on chromosomes 1, 3, 6, and 7. The SNP loci that explain the highest proportion of phenotypic variance (PVE) include sbi32853830 (PVE = 18.2%), sbi29954292 (PVE = 18.1%), sbi24668980 (PVE = 10.8%), sbi3022983 (PVE = 7%), sbi29897704 (PVE = 6.4%) and sbi29897694 (PVE = 5.3%) for the traits NNR, LA, SDW, NRA, NRL and SFW, respectively. The genomic prediction accuracy estimated for the studied traits using five Bayesian models ranged from 0.30 to 0.63 while it ranged from 0.35 to 0.60 when the RR-BLUP model was used. The observed moderate to high prediction accuracy for each trait suggests that genomic selection could be a feasible approach to sorghum RSA-targeted selection and breeding. Overall, the present study provides insights into the genetic bases of RSA and offers an opportunity to speed up breeding for drought-tolerant sorghum varieties.

Effect of gamma irradiation of seeds on the development of Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants

Relevance. The modern direction of bean breeding is focused on increasing the protein content in seeds and green beans, as well as vitamins, folic acid, biologically active substances and antioxidants, improving organoleptic properties and reducing the content of anti-nutritional substances. When creating the initial material for breeding, the following traits are important: resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, stable high yield, technological effectiveness, bush type and upright form, high symbiotic activity. An effective approach to increasing the genetic diversity of the initial material is radiation mutagenesis.Purpose of research. To study the effect of γ-irradiation of seeds on germination, morphometric parameters and duration of phenophases of Russian bean varieties and to determine the optimal dose of γ-radiation for the radiation mutagenesis protocol.Materials and Methods. Objects of the study – 3 bean varieties bred by Omsk State Agrarian University. The seeds were γ-irradiated (source – 60Co) at doses of 50–200 Gy (dose rate 60 Gy/hour). The seeds were germinated under controlled conditions; germination energy and germination were assessed. The hypocotyl length, number and length of roots were measured in seedlings. The duration of development phases and productivity of plants were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed in R (ver. 4.3.3) and MS Office Excel 2019.Results. Hormesis effect was noted for 50 Gy γ-irradiation dose, which was manifested in higher values of germination energy and seed germination (variety Pamyati Ryzhkova), hypocotyl length (variety Marusya and Pamyati Ryzhkova) and in a decrease in the phenophases duration (variety Omskiy Rubin). Gamma irradiation at all applicable doses statistically significantly inhibited root development. Root length, as the most sensitive parameter to radiation, was chosen to calculate the dose causing a 50% growth reduction (RD50). For the Marusya variety, RD50 was 40 Gy, for the Pamyati Ryzhkova and Omsky Rubin varieties - 60 Gy.Conclusion. Variety specificity was established in the reaction to seed irradiation. Doses of 50 Gy or less (10-50 Gy) can be used to study the hormetic effects of γ-irradiation of bean seeds. Doses of 100 and 200 Gy turned out to be lethal. Starting doses of 40-60 Gy are recommended for the radiation mutagenesis protocols of Russian bean varieties.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of PkNRT Gene Family in Korean Pine (Pinus koraiensis).

The utilization of nitrogen (N) is crucial for the optimal growth and development of plants. As the dominant form of nitrogen in temperate soil, nitrate (NO3-) is absorbed from the soil and redistributed to other organs through NO3- transporters (NRTs). Therefore, exploration of the role of NRTs in response to various NO3- conditions is crucial for improving N utilization efficiency (NUE). Here, we present a comprehensive genome-wide analysis and characterization of the NRT gene family in Korean pine, an invaluable tree species cultivated extensively in northeastern China. A total of 76 PkNRTs were identified in Korean pine and further divided into three subfamilies (NRT1/NPF, NRT2, and NRT3) based on phylogenetic analysis. All PkNRTs were distributed on 11 chromosomes, with multiple tandem duplications observed. The tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that most PkNRTs showed differential expression in six vegetative tissues. Furthermore, a significantly greater number of lateral roots was observed in seedlings under nitrogen-deficient conditions, accompanied by an increase in both total root biomass and root length. The temporal expression profiles of 16 PkNRTs in seedling roots revealed that four PkNRTs, PkNPF5.6, PkNPF5.13, PkNPF6.1, and PkNPF6.2, exhibited significantly upregulated expression under the NO3- deficiency condition, whereas robust induction was observed for PkNPF1.1, PkNRT2.6, and PkNRT3.3 upon the NO3- sufficiency condition. The expression patterns of the PkNRTs suggest their potential diverse roles as key participants in root NO3- uptake under varying NO3- conditions during root development. These findings would provide a theoretical foundation for further investigations into the functions of PkNRTs in Korean pine.

Determination of optimal gamma radiation dose for mutation breeding in 'Sabz' fig (Ficus carica L.) cuttings based on radiosensitivity and phenotypic changes.

The dried fig cv. Sabz of Iran, distinguishes out among the several fig cultivars for its unique characteristics and excellent properties. The aims to this study were 1) Carefully monitoring the resulting phenotypic changes in growth patterns, leaf morphology, shoot traits, root characteristics, and other relevant traits after irradiated with different gamma rays; 2) Investigating the LD25, 50, 75 and GR25, 50, 75 values at different gamma radiation doses for chose optimum dose. According to our results, the LD50 was 70 Gy, while the LD25 and LD75 were approximately 48 and 95 Gy, respectively. Data analysis revealed that higher doses, ranging from 50 to 90 Gy, led to a reduction in leaf area for fig hardwood cuttings compared to those exposed to lower doses of gamma irradiation (10, 20, 30, and 40 Gy). In fig cuttings, the plant height gradually decreased in line with increasing irradiation doses up to 60 Gy. Among the root traits, root number was particularly influenced by higher radiation doses. On other hand, when fig cuttings were exposed to a 40 Gy radiation dosage, the average root count dropped by 50%. However, when fig cuttings were subjected to a 90 Gy radiation dose, the average root count surged by 90.7% in comparison to the control treatment. Additionally, the GR50 values were 63 Gy for internode length, 67 Gy for leaf area and 56 Gy for plant height and aerial biomass. However, the GR50 values for root number, root volume, and root biomass were 46 Gy, 57 Gy, and 51 Gy, respectively. An analysis based on the GR25, GR50, and GR75 values indicated that plant height, aerial biomass and root biomass exhibited greater sensitivity to radioactivity in comparison to other plant portions of the fig. According to the biological responses in the 'Sabz' fig, 60 Gy of gamma radiation is a suitable dose for initial mutagenesis studies.

Investigation of the Effects of Rooting Medium and IBA Concentration on Rooting and Shoot Development of Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spp.) Cuttings

In this study, the effect of different rooting mediums (peat moss, peat + sand, peat + loam) and IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) concentration was investigated on hardwood cuttings taken from Bougainvillea glabra, Bougainvillea spectabilis, and Bougainvillea x buttiana species. The cuttings were treated with 0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/l IBA. Statistical evaluation was performed according to a randomized block experimental design with three factors and three repetitions. The results showed that Bougainvillea x buttiana cuttings had the highest number of roots, root fresh weight, longest shoot length, and shoot fresh weight. Cuttings grown in 100% peat medium had the highest rooting percentage, root number, root dry weight, leaf number, and shoot fresh weight. Regarding IBA concentrations, the cuttings treated with 3000 ppm IBA had the highest number of roots, root length, and root fresh weight. Furthermore, in all of the Bougainvillea species, the highest rooting percentage and leaf number were observed in cuttings treated with 2000 ppm IBA. Notably, Bougainvillea x buttiana cuttings treated with 1000 ppm IBA dose and planted in peat medium provided the longest shoot length, highest shoot fresh weight, and shoot dry weight. In conclusion, the findings show that the growing medium has a statistically significant effect on the rooting and root quality of cuttings and that it would be useful to investigate various rooting hormones, dasages and rooting media to increase rooting and shoot development. Considering growing medium plays a crucial role in plant growth, it can be stated that further improvements in rooting and growth can be realized via utilizing the enhanced physical and chemical properties of peat-based mixtures.

Impact of Different Growth Medium on Germination and Growth Characteristics of Papaya (Carica papaya L.) cv. Red Lady in Jalandhar District of Punjab, India

The experiment was set up in Agriculture Research Farm Sant Baba Bhag Singh University, Jalandhar in the years 2021–2022. This area is in the short, cold, and dry agroclimatic zone. Papaya seeds were sown on 24 September 2021 in polybags and transplanted to the field on 21 March 2022. During the papaya growing season, the mean daily temperatures varied between 280C to 350C, and the relative humidity 75 percent. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design with 6+1 (control) treatment replicated thrice. T0: Garden Soil, T1: Soil+ Poultry Manure (3:1), T2: Soil+ Neem Cake (3:1), T3: Soil + Vermicompost (3:1), T4: Soil+ F.Y.M (3:1), T5: Soil+ Cocopeat (3:1) and T6: Soil +Perlite (3:1) were used as treatments in different ratio. From the present investigation, it was found that treatment [T4 : Soil + FYM (3:1)] was found best in the terms of the least time required for imbibition (4.8 days), germination percentage (32.33), seedling height (7.3 and 9cm), number of leaves (6.6 and 7.3), seedling vigour (31.54), number of roots (6.6 and 8.6), root length (6.6cm), survival percentage (32.54) and rate of seedling emergence (26.26).