Number Of Protozoa Research Articles

КОРРЕКЦИЯ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ РУБЦОВОГО ПИЩЕВАРЕНИЯ И ОБМЕНА УГЛЕВОДНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ У КОРОВ-ПЕРВОТЕЛОК В УСЛОВИЯХ БИОГЕОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОВИНЦИИ

The purpose of the study is to develop a scheme for correcting the indicators of rumen digestion and metabolism of carbohydrate compounds in first-calf heifers under the conditions of the biogeochemical province of the Sarafanovo farm in the Chelyabinsk Region. In the soil samples of this farm, against the background of a lack of trace elements, an increased content of iron was found – by 3.2–4.3 times; nic–kel – by 14.4–91.4 % relative to the maximum permissible concentration. In the conditions of a biogeochemical province, a significant number of first-calf heifers show a violation of all types of metabolism. The decrease in blood sugar levels by 41.3 % compared with the norm is explained by disorders of digestion and carbohydrate metabolism. The introduction of beet molasses, brewer's yeast, Vitartil into the diet of first-calf heifers made it possible to normalize the indicators of rumen digestion and carbohydrate metabolism. The increase in the number of protozoa in the rumen content of experimental animals by 2.9 times compared with the control was accompanied by an increase in the content of volatile fatty acids – by 29.9 %. Against the background of correction in first-calf heifers, there was a significant increase in blood glucose with a simultaneous decrease in the activity of 1,6 diphosphate aldolase by 35.9 %, which is a favorable factor contributing to an increase in the rate of regulation of glycolysis in general, and is confirmed by a decrease in the level of lactic and pyruvic acids in first-calf heifers by 17.5 and 12.9 %, respectively. In the blood of the experimental group of first-calf heifers, there was a decrease in nickel salts by 12.8 % (P < 0.05) compared with the control group, which is associated with the sorption properties of Vitartil. The therapy carried out in this farm made it possible to increase milk productivity in the experimental group of cows by 18.1 %, as well as the reproductive function.

New manufacturing technology for rumen-protected fat using Apis mellifera beeswax: yield, characterization, and ruminant feeding.

This study aimed to develop, characterize, and validate an encapsulant based on beeswax (BW) for rumen-protected fat (RPF) using the melting emulsification technique. Buriti oil (BO) was used as the core material, and BW was used as the encapsulating material at three different proportions of BW:BO (9:1, 4:1, and 2:1g/g ratio respectively). RPF microspheres (BWBO9:1, BWBO4:1, and BWBO2:1) were characterized and tested in six 3-year-old castrated male Santa Ines sheep (average body weight of 56.5 ± 5.23kg), fistulated and cannulated in the rumen, and randomly distributed in double Latin square design with 3 treatments × 3 periods. The microencapsulation efficiency increased with the addition of BO in the RPF ranging from 73 to 83%. There was a significant linear increase in the dry matter degradability (DMD) of BWBO2:1 (p < 0.05), stabilizing 12h after the incubation of RPF in the rumen. BWBO4:1 showed a positive quadratic effect (p < 0.05) on DMD, peaking 6h after incubation. BWBO9:1 showed the lowest DMD rate among RPF, maintaining DMD stable over the incubation time with no statistical difference over the 72h (p > 0.05). BWBO9:1 promoted the lowest rumen pH compared to BWBO2:1 and BWBO4:1 (p < 0.05). The inclusion of BWBO2:1 in the diet provided the highest number of protozoa (p < 0.001) when compared to the sheep fed BWBO4:1 and BWBO9:1. There was no effect of incubation time on rumen pH and temperature. However, the protozoa count showed a quadratic effect with lower numbers of protozoa at 3h, and higher amounts at 6 and 48h. (p < 0.05). The use of RPF significantly altered the serum glucose (p < 0.001) with higher concentrations for BWBO2:1 and BWBO4:1 when compared to BWBO9:1. Lower blood triglyceride concentrations were observed in sheep fed BWBO2:1 (p < 0.001) when compared to BWBO4:1 and BWBO9:1. Beeswax matrix showed to be an efficient microencapsulant for BO using the melt-emulsification technique. The BWBO2:1 rumen-protected fat is best recommended for sheep diets because it increases energy density, rumen microorganisms and degradability without affecting rumen health.

The effects of garlic as a feed additive on ruminal fermentability and ruminant performance: A meta-analysis

Garlic exhibits antimicrobial activity and it may serve as a feed additive for ruminants, yet quantitative summaries of its effects are lacking. Therefore, the current study evaluated the addition of various garlic products as feed additives on ruminal fermentability and ruminant performance using a meta-analysis method. The database was compiled from 37 articles with 157 comparison studies in Scopus and PubMed. The data sets were analysed using a random-effects model in OpenMEE software and the bias publication was evaluated by using Jeffreys's Amazing Statistics Program (JASP) software. The results revealed that garlic significantly increased the percentage of propionate, butyrate, valerate and iso-butyrate, as well as the total number of rumen bacteria, dry matter intake, crude protein intake and ruminant average daily gain (p < 0.05). In contradiction, garlic addition in ruminant feeds led to decreases in methane production, percentage of acetate, the ratio of acetate to propionate, in vitro neutral detergent fibre digestibility and the total number of protozoa (p < 0.05). The subgroup analysis indicated that garlic oil, garlic powder and garlic bulb decreased methane emissions, while garlic powder and garlic bulb raised the percentage of propionate. In conclusion, garlic products altered the percentage of total volatile fatty acids and total number of rumen microflora, while increasing the feed intake and body weight gain. Thus, garlic products could be used as a dietary additive to support sustainable ruminant animal production.

The Use of Water Hyacinth Leaves Supplementation in Ruminant Feed on Methane, Protozoa, VFAs and Fatty Acids Ruminal Fluid in Vitro

This study aims to determine the effect of water hyacinth leaves supplementation in ruminant feed parameters of fermentation, and fatty acids ruminal fluid in vitro. The experiment consists of six treatments, R0: no water hyacinth + 30% concentrate; R1: 1% water hyacinth leaves + 29% concentrate; R2: 2% water hyacinth leaves + 28%; R3: 3% water hyacinth leaves + 27% water hyacinth leaves; R4: 4% water hyacinth leaves + 26% concentrate; R5: 5% water hyacinth leaves + 25% concentrate. The fermentation was conducted at 39oC for 72 hours using gas production technique. The results indicated that giving of 4% water hyacinth leaves and 26% concentrate of MCFA could reduce the number of protozoa and methane production (P&lt;0.05) and increase propionate acid. It can be concluded that use of 4% water hyacinth leaves and 26% concentrate could reduce methane gas production and quantity of protozoa and also could increase propionate acid in rumen fermentation in vitro.

Oat Brewery Waste Decreased Methane Production and Alters Rumen Fermentation, Microbiota Composition, and CAZymes Profiles.

The transformation of oat brewery waste (OBW) into livestock feed could be a potential replacement for the expensive concentrate and one of the effective approaches for avoiding health hazards due to the accumulation of oat brewery waste in the environment. To explore the potential of OBW as a methane (CH4) mitigating agent, an in vitro study was undertaken to investigate the effect of graded replacement of concentrate with OBW on CH4 production, microbiota, feed fermentation, and CAZymes. A total of five treatments with variable proportions of OBW were formulated. The results indicated a linear decrease in the total gas production and a 38-52% decrease in CH4 production with a 60 and 100% replacement of concentrate with OBW. The inclusion of OBW also affected the abundance of microbes such as Firmicutes, Euryarchaeota, Methanobrevibacter, and protozoa numbers. This study demonstrated that OBW can partially replace the concentrate and effectively mitigate CH4 production; however, the concurrent decrease in fermentation cautioned for the partial replacement of concentrate with OBW at an appropriate level at which the fermentation remains unaffected while decreasing CH4 production. Therefore, waste from oat breweries can contribute to curtailing the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere.

Correlations between the degree of infection by wild strain of Toxoplasma gondii in vitro and porcine hematological parameters

The apicomplexa Toxoplasma gondii is capable of actively proliferating in numerous types of nucleated cells, and therefore has a high potential for dissemination and resistance. Thus, the present work aimed to correlate the inoculum concentrations and amount of post-infection parasites with porcine hematological parameters (including biochemistry) through in vitro culture. Porcine blood was incubated with different concentrations of parasites (1.2 × 107, 6/3/1.5 × 106 cells/mL), then the concentrations of red blood cells (RBC) and their morphology, total and differential leukocytes, and free peptides were evaluated. In addition, eight different blood samples analyzed before inoculation, where subsequent multivariate analysis was applied to correlate different variables with trophozoite concentration. The results showed no significant variation (p < 0.05) in the relative levels of free peptides, or the relative percentage of RBC at all the parasite concentrations tested. However, the normalized percentages of leukocytes and neutrophils showed a significant reduction, while those of lymphocytes, eosinophils and monocytes showed the opposite behavior. Semi-automatic processing of images exhibited significant microcytosis and hypochromia. The multivariate analysis revealed a positive correlation between the amount number of protozoa (AP) and the variables: “Red cells” and “Neutrophils”, an indifference between the AP and the content of free peptides, and the concentration of monocytes in the samples; and a negative correlation for AP and the percentages of lymphocytes and eosinophils. Our results suggest that specific changes in hematological parameters may be associated with different degrees of parasitemia, demanding a thorough diagnostic process and adequate treatment.

Ruminal fermentation characteristics and methane emissions with the addition of Cassia spp. extract to a total mixed ration based on corn stover

This study evaluated the effects of the addition of four different Cassia species extracts to a total mixed ration (TMR) composed of corn stover on the characteristics and methane emissions in vitro. The design used was a randomized complete block design (RCBD), with the source of inoculum derived from rumen fluid taken from three sheep serving as groups in the treatment. The concentrations of Cassia siamea, C. fistula, C. surattensis, and C. spectabilis extracts added to the TMR based on corn stover were 2 mg/mL. Every treatment was repeated three times. The variables observed were in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD); microbial protein synthesis (MPS); volatile fatty acid (VFA) content; acetate, propionate, and butyrate levels; gas production; methane; and populations of methanogen bacteria and protozoa. The study showed that the addition of Cassia spp. extract to TMR at a dose of 2 mg/mL increased (P &lt;0.05) the IVDMD, IVOMD, N-NH3, and total bacterial population but decreased the total and partial VFA, methanogenic bacteria, and the number of protozoa. The addition of C. surattensis extract reduced methane emissions by 13.11% compared with those of the controls based on the percentage of total gas or 14.9% based on mL/g DOM (P &lt;0.05). In conclusion, Cassia spp. extract is a potential agent for reducing methanogenesis in the rumen.

Investigation of Boron Addition to Dried Alfalfa In Vitro Ruminal Profile and Potential for Reducing Enteric Methane Emission

The aim of our study is to investigate the effects of increasing doses of boron on methane gas production amounts, short chain fatty acids level, protozoa number and organic matter digestibility in vitro with HFT (Hohenheim Futterwert Test) technique. In vitro incubation was performed in the Hohenheim Gas test method at 39°C for 24 hours in the study. Dried alfalfa was used as substrate for fermentation. Increasing doses of boron were used on fresh rumen fluid, buffer solution and dried alfalfa. In the study, 54 syringes were used for a total of 6 groups, including 1 control and 5 trial ( B1: 25 ppm boric acid, B2: 50 ppm boric acid, B3: 100 ppm boric acid, B4: 200 ppm boric acid, B4: 500 ppm boric acid). The measurement of methane gas at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24th hours of boric acid addition at increasing doses was found to be significant the difference between the groups at each hour under in vitro rumen conditions. When we look at the effect of the dose; Increasing doses appear to reduce methane production for each measured hour. The difference between the measured hours (except the 24th hour) of each group was not significant. However, the difference between the groups was found to be significant in the methane measurement made only for the 24th hour. At the 24th hour of fermentation under in vitro rumen condition, acetic acid and total short chain fatty acid values were linearly and cubically affected. With increasing doses of boron, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid and valeric acid values were linearly affected The total number of protozoa was not affected by the addition of increasing doses of boron at the 24th hour of fermentation under in vitro rumen conditions. Consequently, the addition of boric acid at increasing doses in in vitro rumen conditions decreased methane production and positively affected the amount of some short-chain fatty acids, organic matter digestibility and total short chain fatty acids. In the light of these findings, it was emphasized that boron has the potential to reduce methane emissions from ruminant animals, considering the greenhouse gas effect.

Effects of feeding different dietary rates of mixed fodder beet tops-wheat straw silage on the performance of Holstein lactating cows.

Rations containing different rates of the mixed fodder beet tops-wheat straw silage (BS), instead of corn silage (CS), were given to 30 mid-lactation Holstein cows (all in parity 2) to measure the effects on feed consumption, milk production efficiency, milk chemistry, urinary purine derivatives (PD), blood chemistry, antioxidant levels, and in vitro methane (CH4) emission. The BS was prepared by mixing the fodder beet tops with wheat straw at a ratio of 9:1 based on fresh weight. The experimental design was completely randomized (one 28-d period with 21-d adaptation) using 30 cows (10 animals/treatment) and 3 treatments. The treatments were 1) a diet containing CS only (25g/100g DM) (CSD), 2) a diet containing 50% CS (12.5g/100g DM) and 50% BS (12.5g/100g DM) (CBSD), and 3) diet containing BS only (25g/100g DM) (BSD). Each animal (as an experimental unit) was housed individually in the tie stall and had ad libitum access to its diet. Dietary replacing 50% of CS with BS showed no significant differences in milk production, fat-corrected milk, fat and protein yields, feed efficiency, and apparent digestibility, however, these variables were less (P < 0.05) in the cows fed with BSD. Cows fed on BSD had less intakes of DM, organic matter, crude protein, and neutral detergent fiber but greater oxalic acid intake and blood urea-N, as compared to the other cows. Milk percentages of fat, protein, lactose, urea N, blood serum glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, Ca, and P, as well as in vitro ruminal pH, were not affected by the diets. Saturated fatty acids concentration was less and monounsaturated FA and polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) was greater in the milk of cows receiving CBSD, compared to the other groups. The inclusion of both BS rates in the diet decreased the in vitro gas production, protozoa number, and CH4 emission in comparison to the control. Cows fed BSD had decreased levels of urinary allantoin, PD excreted or absorbed, and estimated microbial-N synthesis than the control and CBSD-fed groups. The milk and blood total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the animals fed CBSD was the maximum among the cows. Overall, under the current experimental conditions, replacing 50% of dietary CS with BS did not affect milk production, but increased milk PUFA, as well as blood and milk TAC, and decreased in vitro CH4 emission, so it's feeding to lactating Holstein cows is recommended.

The combined effect of ultrafine particles of cobalt and manganese oxides and Origanum vulgare herb extract on ruminal digestion in vitro.

At present, detailed studies are being conducted to confirm the safety of the use of metal-containing ultrafine particles (UFP) in animal feeding, preventing the possibility of negative effects on productive qualities and physiological state, as well as on the environment and final consumer, that is, humans. Thus, the purpose of this research was to study the safety of cobalt- and manganese-containing UFP (UFP Co3O4, Mn2O3 UFP) together with Origanum vulgare (PB) herb extract in a bioluminescence inhibition test, as well as the effect of this composition on ruminal digestion in vitro. The safety of the studied samples was determined using a multifunctional microplate analyzer TECAN Infinite F200 (Tecan Austria GmbH, Austria), recording the luminescence value of the bacterial strain Escherichia coli K12 TG11 (Ecolum, JSC NVO Immunotech, Russia). Dry matter (DM) digestibility studies were performed using the in vitro method on an "artificial rumen" model using an ANKOM Daisy II incubator unit (AD II; USA). The number of protozoa in ruminal fluid was counted in a Goryaev chamber. The bacterial mass was assessed by differential centrifugation followed by drying. This method is based on differences in the sedimentation rate of particles that differ in size and density. UFP Co3O4 and Mn2O3 at concentrations above 1.5 × 10-5 and 1.9 × 10-3 mol/L, respectively, have a pronounced bactericidal effect, suppressing more than 50% of the luminescence of E. coli K12 TG1. The combined use of UFP metals and plant extract increases the luminescence of the test object, indicating its safety. The combined use of UFP and PB increases the digestibility of feed DM in vitro and the number of protozoa in 1 mL of ruminal fluid; however, the combination of UFP Mn2O3 + PB (13.8%) yielded the best result, which is recommended for further in vivo research. Origanum vulgare extract reduces the toxicity of UFP Co3O4 and Mn2O3 in vitro, indicating that their combined use is safer.

Cytological and microbiological investigations of professional hygiene efficiency in patients with generalized periodontitis.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of occupational hygiene procedures for microbiological and cytological contents of periodontal pockets. Material and Methods: Cytological and microbiological content of the periodontal pockets before treatment and after professional hygiene procedures including scaling with hand instruments and root cementum polishing have been investigated in patients with periodontitis. Results: According to obtained data it can be resumed that in periodontitis patients with the depth of pockets 3-5,5 mm before professional hygiene all the pockets contain great number of Cocci, Spirochetes, Candida Albicans, Flagellated rods and Protozoa species. It was proved by revealing of small amount of Polymorphonuclear leukocytes with active phagocytosis. After scaling and planing of the roots, a decrease in the number of Protozoa and Candida Albicans was observed in 97% and 72% of the investigated cells, respectively. Conclusions: Cytological and microbiological content of periodontal pockets before treatment and after professional hygiene procedures including scaling and root planning testify to the level of local protective mechanisms, especially process of phagocytosis and virulence of microbial species in periodontal pockets.

Effect of Padina gymnospora biowaste inclusion on in vitro methane production, feed fermentation, and microbial diversity.

In vitro studies were undertaken aiming to study the methane (CH4) mitigation potential of biowaste (BW) of Padina gymnospora at the graded inclusion of 0% (C), 2% (A2), 5% (A5), and 10% (A10) of the diet composed of straw and concentrate in 40:60 ratio. The chemical composition analysis revealed that the BW contained higher crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and ether extract (EE) than the PF (fresh seaweed, P. gymnospora). The concentration of cinnamic acid, sinapic acid, kaempferol, fisetin p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, and luteolin in BW was 1.5-6-folds less than the PF. Inclusion of BW decreased (P < 0.0001) CH4 production by 34%, 38%, and 45% in A2, A5, and A10 treatments, respectively. A decrease (P < 0.0001) of 7.5%-8% in dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility was also recorded with the BW supplementation. The BW inclusion also decreased the numbers of total (P = 0.007), Entodinomorphs (P = 0.011), and Holotrichs (P = 0.004) protozoa. Metagenome data revealed the dominance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Fibrobacter microbial phyla. At the phylum level, Euryarchaeota dominated the archaeal community, whereas Methanobrevibacter was most abundant at the genus level. It can be concluded that the inclusion of BW in straw and concentrate based diet by affecting rumen fermentation, protozoal numbers, and compositional shift in the archaeal community significantly decreased CH4 production. Utilization of biowaste of P. gymnospora as a CH4 mitigating agent will ensure its efficient utilization rather than dumping, which shall cause environmental pollution and health hazards.

Comparative Rumen Metagenome and CAZyme Profiles in Cattle and Buffaloes: Implications for Methane Yield and Rumen Fermentation on a Common Diet.

A study was undertaken to compare the rumen microbial community composition, methane yield, rumen fermentation, and CAZyme profiles between cattle and buffaloes. The primary aim of this study was to ascertain the impact of the host species on the above when diet and environmental factors are fixed. A total of 43 phyla, 200 orders, 458 families, and 1722 microbial genera were identified in the study. Bacteroidetes was the most prominent bacterial phylum and constituted >1/3rd of the ruminal microbiota; however, their abundances were comparable between cattle and buffaloes. Firmicutes were the second most abundant bacteria, found to be negatively correlated with the Bacteroidetes. The abundances of Firmicutes as well as the F/B ratio were not different between the two host species. In this study, archaea affiliated with the nine phyla were identified, with Euryarchaeota being the most prominent. Like bacterial phyla, the abundances of Euryarchaeota methanogens were also similar between the cattle and buffaloes. At the order level, Methanobacteriales dominated the archaea. Methanogens from the Methanosarcinales, Methanococcales, Methanomicrobiales, and Methanomassiliicoccales groups were also identified, but at a lower frequency. Methanobrevibacter was the most prevalent genus of methanogens, accounting for approximately three percent of the rumen metagenome. However, their distribution was not different between the two host species. CAZymes affiliated with five classes, namely CBM, CE, GH, GT, and PL, were identified in the metagenome, where the GH class was the most abundant and constituted ~70% of the total CAZymes. The protozoal numbers, including Entodiniomorphs and Holotrichs, were also comparable between the cattle and buffaloes. Results from the study did not reveal any significant difference in feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and rumen fermentation between cattle and buffaloes fed on the same diet. As methane yield due to the similar diet composition, feed ingredients, rumen fermentation, and microbiota composition did not vary, these results indicate that the microbiota community structure and methane emissions are under the direct influence of the diet and environment, and the host species may play only a minor role until the productivity does not vary. More studies are warranted to investigate the effect of different diets and environments on microbiota composition and methane yield. Further, the impact of variable productivity on both the cattle and buffaloes when the diet and environmental factors are fixed needs to be ascertained.

Effect of different concentrations of oregano (&lt;i&gt;Origanum vulgare&lt;/i&gt;) extract on rumen digestion &lt;i&gt;in vitro&lt;/i&gt;

Residual antimicrobial substances resulting from the overuse of growth-promoting antibiotics in animal feed pose an emerging threat to human health and the environment. Plant extracts containing essential oils in general, and in particular Origanum vulgare extract, are a potential alternative to feed antibiotics, contributing to the growth of productive potential, due to their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. They can inhibit the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms, causing conformational changes in cell membranes. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to study the effect of different dosages of O. vulgare extract on the digestibility of diet components and the composition of volatile fatty acids in the rumen content under in vitro conditions. Three dosages of the oregano extract were tested in the experiment: 0.5; 1; 10 ml/l. The results of the present study indicate that small doses of O. vulgare extract do not lead to metabolic shifts in the rumen digestion. High dose (10 ml/l), on the contrary, reduces the total number of protozoa. The average dose load of 1 ml/l leads to an increase in digestibility to 72.63% and the concentration of infusoria to 555.56 thousand pcs/ml. Thus, based on the results obtained, it follows that the inclusion of the O. vulgare extract in a dose of 1 ml/l enhances metabolic processes in the rumen, leading to better digestion of feed. The dosage of 10 ml/l, the maximum of the tested, provided an increase in the concentration of the volatile fatty acids. However, when using 1 ml/l of O. vulgare, the most significant changes in the concentration of the volatile fatty acids occurred.

Effects of Artemisia ordosica Crude Polysaccharide on Antioxidant and Immunity Response, Nutrient Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation, and Microbiota in Cashmere Goats.

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with Artemisia ordosica crude polysaccharide (AOCP) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant and immunity capacity, rumen fermentation parameters, and the microbiota of cashmere goats. A total of 12 cashmere goats (2 years old) with similar weight (38.03 ± 2.42 kg of BW ± SD) were randomly divided into two dietary treatments with six replicates. The treatments were as follows: (1) control (CON, basal diet); and (2) AOCP treatment (AOCP, basal diet with 0.3% AOCP). Pre-feeding was conducted for 7 days, followed by an experimental period of 21 days. The results showed that the ADG; feed/gain (F/G); and the digestibility of DM, CP, and ADF of cashmere goats in the AOCP group were greater than in the CON group (p < 0.05). Still, there was no significant effect on the digestibility of EE, NDF, Ca, and P (p > 0.05). Compared to the CON group, AOCP increased BCP, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate, and TVFA concentrations (p < 0.05), but it reduced the protozoa numbers of acetate and A/P (p < 0.05). The serum CAT, GSH-Px, T-SOD, 1L-6, and NO levels were higher in AOCP than in the CON group (p < 0.05). The addition of AOCP increased the Sobs and Ace estimators (p < 0.05) and reduced the Simpson estimator in the ruminal fluid compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the AOCP group increased the colonization of beneficial bacteria by positively influencing GSH-Px and IL-6 (norank_f__F082, unclassified_p__Firmicutes), as well as bacteria negatively associated with F/G (norank_f__norank_o__Bacteroidales, unclassified_p__Firmicutes, and norank_f__F082). It decreased the colonization of potential pathogenic bacteria (Aeromonas and Escherichia-Shigella) (p < 0.05) compared to the CON group. In conclusion, 0.3% AOCP improves the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant status, immune function, rumen fermentation, and microflora of cashmere goats.

Diversity of the infusoria symbiofauna of cattle

Infusoria from the digestive tract of herbivorous mammals have been known to science for almost a century and a half. However, protozoans remain an understudied group of rumen dwellers in ruminants. In cattle, in a multi-chambered stomach, in addition to microorganisms (fungi and bacteria), there are a large number of protozoa (infusoria), which also participate in the digestive processes that support the vital activity of the body. Endobiontic infusoria take an active part in the digestion of complex carbohydrates, fiber, in the breakdown of indigestible polysaccharides, which are essential sources of energy for animals. In this regard, the study of the species and quantitative composition of the infusoria fauna of cattle bred in the Far North, as one of the factors of sustainable adaptation to extreme conditions, is of great scientific and practical interest.This article presents the results of a study of endobiontic infusoria of cattle breeds bred in Yakutia. A total of 36 species have been identified and described in 12 genera and 3 families. It was found that the genus Entodinium and the genus Isotricha were the most represented in the Yakut cattle, while the genus Entodinium and Euplodiniumin are in the crossbred and cultivated cattle. The smallest genus in all groups are Polyplastron and Metadinium.

Weight and protozoa number but not bacteria diversity are associated with successful pair formation of dealates in the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus.

New colonies of Formosan subterranean termites are founded by monogamous pairs. During swarming season, alates (winged reproductives) leave their parental colony. After swarming, they drop to the ground, shed their wings, and male and female dealates find suitable nesting sites where they mate and become kings and queens of new colonies. The first generation of offspring is entirely dependent on the nutritional resources of the founder pair consisting of the fat and protein reserves of the dealates and their microbiota, which include the cellulose-digesting protozoa and diverse bacteria. Since termite kings and queens can live for decades, mate for life and colony success is linked to those initial resources, we hypothesized that gut microbiota of founders affect pair formation. To test this hypothesis, we collected pairs found in nest chambers and single male and female dealates from four swarm populations. The association of three factors (pairing status, sex of the dealates and population) with dealate weights, total protozoa, and protozoa Pseudotrichonympha grassii numbers in dealate hindguts was determined. In addition, Illumina 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the QIIME2 pipeline were used to determine the impact of those three factors on gut bacteria diversity of dealates. Here we report that pairing status was significantly affected by weight and total protozoa numbers, but not by P. grassii numbers and bacteria diversity. Weight and total protozoa numbers were higher in paired compared to single dealates. Males contained significantly higher P. grassii numbers and bacteria richness and marginally higher phylogenetic diversity despite having lower weights than females. In conclusion, this study showed that dealates with high body weight and protozoa numbers are more likely to pair and become colony founders, probably because of competitive advantage. The combined nutritional resources provided by body weight and protozoa symbionts of the parents are important for successful colony foundation and development.

Effects of algae derived pure β–Glucan on In vitro rumen fermentation

The major purpose of this study was to determine how varying doses of algae-derived pure β–glucan affected in vitro gas generation, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, methane production, and protozoa populations. Different doses of β–glucan [i.e., 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg feed (DM basis)] were applied to corn silage as experimental treatments. After 6–96 hours of incubation, the dose of 200 mg/kg of DM β–glucan reduced total gas production compared to control (P&amp;lt;0.01). The concentration of total VFA decreased quadratically (P&amp;lt;0.01) as the amount of β–glucan inclusion decreased (except for 200 mg/kg DM) when compared to the control group. The total VFA concentration was found to be the lowest (P&amp;lt;0.01) at 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg DM β–glucan than the other doses. Propionate and butyrate concentrations increased linearly (P&amp;lt;0.01) in the β–glucan supplemented groups, except for the 50 mg/kg DM dosage. When compared to the control group, all doses of β–glucans lowered acetate and the acetate: propionate ratio linearly and quadratically (P&amp;lt;0.01). The addition of β–glucans reduced the number of protozoa linearly (except at the lowest dose) and reduced the methane generation linearly and quadratically (P&amp;lt;0.01). The concentration of NH3-N did not differ (Linear, P=0.12; Quadratic, P=0.19) between treatments. The key findings were that β–glucan acted as a rumen modulator, and levels of more than 50 mg/kg of feed DM functioned as a potential methane regulator in the rumen due to reduced acetate and acetate to propionate ratio.

Fermentability and Digestibility of Dairy Cattle Ration Containing Corn-NFC, Protected Soybean and Sulfur Supplementation

Protein is an essential nutrient for dairy cattle in order for them to produce milk. Ruminant protein value can be maximized by feeding autoclave-protected soybeans, non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) from corn, and sulfur supplementation. The purpose of this study was to see how protected soybean protein, NFC corn, and Na2SO4 supplementation affected the fermentability and digestibility of dairy cattle rations. This study used a randomized block design with five treatments: rations without corn and soybeans (R1), rations with corn but no soybeans (R2), rations with corn and soybeans (R3), rations with corn and autoclave-protected soybeans (R4), and rations with corn, autoclave-protected soybeans, and sulfur supplementation (R5) (R5). As replications, the treatments were repeated four times. The ANOVA was used to analyze the data, which was then followed by an orthogonal contrast test. The treatment had no effect on pH, protozoal number, dry matter, or organic matter digestibility. Although treatment R3 produced significantly more ammonia (P0,05) than R4 and R5, R5 produced the most VFA and total bacteria. It can be concluded that rations containing protected soybean and corn as NFC sources, as well as sulfur supplementation, increase fermentability while decreasing in vitro digestibility.

Effect of Using Slow-Release Urea on Food Compound Digestion Coefficient and some Rumen and Blood Fluid Traits in Awassi Lambs

I completed this study in the fields of the Department of Animal Production - College of Agriculture and Forestry - University of Mosul to find out the effect of adding slow-release urea to the concentrated diet gradually instead of rapidly release urea in an attempt to improve the efficiency of feed utilization and improve rumen conditions and the reflection of that Digestion of compounds and nutrients in rams using 4 Awassi lambs aged between 9-12 months distributed into four treatments fed on a concentrated diet close in energy and protein content and different in its content of urea that It was gradually replaced by slow-release urea (menogen) where the first treatment (1.5% urea only), the second treatment (1% urea and 0.6% slow decomposition urea), the third treatment (0.5% urea and 1.2% slow decomposition urea) and the fourth (1.8% slow decomposition urea only) took the study took four e×perimental periods, each period lasting 19 days (14 days introductory period and 5 days sample collection period) with a cross over design. The digestibility coefficient of dry matter ingested was (74.74, 75.91, 76.14 and 75.87%), and the digestibility coefficient of protein reached (85.67, 86.70, 87.89 and 88.29) % and the coefficient of fiber digestion (29.64, 28.96, 49.53 and 41.43) % respectively for the four coefficients. The results did not indicate significant differences in the pH value of rumen fluid before feeding and two hours after feeding. While the results indicated significant differences (p<0.05) in the concentration of ammonia in the rumen liquid before feeding, where it amounted to 4.95, 6.07, 5.0 and 5.52 mmol / 100 mol, and significant differences were noted (p<0.05) in the number of bacteria before feeding, as it amounted to (45.25, 25.75, 13.25 and 26.50103× / ml), and two hours after feeding amounted to (22.50, 19.75 and 48). 75 and 52,00103× (/ ml and the numbers of protozoa before feeding, as it amounted to (12.00, 4.50, 6.00 and 7.00) 103× / ml and two hours after feeding, as it amounted to (5.25, 7.75, 12.75 and 6.50) 103× / ml rumen fluid respectively and the fourth. Through the results, it was noted that there is a positive effect of adding menogen to the diets of Awassi lambs in digestion and some characteristics of the rumen.