Number Of Flies Research Articles

Influence of Environmental Pollution and Living Conditions on Parasite Transmission among Indigenous Ecuadorians.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of environmental pollution and the living conditions of indigenous Ecuadorians on the transmission of enteroparasites in an Andean agricultural area located at high altitude. Environmental pollution was recorded after observation in each community. The parasites were identified by microscopic sediment analysis using physiological saline solution from macerated arthropods, washed vegetables, and human stools, utilizing four coproparasitological techniques (direct examination, Kato–Katz, ether concentration, and Ziehl–Neelsen). The results show that the inadequate disposal of human and animal excreta that contaminate soil and water, incorrect food hygiene, inadequate sanitary infrastructure in houses, a lack of animal veterinary care, and rodent proliferation are important reservoirs of zoonotic parasites. The use of excrement as fertilizer increases the number of flies, which act as mechanical vectors, and vegetables grown in areas with disperse infective parasitic forms act as vehicles that are marketed at the local, regional, and international levels. These analyses verify contamination levels of 52.7% in mechanical vectors, 70.6% in vegetables, and 98.2% in human stools. The agricultural communities analyzed maintained poor hygienic–sanitary and environmental conditions, which had a significant influence on the transmission of enteroparasites that affect human health.

Correlation of The Total Population of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Larva with The Population of The House Fly (Musca domestica) in Chicken Feces

The increase in the house fly population (Musca domestica) indicates pollution from chicken farms due to the chicken feces produced. The house fly population from farms can be reduced by using Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae, but the exact number of BSF larvae has yet to be discovered to reduce the house fly population. This study aims to determine the presence of BSF larvae in chicken feces waste media in inhibiting the population of house flies. The research sample used 7-day-old BSF larvae from fishing for BSF flies from nature using organic waste to lay eggs and produce larvae. The research method used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment without the addition of larvae (P0), 100 grams (P1), 200 grams (P2) and 300 grams (P3) into 1 kg of chicken feces stocked in a 50 cm x 50 cm container. The variable observed was the number of house flies perched on each treatment's feces. The results showed that the number of flies that landed on chicken feces with the addition of 0 g, 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g BSF larvae was 34.33±12.09, 22.33±10.21, 16.33 ±2.08 tails, 11.00±2.64 individuals. Based on the results of statistical analysis, it was found that the population of the house fly was significantly reduced (P0.05) between the addition of 0 grams of BSF larvae, 100 grams, 200 grams and 300 grams. The results of the study concluded that the more BSF larvae added, the less population of house flies perched around chicken feces. The presence of BSF larvae weighing 200 g per kg of chicken feces can reduce the population of flies that perch on chicken feces by 52%.

Evaluation of Organic, Food-Grade Hydrophobic Coatings for Suppressing Oviposition and Increasing Mortality of Western Cherry Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Newer organic options for protecting fruit from tephritid fruit fly attack are needed to reduce extensive insecticide use. Here, we evaluated organic, food-grade hydrophobic coatings that help protect sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) from water-induced cracking for suppressing attack on cherries by western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (Diptera: Tephtitidae), as well as for their effects on fly mortality. Three formulations of coatings called HydroShield 13.20, 13.22, and 13.28 that form invisible elastic barriers on cherries and that consist of complex carbohydrates, fatty acids and occlusive agents, solvents, emulsifiers, emollients, surfactants, and other ingredients were tested. In the laboratory, fly visits on and oviposition in HydroShield-coated cherries were 66.1-92.8% and 59.1-99.5% lower, respectively, than in controls. The mean number of dead female flies exposed to HydroShield-coated cherries was 69.4-94.6% greater than of females exposed to control cherries. In the field, three sprays of HydroShield 13.22 and 13.20 on sweet cherry trees in 2020, when fly densities were high, reduced larval infestations in cherries by 32.1% and 31.8%, respectively. In the field in 2021, when fly densities were lower, three sprays of HydroShield 13.22 and 13.28 reduced infestations in cherries by 90.5% and 86.8%, respectively, but sprays also reduced cherry size and toughened cherries. HydroShield formulations show promise in protecting sweet cherry from attack by R. indifferens, but further testing is needed to improve formulations so that they suppress fly oviposition without affecting cherry quality.

Field margins and botanical insecticides enhance Lablab purpureus yield by reducing aphid pests and supporting natural enemies.

Botanical insecticides offer an environmentally benign insect pest management option for field crops with reduced impacts on natural enemies of pests and pollinators while botanically rich field margins can augment their abundance. Here, we evaluated the non‐target effects on natural enemies and pest control efficacy on bean aphids in Lablab of three neem‐ and pyrethrum‐based botanical insecticides (Pyerin75EC®, Nimbecidine® and Pyeneem 20EC®) and determine the influence of florally rich field margin vegetation on the recovery of beneficial insects after treatment. The botanical insecticides were applied at the early and late vegetative growth stages. Data were collected on aphids (abundance, damage severity and percent incidence) and natural enemy (abundance) both at pre‐spraying and post‐spraying alongside Lablab bean yield. The efficacy of botanical insecticides was similar to a synthetic pesticide control and reduced aphid abundance by 88% compared with the untreated control. However, the number of natural enemies was 34% higher in botanical insecticide‐treated plots than in plots treated with synthetic insecticide indicating that plant‐based treatments were less harmful to beneficial insects. The presence of field margin vegetation increased further the number of parasitic wasps and tachinid flies by 16% and 20%, respectively. This indicated that non‐crop habitats can enhance recovery in beneficial insect populations and that botanical insecticides integrate effectively with conservation biological control strategies. Higher grain yields of 2.55–3.04 and 2.95–3.23 t/ha were recorded for both botanical insecticide and synthetic insecticide in the presence of florally enhanced field margins in consecutive cropping seasons. Overall, these data demonstrated that commercial botanical insecticides together with florally rich field margins offer an integrated, environmentally benign and sustainable alternative to synthetic insecticides for insect pest management and increased productivity of the orphan crop legume, Lablab.

Environmental mutations in the Campo focus challenge elimination of sleeping sickness transmission in Cameroon.

Sleeping sickness is still prevalent in Campo, southern Cameroon, despite the efforts of World Health Organization and the National Control Programme in screening and treating cases. Reducing disease incidence still further may need the control of tsetse vectors. We update entomological and parasitological parameters necessary to guide tsetse control in Campo. Tsetse flies were trapped, their apparent densities were evaluated as the number of flies captured per trap per day and mapped using GIS tools. Polymerase chain reaction based methods were used to identify their trypanosome infection rates. Glossina palpalis palpalis was the dominant vector species representing 93.42% and 92.85% of flies captured respectively during the heavy and light dry seasons. This species presented high densities, that is, 3.87, 95% CI [3.84-3.91], and 2.51, 95% CI [2.49-2.53] flies/trap/day in the two seasons. Moreover, 16.79% (of 1054) and 20.23% (of 1132 flies) were found infected with at least 1 trypanosome species for the 2 seasons respectively, Trypanosoma congolense being the most prevalent species, and Trypanosoma. brucei gambiense identified in 4 samples. Tsetse flies are abundant in Campo and present high trypanosome infection rates. The detection of tsetse infected with human trypanosomes near the newly created palm grove show workers' exposition. Tsetse densities maps built will guide vector control with 'Tiny Targets'.

Use of lures with a mix of sweet and fetid odors for catching Musca domestica L. in domestic environments

The housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera; Muscidae), is an insect closely associated with human activities in urban and rural environments and is thus a crucial factor in the transmission of various fecal–oral pathogens. The use of traps for monitoring and controlling these species in indoors is often limited by the fetid nature of the chemical attractants commonly used. A recent study demonstrated the attraction of houseflies to terpenoids, which are perceived by humans as a sweet odor. The aim of this study was to test pleasant smelling compounds such as terpinolene, α-terpinene and linalool mixed with others (acetic, butyric, isovaleric and hexanoic acid, indole and dimethyl trisulfide) known to attract houseflies to obtain a lure that could be acceptable in domestic environments. Experiments were carried out in the laboratory, using olfactometer, and in two rooms of 32 m3 and 108 m3, each resembling domestic environments using trap bioassays. The results showed that the volatile blend tested elicited attraction in the olfactometer and increased the number of flies captured by the traps. In the smaller room, the lure demonstrated efficacy for two weeks from the start of the experiment, while in the larger room the number of captured flies was higher than in the control traps only during the first week. The results confirmed the attraction of the flies to the traps baited with the blend, the application of the lures in domestic environments can be taken into consideration as a new alternative tool for trapping this pest.

The vinasse and yellow trap as an alternative in the ecological control of radish (Raphanus sativus L.). A practical approach

The objective was to determine the dose for whitefly control. The methodology is based on applied re-search, so the Completely Randomized Block Design was implemented, consisting of 3 blocks and 5 treatments which were: T1 0, T2 10, T3 20, T4 30 and T5 with 40 mL of vinasse/1.6 m2, these were applied from the first week to the fourth week with doses of 10 mL of vinasse/32 mL of water/week/1.6 m2. The physical characteristics of the crop, the number of flies trapped in the trap and the percentage of damage to the radish crop were also evaluated and statistically evaluated using the analysis of variance and Duncan's statistical method. It was determined that the T5 treatment with 40 mL/1.6m2 excelled in the most optimal results, which were the following values: Crops affected:31.67 %, whiteflies per trap:7, crop size: 26.58 cm, plant weight:37.26 g, agricultural yield:7.008 t/ha and bulb diameter:3.15 cm. It is concluded that the application of vinasse is an agro ecological alternative for whitefly control, with the best results being observed with treatment T5.

Origin and potential for overwintering of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) captured in an official survey in Germany

Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) is a polyphagous plant pest organism causing serious damage on more than 300 fruit types. Although the medfly is present in Europe, it is so far not established in Germany. In the years 2015–2017, an official survey was conducted by the German Federal Plant Protection Organisations to elucidate the current occurrence of this organism in Germany. While in 2015 only small numbers of flies were captured in traps situated in all German Federal States, a peak of 188 specimens could be trapped in 2016 with a decline to 29 specimens in 2017. Highest abundance of the fruit fly was detected in Southern Germany and at a single spot east of Berlin. The present study aimed to identify the origin of the trapped fruit flies and to assess the general potential of the species for overwintering in Germany. Using two approaches with cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI), Sanger barcoding sequencing first and subsequent analysis of ten small simple repeat microsatellite loci from literature, the worldwide spread of C. capitata describing three phases could be retraced by analysing samples from Germany and 11 other countries. German and French populations were found to build the most recent stage of this species distribution. Specimens trapped in Germany obviously resulted from different introduction events. They most strongly resembled populations from France and Croatia but were not identical to these populations. We found strong evidence that specimens captured between 2016 and 2017 could not overwinter in Germany.

Mating Competitiveness of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) Males From a Genetic Sexing Strain: Effects of Overflooding Ratio and Released Females.

The oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a global pest that infests a range of fruit and vegetables. Males are attracted to methyl eugenol, and control is often achieved by the Male Annihilation Technique, where methyl eugenol + insecticide dispensers are deployed to eliminate males, preclude matings, and reduce population growth. The Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) has also been used to control B. dorsalis. The SIT involves the release of mass-reared, sterilized males to achieve matings with wild females, who then produce inviable eggs. Two key elements of SIT include the overflooding ratio achieved (sterile: wild males) and the strain type utilized, namely bisexual or genetically sexed (allowing male-only releases). Here, we describe the effects of these two factors on the mating competitiveness of a males from a genetic sexing strain of B. dorsalis, termed DTWP. Mating success was scored for DTWP versus wild males in field cages at ratios of 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 10:1 both when DTWP females were or were not concurrently released with DTWP males. Close correspondence was found between observed numbers of matings of particular male-female combinations and expected numbers based on the numbers of flies released of each sex and each strain. As a result, the proportion of total matings achieved by the DTWP across the eight treatments showed a corresponding increase with overflooding ratio. At a given ratio, DTWP males had a higher relative mating success when DTWP females were absent rather than present, although the reason for this was unclear.

Alkaline hydrolyzed torula yeast as an attractant for Anastrepha obliqua (Diptera: Tephritidae)

AbstractAcid hydrolyzed proteins with borax and torula yeast pellets are attractants commonly used for monitoring the West Indian fruit fly, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart). Alkaline hydrolysis of proteins has been poorly studied as a source of attractants for tephritids, despite it increasing the production of ammonia, a known attractant for A. obliqua and other tephritids. Laboratory experiments revealed a significantly greater response of flies to torula yeast alkalized with NaOH at pH 10.3, 11.3, 12.3 and 13.3 compared with torula yeast + borax at pH 9.15. Traps baited with alkalized torula yeast at pH 13.3 captured significantly higher numbers of flies than torula yeast at pH 10.3, 11.3 or 12.3. The emission of ammonia from these traps was positively correlated with pH. Anastrepha obliqua was less attracted to torula yeast at pH 13.3 when alkalized with KOH than with NaOH, although no significant differences were detected in the emission of ammonia. In mango orchards in Mexico, the mean number of A. obliqua flies per trap per day was higher for traps baited with torula yeast at pH 13.3 than for acid hydrolyzed protein + borax or torula yeast pellets containing borax. While ammonia emissions from torula yeast at pH 13.3 and acid hydrolyzed protein + borax were reduced after one week in the field, the ammonia emission of torula yeast pellets increased after one week to levels similar to those of the other attractants. Alkaline hydrolysis of torula yeast at pH 13.3 increased the release of ammonia, reduced the surface tension of the liquid and proved more effective at capturing A. obliqua flies in laboratory cages and mango orchards when compared with standard attractants. This preparation is simple, cheap and stable and could find application in monitoring programmes targeted at A. obliqua.

Chemotaxis and parasitism of the Neotropical fruit fly parasitoidGanaspis pelleranoican be altered by pre‐imaginal and imaginal conditioning to fruit volatiles

AbstractSearch behavior of parasitoids can be triggered by fruit volatiles’ perception and modified through pre‐imaginal and/or imaginal conditioning.Ganaspis pelleranoi(Brèthes) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) is an endoparasitoid of tephritid fruit flies of economic importance. Despite its relevance to agroecosystems, no studies about its learning processes have been done. Therefore, we conducted chemotaxis and parasitism bioassays to evaluate pre‐imaginal and imaginal learning, and memory retention ofG. pelleranoifemales to volatiles of guava (Psidium guajavaL., Myrtaceae) and apple (Malus domesticaBorkh., Rosaceae). Parasitoids conditioned as immatures were obtained fromAnastrepha fraterculus(Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae reared in apple or artificial diet. Parasitoids conditioned as adults were exposed to an apple substrate for 24 or 48 h, and tested after 1, 12, and 24 h. In the olfactometer, parasitoids were given a choice between guava and apple fruits (infested and uninfested). To assess parasitism, three units of parasitism were offered, which consisted ofA.fraterculuslarvae brushed with water, or with apple or guava pulp. Females preferred guava volatiles regardless of their pre‐imaginal conditioning. When adults were exposed to an apple substrate for 48 h, they preferred volatiles from this fruit for up to 12 h. Females that were conditioned for 24 or 48 h on apple volatiles parasitized more larvae in units with this substrate. Also, the number of flies that emerged from units with apple was lower for females conditioned for 48 h on the same fruit. Therefore, we conclude that pre‐imaginal conditioning in infested fruits was less important than the parasitoid experience to chemicals of fruit volatiles during the adult stage. Also, the longer the exposure of adults to odors, the greater the attraction to those odors and memory retention. Conditioning ofG.pelleranoifemales could be used as a strategy to improve future biocontrol programs of fruit flies.

Biodiversity and population density of fruit flies (Bactrocera sp.) at Kanke, Ranchi (Jharkhand)

Fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are considered as one of the most severe pest, which causes huge economic damage to crops, especially fruits and vegetables. Due to the infestation of fruit flies the local market value of the fruits and vegetables affects poorly. Not only that, but it also affects the demand and export potential of the fruits to several countries. Jharkhand contains highly rich plant diversity and a number of native fruit tree species, which have been threatened by a number of frugivore fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) will This half-yearly research studies on the biodiversity and population density of different fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Ranchi will help us to formulate management strategies.

Moth flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) of the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. and Podbeskydská pahorkatina Uplands, Czech Republic, III.

Abstract Here, we present the latest findings on moth fly (Psychodidae: Diptera) species richness in the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. and Podbeskydská Pahorkatina Uplands, based on both previously published and unpublished data and new samples collected between 2007 and 2020. Two species new to the fauna of the Czech Republic were recorded (Sycorax feuerborni Jung, 1954 and Jungiella (Jungiella) revelica Vaillant, 1972), bringing the total number of moth fly species in the Czech Republic to 180 (Ježek et al. 2021). In addition, five species were recorded for the first time in the area of interest: Trichomyia parvula Szabó, 1960 (second locality in the Czech Republic); Paramormia (Phyllotelmatoscopus) acuta (Krek, 1971) (third record in the Czech Republic); Philosepedon (Philosepedon) perdecorum Omelková & Ježek, 2012 (third locality and fourth record); Pericoma (Pericoma) ljubiniensis Krek, 1969 (second finding and third locality); Tonnoiriella pulchra (Eaton, 1893) (sixth area and first finding in the Czech Carpathians). The finding of Jungiella (Jungiella) valachica (Vaillant, 1963) confirms its historical occurrence in the region. In the latest survey, we collected 108 species from 29 localities, of which 16 are critically endangered, eight endangered and three vulnerable. Nine localities were evaluated as species-rich, i.e. Hluchý 1. (58 species), Vysutý 2. (56), Hluchý 2. (53), Vysutý 4. (49), Skalická Morávka 2. (46), Chladná voda 3. (44), Hluchý 3. (43), Morávka - spring and Obidová 1. (both 42). The total number of moth flies found within the Moravskoslezské Beskydy Mts. and Podbeskydská pahorkatina Uplands now stands at 124 species, representing 68.9 % of total Czech fauna.

Drosophila suzukii population dynamics and control efficiency of mineral dusts with a focus on grape protection

AbstractThe invasive pest Drosophila suzukii is threatening berry production. It is mainly managed via chemical control, which is associated with consumer and environmental concerns. Here, we tested the efficacy of mineral dusts under field and laboratory conditions in 2019 and 2020. Furthermore, population dynamics were studied in a vineyard and its surroundings. The kaolin products Cutisan and Surround®, as well as the CaCO3 product Carboliq, had neither insecticidal nor repellent effects on Drosophila suzukii adults in laboratory choice tests with grapes at concentrations of up to 2% (w/v). Cutisan and Surround® significantly reduced the number of deposited eggs (−41.9% and −49.3% respectively) while Carboliq had no effect on the oviposition under laboratory conditions. The Surround® treatment significantly reduced the number of flies trapped on 09 September 2020 at a test vineyard. Depending on the assessment date and treatment, between 59% and 84% of the flies in the bait traps were females. The number of eggs found in fruit treated with Carboliq in the field was higher at each assessment date than in the control but this difference was not statistically significant. Fruit treated with Cutisan or Surround® in the field showed an equivalent or lower average number of eggs compared with the control, but this difference was only significant on 24 September 2020. Between May 2015 and October 2020, the highest number of D. suzukii adults was observed around September in the field and a decline of the population occurred in the winter months until July. In epidemic years, temperature – humidity – combinations prior to population peaks were quite stable with low humidity being associated with a high temperature and vice versa. In non‐epidemic years, humidity fluctuated more than in epidemic years and temperatures were lower before population peaks. The effect of global radiation on population maxima seemed to be minor.

A novel mistranslating tRNA model in Drosophila melanogaster has diverse, sexually dimorphic effects.

Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are the adaptor molecules required for reading the genetic code and producing proteins. Transfer RNA variants can lead to genome-wide mistranslation, the misincorporation of amino acids not specified by the standard genetic code into nascent proteins. While genome sequencing has identified putative mistranslating transfer RNA variants in human populations, little is known regarding how mistranslation affects multicellular organisms. Here, we create a multicellular model of mistranslation by integrating a serine transfer RNA variant that mistranslates serine for proline () into the Drosophila melanogaster genome. We confirm mistranslation via mass spectrometry and find that misincorporates serine for proline at a frequency of ∼0.6% per codon. extends development time and decreases the number of flies that reach adulthood. While both sexes of adult flies containing present with morphological deformities and poor climbing performance, these effects are more pronounced in female flies and the impact on climbing performance is exacerbated by age. This model will enable studies into the synergistic effects of mistranslating transfer RNA variants and disease-causing alleles.

EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT HOMEMADE AND COMMERCIAL BAITS IN MONITORING OF FRUIT FLIES AT MARANTHANA, PYUTHAN, NEPAL

Fruits & vegetable commodities incur huge loss in field & postharvest conditions due to infestation by Tephritid Fruit Flies. The adult female flies lay eggs inside near maturity fruits & vegetables. The eggs hatch into apodous larvae which feed on the pulp; making them unfit for human consumption and marketing. Using male pheromone lures like Cue Lure & Methyl Eugenol Lure is one of novel techniques for annihilating male fruit flies only. Female flies can still mate & keep ovipositing fruits. So, an experiment was carried at Maranthana, Pyuthan, Nepal with 3 replications & 7 treatments to devise techniques for female fruit flies management. The experiment comprised of commercially used pheromones like Cue Lure & Methyl Eugenol Lure and 5 home based baits viz. Apple Cider Vinegar, Yeast fermented sugar, Tulsi Lure, Local Liquor Lure & Pumpkin Lure; all poisoned with Malathion, soaked in cotton wick and assembled in Lynfield traps. The experiment was completed in two trappings; 2021/04/18 to 2021/05/09 and 2021/04/16 to 2021/07/07; with similar results in both trappings. The commercial were able to attract the highest number of flies; all of which were male. Local liquor lure & tulsi lure attracted least number of male fruit flies. The Apple Cider Vinegar Lure and Yeast Lure attracted both male & female flies while pumpkin lure attracted only female flies of genus Zeugodacus. Results revealed that female flies of genus Zeugodacus tau & Z. cucurbitae could be attracted efficiently by making use of Apple Cider vinegar and Pumpkin.

Evaluation of different traps and lures combinations for monitoring and eco-friendly management of fruit fly (Bactrocera Spp) in peach orchards

Chemical insecticides have hazardous effects on human health and the ecosystem hence there is a dire need of the hour to use nonchemical eco-friendly tactics for the management of major insect pests. While the use of traps and other attract-and-kill devices in pest management strategies to reduce fruit fly (Tephritidae) populations has proved to be efficient, therefore the current study was designed to evaluate different fruit fly traps and lure combinations for monitoring and eco-friendly management of fruit fly (Bactrocera spp) in the peach orchard at Agriculture Research Institute Swat. Among the tested traps, cylindrical bottle traps trapped the highest number of fruit flies/trap (155 fruit flies/trap/week), followed by Fruition NOVA® trap (34 fruit flies/trap/week) and Yellow sticky trap (12 fruit flies/trap/week). Similarly, for different lures the sequence is Methyl eugenol (134 fruit flies/trap/week)> Methyl eugenol + Cue lure (95 fruit flies/trap/week)> Fruition lure (26 fruit flies/trap/lure)> Cue lure (14 fruit flies/trap/week), while among different traps and lures combination Cylindrical bottle trap impregnated with Methyl eugenol trapped the highest number of fruit flies (321 fruit flies/trap/week) while the lowest number of fruit flies was trapped by Yellow sticky traps impregnated with Cue lure (10 fruit flies/trap/week). Moreover, among different species trapped in the peach orchard during 18 weeks B. zonata was found to be the most abundant (80 fruit flies/trap/week), followed by B. invadense (45 fruit flies/trap/week), B. dorsalis (7 fruit flies/trap/week), B. cucurbitae (1 fruit fly/trap/week) and B. tau (1 fruit fly/trap/week) while trapping population remained highest in mid-season (July, 2021) and it remained lowest at onset (June, 2021) and end of the season (September, 2021).

Stocker Steer Gains and Fly Numbers as Impacted by Burn Date and Type of Mineral on Tallgrass Native Range – Year 3

This study aims to evaluate effectiveness of two operational management systems for steer gains and fly control. The first strategy evaluated was pasture burn date of March (MAR) or April (APR). The second management strategy was free-choice mineral with spices (SPICE) or without spices (CON). Eight pastures (n = 281 steers; initial weight 572 ± 75 lb) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial treatment structure. Steers were weighed individually, randomly assigned to treatment, and grazed for 87 days. Weekly, 33% of steers were photographed to count flies and evaluated for hair coat score. Neither the date of pasture burning nor the mineral type impacted cattle gains for all treatments. Cattle consuming mineral with spices had less flies through a majority of the grazing period. Even though SPICE cattle had less flies, the spice treatment did not result in improvements in gain as during the weeks where spice cattle had less flies than control, both treatments were over the economic threshold for horn flies (200 flies per steer). Additional years on this project will be completed to determine the effects of pasture burn date and addition of spices in mineral.

Morphometric Detection of Mango Fruit Fly Collected from Different Mango Growing Regions of Bangladesh

Thakurgaon districts during the period from April to June 2020 for morphometric detection of mango fruit fly collected from different mango growing regions of Bangladesh. Five locations of each Dinajpur and Thakurgaon district were selected and surveyed for collection of mango fruit fly. The samples were used in detecting the morphometric similarities/dissimilarities at the Entomology Laboratory of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University. The locations for collection of the samples in Dinajpur district were Biral, Bochagonj, Kaharole, Fulbari and Khanshama and in Thakurgaon were Sadar, Pirganj, Ranisankail, Baliadangi and Haripur. Data were collected on wing, head, thorax and abdomen of fruit flies and further study was ensured. The fruit fly samples were collected using pheromone trap (methyl-eugenol) at mango orchards. Four different species were morphometrically identified using stereomicroscope. Oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis), melon fruit fly (Zeugodacus cucurbitae), pumpkin fruit fly (Zeugodacus tau), and peach fruit fly (Bactrocerazonata) were the four species of fruit flies that were identified. Total 85.41% of oriental fruit flies were found in pheromone trap which was the highest in number among the collected species. However, 2.44 % of peach fruit fly were identified which was the lowest number of fruit fly. Moreover, 8.81% and 3.34% percent of melon fruit fly and pumpkin fruit fly were collected from pheromone trap respectively. Therefore, number of oriental fruit flies were highest compared to others. The highest infestations were observed at Dinajpur district compared to Thakurgaon district in mango orchard. Dinajpur district’s oriental fruit fly was larger compared to Thakurgaon district’s oriental fruit flies

Evaluation of the biological efficacy of the new insecticide of the chemical class diamide in the control of the number of cherry flies

Evaluation of the biological efficacy of the new insecticide of the chemical class diamide in the control of the number of cherry flies