String Of Numbers Research Articles

Nonsense and Unmusic

First thing. Without nonsense there is no sense. Without sense there is no nonsense. Without sense there is no sense. Without nonce there is no once. Without out end there is no begin in. Without redundancy the waves would surge in one direction only. Second thing. I want to play a language game with you, a game that starts with a passage from a story by Jorge Luis Borges, concerning a man with an absolutely perfect memory: Me dijo que hacia 1886 habla discurrido un sistema original de numeration y que en muy pocos dlas habla rebasado el veinticuatro mil. [...] En lugar de siete mil trece, decia (por ejemplo) Maximo Perez; en lugar de siete mil catorce, El Ferrocarril; otros eran Luis Melian Lafinur, Olimar, azufre, los bastos, la ballena, el gas, la caldera, Napoleon, Agustin de Vedia. En lugar de quinientos, decia nueve. [...] Yo trate de explicarle que esa rapsodia de voces inconexas era precisamente lo contrario de un sistema de numeration. Le dije que decir 365 era decir tres centenas, seis decenas, cinco unidades: analisis que no existe en los numeros El Negro Timoteo o manta de carne. Funes no me entendio o no quiso entenderme. He told me that in 1886 he had thought up his own original numbering system, and that in a very few days he had gone past the number 24,000. [...] Instead of 7013 he would say, for example, Maximo Perez; instead of 7014 he would say The Railroad; other were Luis Melian Lafinur, Olimar, sulfur, the saddle pads, the whale, the gas, the cooking pots, Napoleon, Agustin de Vedia. Instead of 500 he would say nine. [...] I tried to explain to him that this rhapsody of disconnected words was precisely the opposite of numbering system. I told him that to say 365 was to say three hundreds, six tens, five ones; an analysis that doesn't exist in the numbers The Negro Timoteo or meat blanket. Funes didn't understand me or didn't want to understand me. The game is to reverse Borges's premise: to imagine a language that consists entirely of numbers, by taking the Oxford English Dictionary and assigning to each of its more than 200,000 words. (171,476 words in current use, and 47,156 obsolete words, in the second edition.) So aardvark would be word number 10; zymurgy would have a very high number. If a new word were added to the language we could place it with decimal point 1, or 2, and so forth, added to the number of the word preceding it in the alphabet. Plurals and verb tense and and moods could be indicated by pronouncing a suffix such as plus or tilde or backslash after the word-number. So speech would consist of a string of numbers. It would take a long time to say a sentence, but if signifiers are perfectly arbitrary, it would be as easy to use as our normal version of the English language, for two people with a lot of time on their hands. And it would have the advantage that you write could poems with indeterminate words, such as 86, x5y, thereby creating a new form of discourse unavailable in standard English. But normal forms of nonsense, in the Jabberwocky or Finnegans Wake manner, would be impossible: you couldn't create a portmanteau between lithe and slimy, because you can't elide two in the way that you can elide two words. And there is no reason why the phonetic aspect of the word couldn't erode away into almost nothing: as became the common medium of speech, you would need no sounds except those needed to pronounce the numbers. Eventually the word aardvark wouldn't exist; there would only be 10, meaning an ant-eating snouted African beast. But ant, and eating, and snouted, and African, and beast, would also exist only as numbers. Maybe all connection between the and the concepts they were designed to represent would ultimately become wispy to the verge of non-being, and language would become Jacques Derrida's dream system, self-enclosed, hermetically sealed. …

Elementary Teacher Candidates' Use of Number Strings: Creating a Math-Talk Learning Community

This article presents the results of an exploratory study detailing 4 teacher candidates' initial implementations of a number string protocol in which they presented sequences of related problems to 3rd graders. We detail how the teacher candidates were taught the components of the protocol in their methods course and describe the math-talk (student-participation) levels that occurred during their 1st number string experience with their students. We coded the lesson transcripts for math-talk levels, which range from teacher-led to student-driven, and provide examples of the number strings and excerpts from the teacher candidates' reflections to illustrate our results. Results indicate that number strings are a supportive structure for beginning teachers as they facilitate math talk.

The effects of homonymous hemianopia in experimental studies of alexia

Pure alexia is characterized by an increased word-length effect in reading. However, this disorder is usually accompanied by right homonymous hemianopia, which itself can cause a mildly increased word-length effect. Some alexic studies have used hemianopic patients with modest word-length effects: it is not clear (a) whether they had pure alexia and (b) if not, whether their results could be explained by the field defect.Our goal was to determine if impairments in visual processing claimed to be related to alexia could be replicated in homonymous hemianopia alone.Twelve healthy subjects performed five experiments used in two prior studies of alexia, under both normal and simulated hemianopic conditions, using a gaze-contingent display generated by an eye-tracker.We replicated the increased word-length effect for reading time with right homonymous hemianopia, and showed a similar effect for a lexical decision task. Simulated hemianopia impaired scanning accuracy for letter or number strings, and slowed object part processing, though the effect of configuration was not greater under hemianopic viewing. Hemianopia impaired the identification of words whose letters appeared and disappeared sequentially on the screen, with better performance on a cumulative presentation in which the letters remained on the screen. The reporting of trigrams was less accurate with hemianopia, though syllabic structure did not influence the results.We conclude that some impairments that have been attributed to the processing defects underlying alexia may actually be due to right homonymous hemianopia. Our results underline the importance of considering the contribution of accompanying low-level visual impairments when studying high-level processes.

Airborne Monitoring of Ground Traffic Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

This article presents an airborne surveillance methodology to monitor the ground traffic and identify suspicious or abnormal behaviours using unmanned aerial vehicles. To track moving targets using an on-board moving target indicator, the tracking filter is designed along with sensor fusion and trajectory smoothing techniques to improve the estimation accuracy. Using the estimated car states, two behaviour recognition algorithms are introduced: (i) string pattern matching to find pre-defined suspicious behaviours in the car driving mode history (expressed as a string of numbers) and (ii) a statistical learning approach with domain knowledge given by road-map information. To verify the feasibility and benefits of the proposed approaches, numerical simulations on moving ground vehicles are performed using realistic car trajectory data from an off-the-shelf traffic simulation software.

Solving the large-scale hybrid flow shop scheduling problem with limited buffers by a hybrid artificial bee colony algorithm

This paper presents a novel hybrid algorithm (TABC) that combines the artificial bee colony (ABC) and tabu search (TS) to solve the hybrid flow shop (HFS) scheduling problem with limited buffers. The objective is to minimize the maximum completion time. Unlike the original ABC algorithm, in TABC, each food source is represented by a string of job numbers. A novel decoding method is embedded to tackle the limited buffer constraints in the schedules generated. Four neighborhood structures are embedded to balance the exploitation and exploration abilities of the algorithm. A TS-based self-adaptive neighborhood strategy is adopted to impart to the TABC algorithm a learning ability for producing neighboring solutions in different promising regions. Furthermore, a well-designed TS-based local search is developed to enhance the search ability of the employed bees and onlookers. Moreover, the effect of parameter setting is investigated by using the Taguchi method of design of experiment (DOE) to determine the suitable values for key parameters. The proposed TABC algorithm is tested on sets of instances with large scales that are generated based on realistic production. Through a detailed analysis of the experimental results, the highly effective and efficient performance of the proposed TABC algorithm is contrasted with the performance of several algorithms reported in the literature.

Joint resource allocation and relay selection via genetic algorithm in multi‐user decode‐and‐forward cooperative systems

This study presents a joint consideration of the relay subset selection, bandwidth allocation and power distribution in multi-user decode-and-forward cooperative networks. The upper bound for the optimisation problem considered is first determined by ignoring some constraints. Thereafter, a genetic algorithm (GA) is addressed to resolve the mixed-integer non-linear programming problem involved. To accommodate this joint consideration, each chromosome in the proposed GA is divided into an integer string for relay selection, and two real number strings for bandwidth allocation and power distribution. In addition, new crossover and mutation operations are employed for this new type of chromosomes. To alleviate the complexity overhead, a low-complexity two-stage implementation is also addressed. Conducted simulations show that both of the proposed GA and the two-stage implementation can attain close performance as the upper bound and outperform some representative previous works. The two-stage implementation is in particular appealing by exhibiting negligible performance degradation with reduced computations.

USE OF COMPUTER ASSISTANCE IN ORDER TO DESIGNATE THE TASKS IN THE MUNICIPAL SERVICES COMPANIES

In this article, the method of designating the tasks in the municipal services companies was described. Presented method consists of three phase: the preparatory phase, the optimization phase and the generated tasks phase. Each phase was characterized. In this paper, the mathematical model of this problem was presented. The function of criterion and the condition on designating the tasks were defined. The minimum route described in the optimization phase was designated by the genetic algorithm. In this paper, the stages of constructing of the genetic algorithm were presented. A structure of the data processed by the algorithm, a function of adaptation, a selection of chromosomes, a crossover, a mutation and an inversion were characterized. A structure of the data was presented as string of natural numbers. In selection process, the roulette method was used and in the crossover, process the operator PMX was presented. The method was verified in programming language C #. The process of verification was divided into two stages. In the first stage, the best parameters of the genetics algorithm were designated. In the second stage, the algorithm was started with these parameters and the result was compared with the random search algorithm. The random search algorithm generates 2000 routes and the best result is compared with the genetic algorithm. The influence of the inversion, the mutation and the crossover on quality of the results was examined.

Reviews: Hidden Structure: Music Analysis Using Computers and Music21: A Toolkit for Computer-Aided Musicology

Other| April 01 2014 Reviews: Hidden Structure: Music Analysis Using Computers and Music21: A Toolkit for Computer-Aided Musicology Hidden Structure: Music Analysis Using Computers, by David Cope. Computer Music and Digital Audio Series 23. Middleton, WI: A-R Editions, 2008. xxix, 344 pp. + 1 CD-ROM.Music21: A Toolkit for Computer-Aided Musicology, by Michael Cuthbert. Version 1.5, last modified May 11, 2013. http://web.mit.edu/music21/. Ian Quinn Ian Quinn Ian Quinn is Professor of Music at Yale University, where he teaches music theory, music cognition, and computational methods in music research. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the American Musicological Society (2014) 67 (1): 295–307. https://doi.org/10.1525/jams.2014.67.1.295 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Ian Quinn; Reviews: Hidden Structure: Music Analysis Using Computers and Music21: A Toolkit for Computer-Aided Musicology. Journal of the American Musicological Society 1 April 2014; 67 (1): 295–307. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/jams.2014.67.1.295 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of the American Musicological Society Search The Age of Big Data is here, and we in music studies find ourselves, as usual, both ahead of the curve and behind it. Like our cognate cousins in art history, film studies, and performance studies, we have reasonable excuse for lagging behind computational literati like Franco Moretti and Matthew Jockers, whose Stanford Literary Lab has been opening debates across the humanities1 and making headlines in the popular press. The excuse is technical: it is easy to transform literary texts into searchable data, and hard to do so for music. Insofar as the content of a novel is made out of words, it can be encoded as a long string of small numbers (representing letters and spaces) without losing any information. Even if we allow ourselves to believe that a musical score is an adequate representation of the content of a work, the encoding problem is vastly more complex.... You do not currently have access to this content.

THE USE OF HEURISTIC ALGORITHMS TO OPTIMIZE THE TRANSPORT ISSUES ON THE EXAMPLE OF MUNICIPAL SERVICES COMPANIES

In this article the main optimization problems in the municipal services companies were presented. These problems concern the issue of vehicle routing. The mathematical models of these problems were described. The function of criterion and the conditions on designating the vehicle routing were defined. In this paper the hybrid algorithm solving the presented problems was proposed. The hybrid algorithm consists of two heuristic algorithms: the ant and the genetic algorithm. In this paper the stages of constructing of the hybrid algorithm were presented. A structure of the data processed by the algorithm, a function of adaptation, a selection of chromosomes, a crossover, a mutation and an inversion were characterized. A structure of the data was presented as string of natural numbers. In selection process the roulette method was used and in the crossover process the operator PMX was presented. This algorithm was verified in programming language C #. The process of verification was divided into two stages. In the first stage the best parameters of the hybrid algorithm were designated. In the second stage the algorithm was started with these parameters and the result was compared with the random search algorithm. The random search algorithm generates 2000 routes and the best result is compared with the hybrid algorithm.

En Memoriam

En Memoriam Chelsea Biondolillo (bio) …how easy for us to believe in a single, concentrated cause for complexity, and how hard to find visceral satisfaction in the accretion of infinitesimal influence that is more often nature’s way. –T. Lewis, F. Amini, and R. Lannon, A General Theory of Love Memories have no bones or eyelashes. They are not objects in the same way that belt buckles and tree stumps and finch feathers are. They cannot be held like prisoners or evaded like authorities. And though I like to imagine I can marshal my own, memories are biologically unreliable and behaviorally inconsistent. As I stand on this basaltic mountain and look down the sloping green hillsides to the Atlantic Ocean, I will my mind to remember every detail of the experience. I take a quick burst of twenty digital pictures of everything I can see. I try to imprint the smells, the sounds, the way the sun feels different as it hits the Canary Islands, thirteen degrees closer to the equator than my current home in Wyoming. I’m supposed to be listening: a Spanish ecologist is giving a lecture on the [End Page 93] anthropogenic impacts upon Europe’s most diverse biogeography, but instead I’m staring down a small sparrow-like bird. It darts through the juniper bushes too quickly for a photo, so I want to memorize enough details to identify it later, when I’m back at my desk and field guides. All day, from the top of Cruz de Taborno Mountain, to the village of Taganana at its feet, I have kept all of my senses on alert with what I hope is permanent tape rolling in the back of my brain. The lecture, the vista, the way the air smells—I don’t want to lose any of it. By the afternoon, this act of trying to record everything starts to feel like a physical exertion. My brain starts to hurt, or I imagine it does. And then the worry begins, that I’ll miss something, that I’m already missing something by over-thinking, that I am not in the moment. Too often, this is how my travel ends up feeling: like a race to record, rather than experience. I look around at the rest of my research group and wonder how they all manage to look so calmly engaged. They don’t look like they have pained brainpans—though it’s likely I’m not the only one. A memory is an electro-chemical action. It is an event, like lightning, rather than an artifact. After the flash, the lightning itself only exists as an afterimage that wavers, then fades from view, leaving behind a bit of blackened wood or glassed-over sand, the smell of pennies and sulfur. We understand memories biochemically in two distinct ways: first, as a phenomenon created, and second, as a perception retrieved. For an experience to be recorded by the brain, it must first be sensed by one or more of our eyes, ears, nose, mouth, or skin. These sensory perceptions are encoded in chemical signatures and carried by specialized nerve pathways to our cortex, then stored in synaptic neurons. For many years, neurobiologists have relied on the analogy of computer memory to describe what happens in our much more chaotic and soupy internal ecosystems. For example, a computer translates information into binary code and then stores it with address markers that will enable faster retrieval. However, the human brain doesn’t generally store information the way a computer does. The human brain stores meanings: a string of numbers—0529—in a computer is data; but in my (and my mother’s) brain, it is my birthday. Though two computers would store and recall [End Page 94] the numbers identically, both my mother and I not only have different meanings associated with those numbers, they are attached to different experiences (or markers) as well. I may think about birthday cakes and parties I’ve had, while she may remember what I smelled like on that first day, how her body ached, the paint on the delivery room walls. Humans require a code much more complex than...

URespond: iPad as Interactive, Personal Response System

Personal response systems are quickly becoming indispensable formative assessment tools in many college-level chemistry courses. With the use of such devices, students are provided with invaluable insights into the skills perceived by the instructor as important, while concurrently, the instructor can gather feedback as to how well students have mastered those skills. In graphically intensive subjects such as chemistry, however, their use is severely limited by the input options afforded by current devices. It is often difficult to distill graphing and structure creation tasks into questions that can be answered with short strings of numbers or via multiple choice. We have developed the uRespond system—a touch-based personal response system that allows students to use iPads or more traditional computers to draw graphs and structures—to address this critical, formative assessment gap.

Application of Novel Charged System Search With Real Number String for Distribution System Loss Minimization

Distribution system reconfiguration can be achieved by changing the statuses of switches. By altering the topology of a distribution system, the real power loss can be reduced. This paper proposes a novel charged system search (CSS) algorithm, the particle moving evaluation mechanism CSS (PMEM-CSS), for determining the switching strategy in order to solve the distribution system loss minimization problems. In CSS, the position of each charged particle is a solution that represents a specific topology of a distribution system. During the problem-solving process, new solutions are generated in CSS. In order to avoid generating illegal solutions, a novel decoding scheme is proposed in this paper. The proposed decoding scheme can also improve the search performance when PMEM-CSS seeks the best solution. Three different distribution systems, a 33-bus, a 66-bus, and a TPC 248-bus system are carried out in this paper. The performance of different algorithms (GA, PSO, CSS, and PMEM-CSS) is compared. The simulation results show that not only the efficiency of the proposed method is the best among these algorithms bust also the quality of the solution is superior to other algorithms.

Optimization of Routing in Distributed Sensor Networks Using Heuristic Technique Approach

Distributed Sensor Network consists set of distributed nodes having the capability of sensing, computation and wireless communications. Power management, various routing and data dissemination protocols have been specifically designed for DSN, where energy consumption is an essential design issues for routing. Optimization of routing method is an essential for routing of DSN because of long communication distances between distributed sensor nodes and sink node in a network can greatly drain the energy of sensors and decrease the lifetime of the network. In this paper, simulation is carried out for optimization of routing in DSNs using MATLAB software. The objective is to maximize the network life time and improve the energy efficiency using heuristic technique. A proposed Genetic Algorithm based routing protocol is used for solving an optimization through the evolution of genes parameters, which are coded by strings of characters or numbers and genetic operations (selection, crossover and mutation) are iterated. Finally, the performance parameters for the proposed scheme are evaluated and are shown in terms of energy and routing efficiency, time computation and network lifetime.

Automatic Structural Synthesis of Planar Multiple Joint Kinematic Chains

It is of great importance in the conceptual creative design of mechanical systems to synthesize as many feasible kinematic structures of mechanisms as possible. However, the methods for the structural synthesis of multiple joint kinematic chains are seldom addressed in literature even though they are widely used in various mechanical products. This paper proposes an automatic method to synthesize planar multiple joint kinematic chains. First, the bicolor topological graph and the bicolor contracted graph are introduced to represent the topological structures of multiple joint kinematic chains. Then, the characteristic number string of bicolor topological graphs is proposed and used to efficiently detect isomorphism in the synthesis progress. Finally, a systematic method for the synthesis of kinematic chains with one multiple joint is proposed, and the whole families of multiple joint kinematic chains with up to 16 links and all possible degrees of freedom are synthesized for the first time.

Simple Post Quantum Scheme for Higher Key Rate Multiparty Quantum Key Distribution

We propose a multi-party quantum key distribution protocol which enables all the receivers can convert their respective private shared key into common secret key without use of entanglement. The main component of our protocol is a simple post quantum scheme for achieving the higher secret key rate. Efficiency of the extracted key rate is almost 100%. We assume that sender established the pre-shared private secret keys and a common secret number with the receivers. Our proposed scheme sends n strings of number to n receivers in the public channel to convert their respective shared secret key into common secret key in the presence of Eve. We also analyze the complexity of attack by the adversary to guess the secret key.

Reading and a Diffusion Model Analysis of Reaction Time

Processing speed is associated with reading performance. However, the literature is not clear either on the definition of processing speed or on why and how it contributes to reading performance. In this study we demonstrated that processing speed, as measured by reaction time, is not a unitary construct. Using the diffusion model of two-choice reaction time, we assessed processing speed in a series of same–different reaction time tasks for letter and number strings. We demonstrated that the association between reaction time and reading performance is driven by processing speed for reading-related information, but not motor or sensory encoding speed.

Effectiveness of Context-Aware Character Input Method for Mobile Phone Based on Artificial Neural Network

Opportunities and needs are increasing to input Japanese sentences on mobile phones since performance of mobile phones is improving. Applications like E-mail, Web search, and so on are widely used on mobile phones now. We need to input Japanese sentences using only 12 keys on mobile phones. We have proposed a method to input Japanese sentences on mobile phones quickly and easily. We call this method number-Kanjitranslation method. The number string inputted by a user is translated intoKanji-Kanamixed sentence in our proposed method. Number string toKanastring is a one-to-many mapping. Therefore, it is difficult to translate a number string into the correct sentence intended by the user. The proposed context-aware mapping method is able to disambiguate a number string by artificial neural network (ANN). The system is able to translate number segments into the intended words because the system becomes aware of the correspondence of number segments with Japanese words through learning by ANN. The system does not need a dictionary. We also show the effectiveness of our proposed method for practical use by the result of the evaluation experiment in Twitter data.

An 8-Bit, 40-Instructions-Per-Second Organic Microprocessor on Plastic Foil

Forty years after the first silicon microprocessors, we demonstrate an 8-bit microprocessor made from plastic electronic technology directly on flexible plastic foil. The operation speed is today limited to 40 instructions per second. The power consumption is as low as 100 μW. The ALU-foil operates at a supply voltage of 10 V and back-gate voltage of 50 V. The microprocessor can execute user-defined programs: we demonstrate the execution of the multiplication of two 4-bit numbers and the calculation of the moving average of a string of incoming 6-bit numbers. To execute such dedicated tasks on the microprocessor, we create small plastic circuits that generate the sequences of appropriate instructions. The near transparency, mechanical flexibility, and low power consumption of the processor are attractive features for integration on everyday objects, where it could be programmed as, amongst other items, a calculator, timer, or game controller.

Mental Imagery and Visual Working Memory

Visual working memory provides an essential link between past and future events. Despite recent efforts, capacity limits, their genesis and the underlying neural structures of visual working memory remain unclear. Here we show that performance in visual working memory - but not iconic visual memory - can be predicted by the strength of mental imagery as assessed with binocular rivalry in a given individual. In addition, for individuals with strong imagery, modulating the background luminance diminished performance on visual working memory and imagery tasks, but not working memory for number strings. This suggests that luminance signals were disrupting sensory-based imagery mechanisms and not a general working memory system. Individuals with poor imagery still performed above chance in the visual working memory task, but their performance was not affected by the background luminance, suggesting a dichotomy in strategies for visual working memory: individuals with strong mental imagery rely on sensory-based imagery to support mnemonic performance, while those with poor imagery rely on different strategies. These findings could help reconcile current controversy regarding the mechanism and location of visual mnemonic storage.

Contribution of working memory in parity and proportional judgments

This paper presents experimental evidence on the differences in a sentence–picture verification task under additional memory load between parity and proportional quantifiers. We asked subjects to memorize strings of four or six digits, then to decide whether a quantified sentence was true for a given picture, and finally to recall the initially given string of numbers. The results show that: (a) proportional quantifiers are more difficult than parity quantifiers with respect to reaction time and accuracy; (b) maintaining either four or six elements in working memory has the same effect on the processing of parity quantifiers; (c) however, in the case of proportional quantifiers subjects perform better in the verification tasks under the six-digit load condition, and (d) even though the strings of four numbers were better recalled by subjects after judging parity there is no difference between quantifiers in the case of the six-element condition. We briefly outline two alternative explanations for the observed phenomena rooted in the computational model of quantifier verification and the different theories of working memory.