Number Of Young Children Research Articles

Dental Home Visits for Caries Prevention Among Preschool Children: Protocol for a Cost-Effectiveness Analysis on a Randomized Control Trial.

BackgroundIn 2012, nearly 4000 children in Malaysia were referred to hospital pediatric dental services due to dental caries. Recent research has reported the effectiveness of dental home visits in preventing caries development in young children. Dental home visits (DHVs) are described as an ongoing relationship between the dentist and their patients, providing all aspects of a preventive oral health care program in the presence of the parents at home.ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of dental home visits and oral health information, in the form of educational leaflets, in preventing new caries development in young children, compared to those receiving only educational leaflets over a period of two years. Cost-effectiveness analysis will be used to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of dental home visits.MethodsThis is a collaborative project with the Oral Health Division of the Ministry of Health Malaysia. The Oral Health Division will provide access to a subsample from the National Oral Health of Preschoolers Survey which was carried out in 2015. The population of interest is children aged 5 and 6 years from kindergartens in the Selangor state of Malaysia. The study adopted a societal perspective for cost-effectiveness analysis and all types of resources that are of value to society will be included in analyzing the costs; such as cost to the patient, cost to the provider or institution, and indirect costs because of loss of productivity.ResultsThe trial has been approved by the International Medical University Malaysia’s Joint Research and Ethics Committee (Project ID: IMU R157-2014 [File III – 2016]). This trial is currently recruiting participants.ConclusionsThe number of young children in Malaysia who have been referred to the hospital children’s dentistry service for severe caries is disturbing. The cost of dental treatment in young children is high due to the severity of the caries which require an aggressive treatment, and the need for general anesthesia or sedation. This study will provide information on the cost and effectiveness of DHVs in caries prevention of young children in Malaysia.Registered Report IdentifierRR1-10.2196/10053

Protecting Children from Exposure to Liquid Nicotine

The popularity of e-cigarettes has led to a sharp rise in the number of young children exposed to liquid nicotine, a concentrated form that can cause

Modelling the effects of factors on the stated preference towards telecommuting in IIUM campus, Gombak

ABSTRACTThe increase in number of private vehicles has not only taken place in central cities, but has also occurred in university campuses. High use of private vehicles by IIUM community is posing a strain on the ability of the existing road to cope with the increasing traffic volume and parking demand within the campus. Telecommuting is one of the Transportation Demand Management (TDM) measures that aimed at reducing peak hour traffic congestion by allowing commuters to work from home to save their driving time to work, and more importantly to eliminate some vehicle trips. The main objective of this paper is to estimate the effects of the factors on the choice of telecommuting. Three hundred respondents participated in this study through survey questionnaire, which has resulted in a response rate of 67.11%. Findings indicate that 29% and 19.2% of the academic and administrative staff preferred to telecommute, if they were given the option. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to estimate the effects of socio-economic, trip and work related factors on the preference to telecommute. Parameter estimates on the administrative employees’ preference to telecommute indicate that number of young children, frequency of face-to-face communication and frequency of using email were significant factors in predicting whether an individual is more inclined to choose ‘definitely yes’ towards performing telecommuting as compared to ‘not at all’. As for academic employees, delay time (home-workplace), frequency of face-to-face communication, frequency of using fax machine, frequency of using email and frequency of using mobile network were significant predictors for the preference of ‘definitely yes’ towards telecommuting as compared to ‘not at all’.

Early Intervention for Families and Children Experiencing Homelessness

Early intervention (EI) services are provided for families and children at risk for or with developmental delays. Early intervention includes services that are provided in the natural environment as mandated by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA; 2004). The natural environment is where children and families would naturally spend their time and for most families, the natural environment is their home (S. A. Raver & D. C. Childress, 2015). There is an upward trend in the number of young children and families who are experiencing homelessness (National Center on Family Homelessness, 2016) and as a result, EI providers are providing services with families who do not have homes. The purpose of this qualitative study was to interview EI providers to highlight the conditions and characteristics of the natural environments where EI services are provided for families that are experiencing homelessness and to gather information about the barriers and beneficial practices for providing EI services with families that are experiencing homelessness. Implications for leaders in the field of EI, service delivery, systems change, and professional development are discussed.

Risk factors associated with stunting among infants and young children aged 6 - 23 months in Dedza district of central Malawi.

The prevalence of stunting is high in Malawi, affecting about one third (31.2%) of children aged 6-23 months. Persistent inappropriate feeding practices are some of the major causes of stunting in young children. This study was conducted to determine risk factors associated with stunting among infants and young children aged 6-23 months in Dedza district in Central Malawi. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 12 villages in Mayani Extension Planning Area (EPA), targeting households with children aged 6-23 months. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from the primary caregivers on household socioeconomic characteristics, household food availability, dietary diversity, responsive feeding practices among mothers and caregivers, age of introduction of complementary foods, frequency of feeding, types of foods and dietary diversity of children. Anthropometric data (weight and recumbent length) for children were measured using standard procedures. The Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis was performed to study the independent associations of various determinants on prevalence of stunting with prevalence of stunting as a dependent variable. A total of 303 households were sampled randomly; mothers and caregivers were interviewed and 306 children were assessed for nutritional status. Introduction of complementary food varied among mothers, 9.3% introduced earlier than 6 months, 71.1% at 6 months and 10.2% later than 6 months. Dietary diversity was low but increased significantly with age categories of children, 2.9% for children 6-8 months, 15.5% for 9-11 months and 24.6% for 12-23 months (p<0.01). Minimum meal frequency was significantly (p<0.001) higher in children 6-8 months (58.7%) than in children 12-23 months (1.9%). Overall, out of the 306 children 47.1% [95% CI (41.6-53.1)] were stunted. Stunting was significantly different between male [54.5%; 95% CI (47.0-63.5)] and female (39.5%; 95% CI (31.4-47.6)] children. Age of child when complementary feeding was started [AOR: 0.138; 95% CI (0.22-0.88)], number of young children in the household [AOR: 2.548; 95% CI (1.304-4.981)] and teenage mothers [AOR: 1.265; 95% CI (0.379-1.724)] were significant independent predictors of stunting. It can be concluded that prevalence of stunting is high among infants and young children in Dedza district. Training mothers and caregivers on recommended age of introducing complementary food to a child, composition of such food, dangers of teenage pregnancies and importance of child spacing should form part of nutrition education. Keywords: Nutritional status, dietary diversity, complementary feeding, meal frequency, responsive feeding

Impact of a statewide early childhood curriculum enhancement initiative on community college faculty and paraprofessional students

ABSTRACTAs the number of young children with disabilities being included in diverse early childhood settings continues to increase, employing personnel with the requisite knowledge and skills to support their active participation and learning becomes of paramount importance. Because paraprofessionals frequently serve in this capacity, it is critical that their preservice training programs provide them with the information and experiences needed to work effectively in inclusive environments. In this article, we describe the development and implementation of a collaborative initiative between a major urban research university and a state’s community college system and member institutions to enhance the preparation of paraprofessionals to work with young children with disabilities and their families. Supplemental content, assignments, and resources were incorporated into six core courses in the early childhood development curriculum statewide, and program administrators and instructional faculty received training and professional development to facilitate consistent use of the course modifications. We report on gains in knowledge and confidence experienced by both faculty and paraprofessional students, and we identify programmatic practices that support adoption, fidelity of implementation, and sustainability of curricular innovations. Implications of enhanced training programs for increasing access of young children with disabilities to inclusive high-quality early childhood programs are discussed.

Modern principles of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric practice

Quality improvement of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is one of the most urgent problems in pediatric anesthesiology, resuscitation and intensive care. Despite the fact that in recent years the number of surviving children after cardiopulmonary resuscitation is constantly increasing, the number of young children among them, still small, which requires further improvement of provision of intensive care, especially in the pre-hospital stage. In the last two decades the protocols of cardiopulmonary resuscitation are regularly changed and supplemented every five years, which helps to improve outcomes of resuscitative measures. In October/November 2015 came the next recommendations of American Heart Association and European Resuscitation Council for basic and advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children, which is reflected in this article. Using these recommendations will significantly improve the quality of the provision of intensive care to children and contribute to a more favorable neurological outcome even after a sudden circulatory arrest. This publication reflects the epidemiological evidence on the effectiveness and outcomes of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pediatric practice, the modern principles of basic and advanced cardiopulmonary resuscitation in children are considered in detail, special attention is given to the use of drugs and defibrillation during resuscitation. Excerpts from the regulating documents governing the termination of resuscitation and ascertaining biological death are presented in this article.

Self-Responsible Leadership: The Impacts of Servant-Transformational Leadership Style to Healing Family Pain; and Leading and Teaching in Postmodern Higher Education

In 2014, the large increasing numbers of young children, as young as 13, arriving alone at the U.S. border with Mexico prompted the president to declare a humanitarian crisis (Gamboa, 2014). This current immigration crisis becomes a legal responsibility of the United States government and the American education system. In this light, this paper seeks to highlight the problem of what appropriate leadership style/s can be effectively used through self-responsibility in addressing the structural and educational issues regarding the refugees of wars or civil unrest crisis abroad that are impacting our education system in the United States since the Vietnam War to the present. In doing this, I explain the impact of global perturbations to these refugees' lives by reflecting on my own professional experiences as a teacher to those least fortunate students based on my analyses on the works and philosophical perspectives of Frankl (1969, 1988), (Ferch, 2012), Hooks (2001), and Neitzsche (1967, 1968); and I discuss my leadership weaknesses as a self-responsible servant leader to my family. In addition, I review and analyze recent literature on the effects of servant and transformational leadership styles to the educational success of this diverse immigrant student population in the U.S., to clarify research questions on the definitions, benefits and challenges to implementing servant and transformational leadership styles in educational settings.

PTH-255 Do children with feeding difficulties have gastro oesophageal reflux ?: Abstract PTH-255 Table 1

Introduction Feeding difficulties such as failure of texture progression and oral aversion occur in a number of young children referred to a paediatric Gastroenterologist to establish if gastro oesophageal reflux (GOR) disease is a contributing factor. The aim of this study is to analyse PH/impedance studies in children referred for assessment of GOR as a possible cause of an underlying feeding difficulties Method All ph/impedance studies recorded between October 2008 and October 2014 were obtained from the departmental database and reviewed retrospectively. Patients with feeding difficulties who were referred for evaluation of GOR were identified. Data on gender, age, presence of comorbidity such as chromosomal or structural malformation, neurological abnormalities mode of feeding (e.g. oral, nasogastric/nasojejunal or gastrostomy) and the outcome of the ph/impedancy study report were collected. Patients on jejunal feeds and those failed the test due to technical difficulties with the equipment were excluded from the study. Data was analysed using SPSS Results During the study period 1123 patients had a ph/Impedance study, of whom 102 were referred because of feeding difficulties. Ten were excluded due to technical failure and 4 as Jejunally fed. At total of 88/102 (57 male) were hence included. Only 33/88 (37.5%) had GOR. There was no statistically significant difference between children with and without GOR (p = 0.3) Conclusion In our cohort 37.5% (33/88) of children with feeding difficulties had GOR. Thirty percent (26/88) of patients had food allergy, 50% (44/88) an underlying neurological abnormality and 35% (31/88) were developmentally delayed. In otherwise healthy children only 10% with feeding difficulties had GOR. Other causes for the feeding problems should hence be ruled out. Disclosure of interest None Declared. Reference Harween Dogra, Bhavini Lad and Dinesh Sirisena: Paediatric gastro-oesphageal reflux disease. BJMP 2011; 4 (2):a412

Assessing Young Children's Number Magnitude Representation: A Comparison Between Novel and Conventional Tasks

Previously, researchers have relied on asking young children to plot a given number on a 0-to-10 number line to assess their mental representation of numbers 1 to 9. However, such a (“conventional”) number-to-position (N-P) task may underestimate the accuracy of young children's magnitude estimates and misrepresent the nature of their number representation. The purpose of this study was to compare young children's performance on the conventional N-P task and a “modified” N-P task that is more consistent with a discrete-quantity view of number and with measures of theoretically related mathematical competencies. Participants (n = 45), ranging in age from 4;0 to 6;0, were administered both versions of the N-P task twice during 4 sessions in 1 of 2 randomly assigned and counterbalanced orders. Between and within conditions, children were significantly more accurate on the modified version than on the conventional task. The results indicate that the conventional task, in particular, may be confusing and that several simple modifications can make it more understandable for young children. However, when performance on theoretically related number tasks is taken into account, both the conventional and the modified N-P tasks appeared to underestimate competence.

Evaluation of a Parent Training Program for Promoting Filipino Young Children's Number Sense with Number Card Games

Not all parents are skilled in scaffolding their young children’s numeracy learning. The present study investigated the effectiveness of a parent training program in promoting Filipino young children’s number sense via card game playing at home. Participants were 161 young children and their parents; families were of a relatively low socioeconomic status. During the 10-week intervention period, parents in the experimental group received training on how to use number game cards to help their children acquire various numeracy concepts; parents in the control group received no special instructions. Children in the experimental group showed greater improvements in their performance on six number sense tasks (namely numeral identification, object counting, rote counting, missing number, numerical magnitude comparison, and addition) over the intervention period than did children in the control group. Findings of the present study suggest that providing simple training to parents on strategies for fostering their young children’s number sense at home is important for giving children a good early start in basic number knowledge.

The analysis of young children's number concept development through Knower-level theory and Core-knowledge theory

The analysis of young children's number concept development through Knower-level theory and Core-knowledge theory

Su1268 Microbiota Profiling in Children With Functional Constipation

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in infants and toddlers by Rome III criteria is unknown. The purpose of the current study was to determine the U.S. prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms suggestive of an infant/toddler FGID as reported by mothers in a representative community sample. METHODS: A national community sample provided by the market research company Cint USA, Inc. consisted of 1,447 mothers of children age 0-18 from all 50 US states who completed an internet survey including Rome III symptom questions, demographics, health history and the pediatric quality of life questionnaire. Of these, 320 provided information about children 0-3 years old and 264 (82.5%) were judged valid (consistent survey answers and no diagnosed disease explaining the GI symptoms). Stratified sampling was used to ensure equal gender proportions, child age distribution and adequate representation of Hispanic and African American children. To avoid biasing the sample, invitations to participate described the study as a general health survey rather than a survey of gastrointestinal symptoms. RESULTS: The children in the sample were 47.7% female, 26.7% Hispanic, 56.8% Caucasian, 12% African American, and 6% Asian; 99.2% lived full time with their mothers. Children were approximately equally divided by age (32% $100,000 (9%). Twenty seven percent of infants/toddlers qualified for at least one FGID by Rome III criteria. All seven infant/toddler FGIDs occurred, with infant regurgitation as the most common disorder (see Table). No race and gender differences were found. Compared to those who did not meet Rome criteria, toddlers with FGID had lower quality of life (M=80.1 vs M=90.3, p<.001). There was a trend for children to qualify for a FGID if their mother also qualified for an FGID (p = .08). A child was also more likely to have hard stools if the parent reported hard stools (p= 0.02) but no such association was found for loose stools. CONCLUSION: This first national survey in the U.S. on infant and toddler FGIDS shows that these disorders are common, can be identified in the general population and reduce quality of life. No gender and race differences were found. More research is needed into these conditions as it may improve the lives of a significant number of young children [Research supported by the Rome foundation]. Percentages of infants/toddlers meeting Rome III criteria by mother's report

Su1267 Prevalence of Infant/Toddler Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in the U.S.: Results of a National Community Survey of Mothers

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) in infants and toddlers by Rome III criteria is unknown. The purpose of the current study was to determine the U.S. prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms suggestive of an infant/toddler FGID as reported by mothers in a representative community sample. METHODS: A national community sample provided by the market research company Cint USA, Inc. consisted of 1,447 mothers of children age 0-18 from all 50 US states who completed an internet survey including Rome III symptom questions, demographics, health history and the pediatric quality of life questionnaire. Of these, 320 provided information about children 0-3 years old and 264 (82.5%) were judged valid (consistent survey answers and no diagnosed disease explaining the GI symptoms). Stratified sampling was used to ensure equal gender proportions, child age distribution and adequate representation of Hispanic and African American children. To avoid biasing the sample, invitations to participate described the study as a general health survey rather than a survey of gastrointestinal symptoms. RESULTS: The children in the sample were 47.7% female, 26.7% Hispanic, 56.8% Caucasian, 12% African American, and 6% Asian; 99.2% lived full time with their mothers. Children were approximately equally divided by age (32% $100,000 (9%). Twenty seven percent of infants/toddlers qualified for at least one FGID by Rome III criteria. All seven infant/toddler FGIDs occurred, with infant regurgitation as the most common disorder (see Table). No race and gender differences were found. Compared to those who did not meet Rome criteria, toddlers with FGID had lower quality of life (M=80.1 vs M=90.3, p<.001). There was a trend for children to qualify for a FGID if their mother also qualified for an FGID (p = .08). A child was also more likely to have hard stools if the parent reported hard stools (p= 0.02) but no such association was found for loose stools. CONCLUSION: This first national survey in the U.S. on infant and toddler FGIDS shows that these disorders are common, can be identified in the general population and reduce quality of life. No gender and race differences were found. More research is needed into these conditions as it may improve the lives of a significant number of young children [Research supported by the Rome foundation]. Percentages of infants/toddlers meeting Rome III criteria by mother's report

Emotions and reactions

The increased number of younger children in early years settings has brought to the fore the realisation that two-year-olds have their own unique set of needs. This is especially true when dealing with feelings.

Incidence and remission of sleep related symptoms in children and associations with health-related quality of life; A 7-year follow-up of the TuCASA cohort

Introduction Sleep disturbances are common in adolescents; some studies have shown that this may adversely affect their quality of life. However, there is little evidence on incidence and remission of sleep problems from childhood to adolescence and the association with health-related quality of life (QoL). Materials and methods Sleep Screening questionnaires were collected on Hispanic and Caucasian children 6–12 years of age at baseline, and again 7 years after during follow-up, when participants were 12–20 years. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) and difficulty initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) were present if they occurred frequently or more. Health-related QoL was assessed at follow-up using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory and three summary scores, ranging from 1 to 100, were evaluated: psychosocial health (PS), physical function (PF), and total scale scores (TS). Prevalence, incidence, and remission of sleep symptoms were computed and analyzed for association with health-related QoL. Results The mean ages at baseline and follow-up were 8.8 and 15.4 years. There were 50.2% males and 30.6% Hispanics. Incidence rates of EDS and DIMS were 39.1% and 58.9%, and remission rates were 53.1% and 36.2%, respectively. Separate linear regressions models predicting health-related QoL showed that participants with persistent EDS had lower mean values for TS (coeff. = −9.2, p = .006), PS (coeff. = −8.8, p = .025), and PF (coeff. = −10, p = .002) as compared with participants who never had EDS or those with remittent EDS combined. Participants with persistent DIMS had lower mean values for TS (coeff. = −6.8, p = .001) and PS (coeff. = −8.4, p = .001) as compared with participants who never had DIMS or those with remittent DIMS combined. When participants with persistent DIMS were compared with those with remittent DIMS only, the associations between DIMS and health-related QoL, became non-significant. However, the association between EDS and health-related QoL remained (coeff. = −13.3, p = .02). Conclusion Substantial variability of self-reports of sleep problems exists as children age from childhood to adolescence. Nevertheless, there are a small number of young children who persistently have sleep problems over this age span and these problems are associated with lower health-related quality of life. These associations appear to be driven primarily by EDS. Acknowledgements The TuCASA study was supported by NHLBI grant HL 62373 . Silva, G.E. was supported by NHLBI grant HL 62373-05A2S1 .

Discipline Policies in Early Childhood Care and Education Programs: Building an Infrastructure for Social and Academic Success

Research Findings: Preventing challenging behavior in young children is a national priority. The number of young children with behavioral problems is on the rise. Discipline policies can help early childhood programs build an infrastructure that promotes social and academic success. This study sought to document the extent to which existing early childhood program discipline policies implement the essential features for developing high-quality, system-wide (viz., program- and school-wide) discipline policies. Using the Early Childhood Discipline Policy Essentials Checklist, investigators assessed the quality of 65 discipline policies from state-licensed early childhood care and education programs. Practice or Policy: Results revealed that early childhood program discipline policies, for the most part, fail to sufficiently address those essential features known to contribute to reducing challenging behavior and promoting prosocial behavior in young children.

Dental caries experience and barriers to care in young children with disabilities in Ireland.

Dental caries among preschool children remains a significant dental public health problem. In Ireland, there are no national data available regarding dental caries levels in preschool children. Furthermore, the number of young children with disabilities and their dental caries levels remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to measure the dental caries levels in a sample of preschool children with disabilities. A team of trained and calibrated dentists examined a sample of all 0- to 6-year old preschool children with disabilities in two health service administrative areas under standardized conditions. Dental caries was recorded using WHO criteria. Of a total of 422 participants, 337 datasets were included in the study. Of these 337 examined children, approximately 75.1% had a cognitive disability and 12.9% had a noncognitive disability. In 12% of the children, a diagnosis had not yet been established. Dental caries at dentin level was detected from the age of 4 years. The overall mean decayed/missing/ filled teeth (dmft) was 0.49 (SD, 1.39). The analysis of mean dmft levels in children with positive (dmft > 0) scores revealed a mean dmft of 1.14. The evidence from this study demonstrated that dental caries levels in preschool children with disabilities in Ireland are low when compared with the general population. Furthermore, children aged 3 years or younger exhibited no dental caries at dentin level and therefore were not affected by early childhood caries. An adjustment of current oral health prevention practice may lead to a further reduction in dental caries levels in this section of the child population.

Examination of the Mechanisms Underlying Effectiveness of the Turtle Technique

A significant number of young children exhibit challenging behaviors in preschool settings. A tiered framework of intervention has documented effectiveness in elementary and secondary schools, and recently has been extended to preschool settings. Although there is emerging research to support the effectiveness of Tier 1 (universal) and Tier 3 (intensive) interventions with young children, few studies have evaluated Tier 2 interventions. In this investigation, we examined the effects of the Turtle Technique, a Tier 2 self-control intervention, with three children ages 3 to 4 using a multiple baseline across participants design. In addition, we examined operational components of the intervention. Results showed reductions in behavior following intervention implementation; however, direct observations indicated that the children did not utilize overt techniques as taught. The findings imply that additional research is needed to determine the mechanisms responsible for behavior change as a result of the Turtle Technique.

Conflict between Work and Life: The Case of Contract Workers in the German IT and Media Sectors

Many studies examine issues of work-life conflict of employees. However, in research on work-life conflict little attention has been given to contract workers to date. This is rather surprising as there are indications that the specific working conditions of contract workers can have consequences for their work-life conflict. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to reduce the existing research gap by presenting a study which analyzes the antecedents of the work-life conflict of contract workers in the IT and media sectors. Results show that the work-life conflict of contract workers is significantly influenced by working hours and income. Furthermore, the number of younger children has a significant impact on their work-life conflict when regarded in interaction with gender. All in all, this study contributes to a differentiated understanding of work-life conflict in the specific case of contract workers.Key words: contract worker, quantitative study, work-life balance, work-life conflict (JEL: J24, M12, Ml 3)1. IntroductionSimilar to other industrialized countries, the German labor market has been undergoing significant changes in recent years, with atypical employment becoming increasingly relevant while permanent full-time employment has decreased (Storey et al., 2002; Ashford et al., 2007; Broschak et al., 2008). There is a particularly sharp rise in the number of self-employed, especially solo self-employed persons (self-employed people without employees) (Kelleter, 2009, p. 1204; Sus & Kleiner, 2010). Contract workers are included in this group of solo self-employed persons whose working conditions are highly flexible (Barley & Kunda, 2006; Bidwell & Briscoe, 2009).Current discussions by academics and in the media highlight that the flexibilization of employment forms has effects not only at the company level, but also at the individual level due to the fact that flexible employees are confronted more quickly and more often with new workplaces, conditions and locations (e.g. Davis & Kalleberg, 2006; Kossek et al., 2006; Beuteil, 2007; Henninger & Gottschall, 2007; Sus & Kleiner, 2007). This applies particularly to contract workers due to the specifics of their employment form. Linked to this is evidence that the specific working conditions of contract workers can have consequences for their perceived work-life balance, and in particular their work-life conflict (Henninger & Gottschall, 2007; Siebecke, 2010; Sus & Sayah, 2011). Self-employment, the project-based work and the discontinuous employment can lead to other and additional factors being the cause of conflicts compared to permanent employees. For instance, a study comparing the health condition of contract workers and permanent employees in the IT and media sectors revealed that the contract workers suffered comparatively more often from mental health problems and symptoms of burnout. Causes were seen in the specific working conditions, in particular the temporal intertwining of work and private life, leaving little time for regeneration and thus causing additional burdens (Siebecke, 2010, p. 2224). In addition, the project-nature of work involves time pressure, stress and long working hours. However, despite some studies, which consider the health consequences of contract working (Ertel et al., 2005; Siebecke, 2010), questions concerning the work-life conflict of contract workers have not yet been tackled.This research gap is surprising, because the discussion of work-life conflict is particularly relevant for contract workers due to its consequences for mental and physical health. Medical condition or illness can be particularly serious for contract workers who have a one-person business because they result in a direct loss in income, which can in turn endanger their livelihood. This research gap is particularly crucial due to the significance of work-life conflicts for contract workers both in personal and economic terms. …