Number Of Weeds Research Articles

The impact of cultivation technology elements on the productivity of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) variety ‘Hoverla’ in the Prykarpattia region

Purpose. To study the formation of the productivity of the ‘Hoverla’ soybean variety using different elements of cultivation technology. Methods. Field, laboratory, statistical (calculation­comparative, mathematical­statistical). Results. The effectiveness of spring chisel ploughing for the cultivation of the soyabean variety ‘Hoverla’ in the soil and climatic conditions of the Prykarpattia region was established. The positive effect of the studied tillage methods on the phytosanitary condition of the crop was noted. In particular, the combination of autumn ploughing and spring chisel ploughing with the application of N30P30K30 mineral fertiliser and double foliar spraying of crops with a growth regulator led to an increase in the competitiveness of plants against weeds and reduced the number of weeds by 46.2% compared to the control. The implementation of the above measures also contributed to an increase in yield to 2.48 t/ha, or 57.0% on average over three years. At the same time, the yield of forage units and digestible protein increased by 1.35 and 0.3 t/ha respectively. Conclusions. Spring chisel ploughing, together with autumn ploughing and a rational combination of the predecessor’s by­products, the proposed doses of mineral fertiliser and growth regulator in the conditions of the Prykarpattia region, helped to reduce the weediness of crops by 46.2% and increase the yield of the ‘Ho­verla’ soybean variety by 57.0%.

The Impact of Autumn Tillage Activities on the Development of Weeds in Grape Crops

The article examines the impact of autumn tillage activities on the development of weeds as an element of agrotechnical control technology with integrated weed protection. In order to optimize the measures of autumn tillage in weed control, the main plowing and loosening of the soil around grape bushes in Ganja-Dashkasan district at different depths and at different times were studied. As a result of the research, it was found that if deeper plowing of the soil (25-28 cm) and deeper loosening of the soil around grape bushes (25 cm), depending on soil and climatic conditions, is carried out in October, it has the effect of reducing the number of weeds compared with other options, while the biological efficiency in this option becomes higher.

The effect of herbicides the chance gc on clogging of potato crops

Abstract During the research at the URC BSAU, it was determined that all the studied drugs of the Chance GC had a significant effect on reducing the amount of weeds. The preparation Zenkoshans, KS has shown the greatest effectiveness in reducing the number of weeds. The largest increase in the yield of potato tubers was obtained in the variant using the preparation Zenkoshans, KS and Shansgard, KS, where the yield averaged 27.5 and 27.3 t/ha over two years, respectively. The variant with the herbicide Agroshans, VK showed a yield of 26.7 t/ha. The use of the studied herbicides had practically no effect on the content of dry matter, starch, vitamin C, and nitrates. The highest profitability was obtained in the variant with the use of Agroshans, VK amounting to 144%. Variants using Shansgard, KS and Zenkoshans, KS allowed to obtain 142% profitability. Without preparations, we got a profit margin of 129%.

THE PRE-em USE OF SOME HERBICIDES IN THE CONTROL OF WEEDS IN POTATOES AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON THE YIELD

In order to mitigate the problem with weeds in the potato crop in the 2017 growing season in the towns Bogovinje-Tetovo (Polog region), a field experiment was established according to the randomized block system with three replications with experimental plot sizes of 21 m2. In the experiment, we investigated the structure of weeds, the degree of appearance, the efficacy of herbicides and the eventual phytotoxicity of the herbicides used. The potato planted was the cultivar "Silvana" and the following treatment variants were included: pendimetalin 5 l/ha, linuron 2.5 l/ha, metobromuron 3 l/ha, metobromuron 4 l/ha, metribuzin 0.75 kg/ha PRE-em, metribuzin 1 kg/h PRE-em, mechanical controls and absolute controls. From the obtained results, it was found that the structure of weeds consists of 9 types of weeds, of which 3 species from the group of monocotyledonous weeds and 6 species from the group of dicotyledonous weeds. The number of weeds was 126 plants/m2. The dominant weeds were Echinochloa crus-galli with 93.7 plants/m2, Polygonum lapathifolium with 10.0 plants/m2, and Polygonum aviculare with 9.3 plants/m2. The efficiency of herbicides in the fight against dicotyledonous weeds has been from 97.7-100%, monocotyledonous weeds from 95.8-98.2%, while the overall efficiency without geophytes has been from 96.8-98.4%. Regarding phytotoxicity in the potato culture, no signs of phytotoxicity were observed in any variant of the treatment.

Pollinator activity and flowering in agricultural weeds in Sweden.

The extent to which weeds in arable land are useful to pollinators depends in part on the temporal pattern of flowering and insect flight activity. We compiled citizen science data on 54 bees and hoverflies typical of agricultural areas in southern Sweden, as well as 24 flowering weed species classified as pollinator-friendly in the sense that they provide nectar and/or pollen to pollinators. The flight periods of the bees and hoverflies varied greatly, but there were also some consistent differences between the four groups studied. The first group to fly were the early flying solitary bees (7 species), followed by the social bees (18 species). In contrast, other solitary bees (11 species) and hoverflies (22 species) flew later in the summer. Solitary bees had the shortest flight periods, while social bees and hoverflies had longer flight periods. Flowering of weed species also varied greatly between species, with weeds classified as winter annuals (e.g., germinating in autumn) starting early together with germination generalists (species that can germinate in both autumn and spring). Summer annuals (spring germinators) and perennials started flowering about a month later. Germination generalists had a much longer flowering period than the others. Weekly pollinator records were in most cases significantly explained by weed records. Apart from early flying solitary bees, all models showed strong positive relationships. The overall best explanatory variable was the total number of weeds, with a weight assigned to each species based on its potential as a nectar/pollen source. This suggests that agricultural weeds in Sweden provide a continuous potential supply of nectar and pollen throughout the flight season of most pollinators.

Effect of Herbicides Application on Weed Growth and Subsequent Important on Yield of Three Wheat Varieties

This field experiment aimed to study the positive effect of some herbicides (Atlantis, Tonic + 2.4 D, Granstar + Tonic, and control, on weed plants to improve the growth and yield of three wheat varieties (Hasad, Wafia, and Rezan) under the rain-fed condition of both locations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, arranged according to a split plot with three replicates. At the Grdjan location, herbicide treatment caused a significant reduction in the number of weeds at sampling (100 DAS) compared with the control treatment by 87.98%. While, at the Qaladze location, the reduction values in the number of weeds by herbicides at sampling (120 DAS) was 60.77%. At the Grdjan location, herbicide treatment significantly decreased flag leaf area as compared with the control treatment. However, at the Qaladze location herbicides significantly increased, plant height and a number of grains spike-1, whereas significantly reduced the flag leaf area biological yield and wheat grain yield, compared with the control treatment. At the Grdjan and Qaladze locations, the Rezan variety surpassed the Hasad and Wafia varieties in plant height, spike length, number of grains spike-1, 1000-grain weight, wheat grain yield and biological yield. The interaction among Granstar + Tonic application with the Rezan variety increased plant height and wheat grain yield at the Qaladze location. The interaction among Tonic + 2.4 D treatment with Rezan increased the number of grains spike-1 1000-grain weight and harvest index.

Засоренность посевов и урожайность сои в зависимости от способов обработки почвы, посева и защиты от сорных растений

The primary soil treatment along with herbicide application plays an important role in decreasing weed number in soybean sowings as this crop is differed with slow growth and is not competitive with weeds in the initial phase of development. The purpose of the research is improvement of soybean cultivation tech-nology through increasing of the efficiency of main technological methods (primary soil treatment, sowing method, and chemical ways of weeds control) on leached black soil of the Western Ciscaucasia that will promote high yield of seeds. The research was conducted in 2020–2022. The experiment scheme includes two sowing methods: wide-row (70 cm inter-row spacing) and common row (15 cm interrow spac-ing); three methods of the primary soil treatment: moldboard (25–27 cm), subsurface (25–27 cm), and surface (12–14 cm) ploughing; three herbicide applications in a phase of 1–3 true leaves: Concept, OD (1.0 l/ha), tank mixtures Geyzer, CCS (2.0 l/ha), Tan-to, CCS (0.75 l/ha), Harmony, DFS (7.0 g/ha), Ba-zagran, WS (3.0 l/ha), and Shogun, EC (1.0 l/ha) (standard). The highest weed infestation of soybean sowings was stated in variants with subsurface and surface soil treatments. The application of Concept and the tank mixture of Harmony, Bazagran, and Shogun was very effective – to 87.7% and 88.3%, respectively. The highest yield (2.57–2.68 t/hа) was obtained in variants with subsurface and surface soil treatments in common row sowing at the application of a herbicide Concept and a tank mixture of Har-mony, Bazagran, Shogun.

Effect of the Integrated Weed Control Practices on Sugar Beet Yield, Quality and Associated Weeds

Two-years field trial (2017/18 and 2018/19) was conducted at the Experimental Farm, National Research Centre El-Behaira Governorate, Egypt to compare different herbicidal combinations with different doses on sugar beet yield traits and associated weeds. Sixteen weed control treatment combinations were applied to test their efficiency on sugar beet yield and quality. To form these combinations two broadleaves herbicides (Tigro and Betasana-Trio) were combined with a narrow weed herbicide (Select super) or with the hand weeding treatment. The results showed that Betasana-Trio combination at the lower dose of application 0.675 l fed-1(fed-1 = feddan = 4200 m2) combined with Select Super at 0.375 l fed-1 with or without hand weeding as well as Betasana-Trio at 0.9 l fed-1 combined with hand weeding or Select Super at 0.5 l fed-1 caused high eradication percentages of the total fresh and dry weight of weeds as well as total number of weeds m-2 (>90%). The highest sugar beet yield resulted from the combination of Betasana-Trio 0.675 l fed-1 + Select Super 0.375 l fed-1, which gave the greatest sugar yield fed-1. Although the combination Betasana-Trio at 0.9 l fed-1 + Select Super at 0.5 l fed-1 gave the greatest gross sugar %, it could not achieve the highest sugar yield fed-1.

ОПЫТ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫХ ГЕРБИЦИДОВ В ООО "ФУНДУК АЛАНИИ" ИРАФСКОГО РАЙОНА РСО-АЛАНИЯ

The fight against weeds in crops and plantings of agricultural crops, both annual and perennial, has been and remains one of the most important scientific problems of agricultural production. The relevance of the research lies in a comprehensive study of the effectiveness of the use of modern promising herbicides in hazelnut orchards, in order to optimize measures to combat weeds. The research results made it possible to develop a system for maintaining soil in a walnut orchard using modern herbicides. To solve the problem, it is necessary to conduct geobotanical studies of the weed component in the walnut orchard, to determine the magnitude of the negative impact of various doses of herbicides in the inter-rows and rows of hazel. The authors first obtained data on the use of herbicides on gray forest soils, with alluvial deposits, skeletonized and rocky in the Iraf region of the Republic of North Ossetia, which are characterized by a humus content of 6-8%, phosphorus up to 200 mg/kg, potassium up to 42 mg/kg and acidic reaction of the soil solution (pH 5.1). The object of the study was weeds in perennial walnut plantations, among them difficult-to-eradicate root shoot thistles (Cirsium arvense), (Sonchus arvensis), creeping bitterweed (Acroptilon repens); rhizome creeping wheatgrass (Agropirum repens) and others. It was established that the use of herbicides Lontrel -300, VR (3 l/ha), Hurricane Forte, VR (2 l/ha), Basta, VR (5 l/ha), Sprut Extra VR (3 l/ha) reduced the number of weeds ranging from 84.8% to 89.9%. Recommendations are given on the timing of application of the most promising herbicides in perennial hazelnut plantations. The predominant effectiveness among the herbicides studied was shown by Octopus Extra VR.

Sunflower Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) and Weeds in Sunflower Crops with Minimized Tillage in a Steppe Ecotype Crop Rotation

Abstract An important reserve for increasing the productivity of agricultural production is a scientifically based crop structure and the use of rational crop rotations, which implement the optimal ratio of agroecological standards. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of elements of agrotechnical measures, in particular, the saturation of crop rotations with sunflower, soil tillage system on the number and species composition of various agrobiological groups of weeds in sunflower crops, including the weed parasite sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.). Weed control measures and the spread of the parasitic weed sunflower broomrape in sunflower crops have been carried out according to the methods generally accepted in agriculture and weed science. The scheme of the experiment included crop rotations with saturation in the structure of sunflower sowing of 12.5, 20, 25, 33.3, 50, 100% and three systems of basic tillage: moldboard plowing, disc tillage, and no-tillage. As a result of the research, it has been found that the systems of disc tillage and no-tillage cause an increase in the number of weeds in sunflower crops compared to the moldboard plowing by 1.3–1.5 times. On average, over the years of research, the abundance of weeds in the plots when using disk tools was 10.4–15.1 pcs./m2, moldboard plowing was 7.1–12.4 pcs./m2, and before harvesting was 2.6–5.2 and 4.1–12.4 pcs./m2. The highest degree of sunflower broomrape damage has been observed in 2-fields crop rotation (winter wheat—sunflower) and permanent sunflower cultivation, as 16.0–32.4% of affected sunflower plants have been observed here. The intensity of sunflower broomrape damage to sunflower plants was higher in the moldboard plowing system and amounted to 1.2–8.3 pcs./per plant, which exceeded disc tillage and no-tillage by 1.2–1.6 times. The maximum seed yield of 2.92–2.95 t/ha has been obtained in 8- and 5-fields rotations with the use of moldboard plowing. The lowest yields of sunflower seeds were in short-rotation crop rotations with a sunflower saturation of 50% in the structure of sown areas and permanent cultivation and amounted to: moldboard plowing—1.75–2.21 t/ha, disk tillage—1.57–2.01 t/ha, and no-tillage—1.49–1.95 t/ha. Given the urgency of supplying the global market with sunflower oil, in the future it is necessary to increase the concentration of sunflower in the structure of sown areas to 30-40% through the system of basic tillage, selection of resistant hybrids, and use of herbicides.

The effect of cultivation technologies on weed infestation and productivity of peas

The current paper has presented the study results obtained in 2020–2023, in the stationary field trial of the FSBSI “KurskFARC”. The purpose of the study was to identify and evaluate the impact of technologies with different levels of soil tillage minimization on weed infestation, the formation of yield structure elements and pea productivity in the conditions of the CBR. There have been studied four pea cultivation technologies, such as traditional (plowing at 20–22 cm, main application of N15P40K40 + top dressing with N34); differentiated (chiseling by 20–22 cm + disking by 8–10 cm, main application N15P40K40 + top dressing with N34); minimal (discing up to 8 cm, main application N15P40K40 + top dressing with N34); direct sowing (no-tillage, main application N5P14K14 + pre-sowing N10P26K26 + top dressing with N34). There has been established the advantage of traditional technology in reducing weed infestation, and direct sowing in the formation of yield structure elements, indicators of grain quality and pea productivity. The traditional pea cultivation technology reduced the total number of weeds by 1.9–2.0 times and their dry weight by 1.2–1.8 times during the period critical for the growth and development of the crop, and by 2.1–2.5 and 1.3–2.0 times before harvesting. The highest indicators of plant density for harvesting, the mean number of grains per plant and unit area, and protein percentage in grain were identified with direct sowing, which made it possible to obtain the maximum pea productivity (2.31 t/ha) and protein yield with the harvest (460.6 kg/ha). The use of traditional, differentiated, and minimal technologies contributed to a reduction of plant density before harvesting by 5.4–9.3 %, the mean number of grains per 1 m2 by 4.2–22.6 % and per plant by 0.6–18. 6 %, protein percentage in grain by 0.25–0.90 %, which led to a productivity decrease by 4.3–10.8 %, protein yield per hectare by 5.3–12.6 %.

Засоренность посевов яровой пшеницы при применении ресурсосберегающих технологий обработки почвы

The purpose of research is to study the influence of primary tillage systems on the weed infestation of spring wheat crops placed on green manure fallow in a five-field grain-fallow crop rotation. Objectives: to study the weed infestation of spring wheat crops; to establish the effectiveness of herbicide use; to determine the grain yield of spring wheat. The study was carried out in 2017–2022 in the conditions of the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe on leached chernozem, which is characterized by an increased humus content (6.1–8.0 %) and a neutral reaction of the soil solution (pH – 6.1–7.0). The object of the study is spring wheat of the Novosibirskaya 15 variety. The research results showed that the bulk of weeds in the studied variants are represented by a group of young plants. Different tillage systems influenced the quantitative and species composition of weeds. When soil tillage is minimized, the number of weeds increases and their species composition changes. In spring wheat crops under the studied tillage options, the most numerous group of weeds were young ones. The most common species found in spring wheat crops were bedstraw (Galium aparine L.) and millet (Echinochloa crusgalli (L.). Their share in the total number of weeds in the variant with plowing was 71.4 %, without tillage – 81.4 %. There was a significant change in the share of biological groups of young and perennial weeds in the option without tillage during the study period. The share of young weeds in 2022 decreased compared to 2017 from 93.1 to 58.8 %, while the number of perennial weeds increased from 6.9 to 41.2 %.Over the years of the study (2017–2022), a change in the species composition of weeds was established. In the option without tillage, such species as yellow sow thistle, medicinal dandelion, hemlock, and small petal, which were absent in 2017, appear in spring wheat crops.

Features of the protection of phaseolus vulgaris crops from weeds

Goal. To determine the effect of herbicides on the weediness of crops and the yield of Phaseolus vulgaris seeds in the conditions of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Informational and analytical (collection of materials and analysis of literary sources), field research (setting up experiments, observing the development of plants, determining biometric indicators, accounting for the number of weeds, collecting and determining the structure of the harvest), mathematical and statistical (processing of research results). The field experiment design included weeded and weed-protected plots to compare the development of common bean plants under different growing conditions. The results. It was established that the dominant weeds among cereals were chicken millet and gray mouse millet, and among dicotyledonous weeds - ragweed, white quinoa, common sedge, black solanum, field mustard, etc. The use of herbicide protection significantly improves the yield of Phaseolus vulgaris. The obtained yield increased on average by 1.93 - 2.01 t/ha compared to the weeded control. Conclusions. Weeding can significantly reduce the yield of common bean crops by competing for resources such as light, water and nutrients. Weed control helps conserve these resources for the Phaseolus vulgaris and increase its yield. The use of herbicides is an effective method of weed control, which promotes optimal growth of Phaseolus vulgaris. The increase in yield due to the application of herbicide protection can offset the costs of purchasing and applying the herbicide. It is important to consider the effectiveness of specific herbicides when choosing crop protection methods. Different herbicides can have different spectrums of action, that is, be effective against different types of weeds. The right choice will help optimize results and save costs. Therefore, weed control in common Phaseolus vulgaris crops through the application of herbicide protection is an important and effective strategy that can increase the yield and economic efficiency of common bean cultivation technology.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ МИНЕРАЛЬНОГО УДОБРЕНИЯ С МИКРОЭЛЕМЕНТАМИ БИОЧАР-АГРО МАРКИ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НА ЯРОВОМ РАПСЕ

The research was carried out in order to study the effectiveness of mineral fertilizer with microelements of Biochar-Agro Technical grade on spring rape crops on gray forest soils of the Republic of Tatarstan. Field experiments were conducted in 2023 on the basis of Agrobiotechnopark LLC (Narmonka village, Laishevsky Municipal District of the Republic of Tatarstan), laboratory analyses were carried out at the Center for Agroecological Research of the Kazan State Agrarian University. According to the research results, it was found that the application of Biochar-Agro fertilizer of the Technical brand contributed to an increase in the safety of plants for harvesting by 0.8 % compared with the control variant. In addition, the studied complex fertilizer contributed to an increase in the duration of the growing season of spring rapeseed. In the 10.0 kg/ha variant, the growing season was increased by 6 days. The height of the plants increases from 116.6 cm at the control, to 123.4 cm in the last version of the experiment, which is 6.8 centimeters higher than the control. In the variant Background NPK + Biochar-Agro brand: Technical (seed application, 10.0 kg /ha), the number of weeds per 1 m2 was 8.2 pcs., which is less than the control variant by 3.2 w. or 31.7 %. The maximum number of productive branches (5.5 pcs./plant) was formed on the variant of the near-sowing application of Biochar-Agro fertilizer of the Technical brand 10.0 kg/ha. The increase in the actual yield of spring rapeseed from the application of the studied preparation ranged from 0.23 to 0.49 t /ha, depending on the rate of application of Biochar-Agro brand fertilizers: Technical.

Chemical weed management in wheat (Triticum aestivum) using ready-mix and tank-mix herbicides

A field experiment was conducted at the Bichpuri, Agra, Uttar Pradesh during the winter (rabi) seasons of 2011–12 and 2012–13, to evaluate the effect of different grass and broad-leaf herbicides as sole and ready-mix application on weed control in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ready-mix application of herbicides proved better than their alone application in suppressing weed number and dry weight. Application of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron (25 + 4 g/ha) resulted in the highest weed-control efficiency (WCE) as well as herbicide efficiency (HEI) and lowest weed index of 94.8%, 2.97 and 3.3 respectively. The highest grain and stover yield of 4.05 and 6.39 t/ha were obtained from weed-free treatment, although this remained statistically at par with sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron (25 + 4 g/ha) and both the treatments resulted in an increase of 34.6 and 30.2% in grain yield as compared to weedy check respectively. The highest net returns ( 43,200/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.40) were obtained with ready-mix application sulfosulfuron metsulfuron (25 + 4 g/ha) among the tested herbicide treatments.

Influence of strip-tillage and winter cover crops on weeds and yield in organic pepper

Increasing vegetation diversity within crop fields through cover cropping has been advocated as an additional tool for managing weeds. As such, field experiments were conducted over two field seasons to compare the influence of four cover cropping/tillage tactics on weeds, time spent manually removing weeds and marketable yields in organic bell peppers (Capsicum annuum). The four treatments included: (1) conventional till (CT), (2) no-till (NT), (3) strip till after roller-crimping (ST-RC), and (4) strip till with a living mulch between crop rows (ST-LM). Impacts of cover crop on the number of weeds encountered during the study differed according to how cover crops were managed, row region (intra- and inter-row) and weed characteristic (life cycle, type) and was not always consistent. The ST-LM treatment generally had the least amount of weed establishment and ground coverage in the inter-row crop area. The CT treatment contained more weeds than all treatments in intra- and inter-row areas in year 1. Perennial weeds were generally found in greatest biomass in the inter-row area of the NT treatment. Weeding times varied among years and were similar among treatments in season 1. However, in year 2, less time was required for hand weeding in CT than NT and ST-RC. The CT treatment contained the highest marketable fruit yield during year 1. However, in year 2 fruit yields were similar among treatments. Red clover can be used as a living mulch to effectively reduce weed pressure in vegetable crops, however competition between the clover and cash crop must be minimized, and additional intra-row weed management may be necessary.

Evolution of hotspots and research trends in agricultural mulch film research: a bibliometric review

Agricultural mulch film (AMF) can increase the soil temperature, reduce the evaporation of water and soil erosion, control the number of weeds and pests, and improve the yield and quality of crops. However, the environmental pollution caused by AMF residues is becoming serious and has attracted increasing amounts of research. Research on AMF is a complex subject with diverse content and rich perspectives. Currently, there have been few systematic reviews of the use of AMF. To comprehensively and deeply understand the current status, hotspots, and trends of research on AMF, this paper conducted a bibliometric analysis of AMF literature from 1960 to 2022. Results are as follows: the overall publication volume in the field of AMF has increased 1960 to 2022. The top three countries contributing to publication volume include China, United States (US) and India, which are also the main collaborating nations. Notably, cooperation between China and US is the most frequent, and a cluster constituted by European nations serve as a primary collaborator for other countries. Owing to the introduction and development of the concept of degradable plastics, the field entered a period of rapid growth after 1970 and has primarily focused on continuous development in the areas of horticulture and environmental science. Current research on AMF primarily aims to: 1) develop applications that are aimed at enhancing the yield and quality of crops, and 2) improve the materials used to produce AMF to reduce its environmental impact. The persistent hotspots of research in AMF revolve around modifying the soil microclimate, promoting crop growth and development, and increasing crop yields. Frontier AMF research includes: exploring crop quality enhancement mechanisms, developing low-cost biodegradable film technologies and their natural degradation effects, and investigating AMF’s impact on soil nitrous oxide emissions and associated mechanisms.

Prediction of the harmfulness of bristle species in agrophytocenoses with spring barley

Relevance. The appearance of weeds in the fields of farms does not always imply their complete destruction, since from an economic point of view this may be ineffective. Therefore, in order to predict the effectiveness of crop contamination control in specific soil and climatic conditions, an urgent task is to develop and substantiate models of weed harmfulness and calculate economic thresholds for their harmfulness.Methods. The harmfulness of gray bristle (Setaria glauca (L.) Beauv) and green bristle (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv) in the conditions of the Agro-Invest Plus LLC enterprise in the Karsunsky district of the Ulyanovsk region in 2021–2022 on the yield of Despina barley was studied. The economic harmfulness thresholds were calculated against the background of the use of herbicides Ovsyugen Super, CE — 0.5 l/ha; Axial 50, CE — 0.9 l/ha; Puma Super, EMV — 0.9 l/ha; Avantik Turbo, MD — 0.5 l/ha. The scheme of the experience included: Option 1 — without weeds (control), 2–6 options — with the number of weeds, respectively, 10 pcs/m2, 20 pcs/m2, 30 pcs/m2, 40 pcs/m2, 50 pcs/m2, option 7 — with natural blockage. The accounting area of the plot is 1 m2, the location is systematic with an offset, the repetition is 6 times.Results. Based on field experiments, predictive models have been developed to determine the harmfulness of weeds, which make it possible to establish economic thresholds for their harmfulness in the conditions of a particular farm. The harmfulness of the bristle according to the linear function was 0.106–0.147 c/ha, depending on the amount (pcs/m2) or 0.322–0.291 c/ha by weight (g/m2). According to prognostic models, the proportion (%) of changes in barley grain yield from contamination ranged from 79 to 85%. Studies have shown that chemical weeding is advisable in the presence of bristles in barley phytocenoses from 8 to 15 pcs/m2.

Biodiversity assessment of segetal flora, earthworms and terrestrial invertebrates in various agricultural production systems and crops

The functioning of societies depends on a number of goods and services provided by the natural environment. Knowledge about the benefits that humans derive from it is an important issue in the era of current environmental and climate changes. Agricultural systems and management methods (e.g. tillage, weed and pest control, fertilization, field consolidation, crop specialization and monoculture) are important for biodiversity, the presence of which is of great importance for people and the environment. The aim of this study was to assess bioenvironmental indicators such as weed flora, earthworms and terrestrial invertebrates biomass, in selected crops in an organic, integrated and conventional farming systems in southern Poland. The results showed the highest biodiversity weeds, earthworms, and terrestrial invertebrates in crops grown in the organic system in comparison to the conventional or sustainable ones, where chemical herbicides were applied. Species diversity of weeds was, on average, twice as high in the organic system (21 species) compared to the integrated and conventional systems (10–11 species). In the organic system, the highest number of weeds (average 71 pcs m–2) accompanied spring wheat and the lowest number of weeds was observed in legume-grass mixture in the first year of use (average 28 pcs m–2). The highest biomass of earthworms in the soil was estimated under winter wheat and legume-grass mixtures. This indicator was half as much in the soil under plants grown in integrated and conventional systems. Terrestrial invertebrates were also most abundant in crops grown in the organic system, indicating that this agricultural production system is conducive to maintaining high biodiversity in agroecosystems. For winter wheat cultivated in the conventional and integrated systems, the invertebrate richness index was 2.5–3 times lower than in the organic system.

Weed infestation and its biodiversity under the influence of different herbicide variants application in maize cultivation

CThe main objective of Integrated Pest Management is to minimize the negative impact of pesticide use on the environment. For this purpose, technologies are developed that involve reducing doses of herbicides whose efficacy can be enhanced by adding adjuvants. This field study aimed to determine the weed control efficacy of herbicide applied at reduced doses in relation to full dose at different growth stages of maize. In the experiment, pre-emergence herbicide was applied at stage BBCH 00, while a post-emergence herbicide was at the 3, 6, or 8 leaves of maize. The herbicides were applied at doses reduced to 60% or 80% with adjuvants or at a full dose. The study has shown that pre-emergence or early post-emergence (in BBCH 13) application of the herbicide had the most beneficial effect on reducing the number and biomass of weeds in maize. The use of the doses reduced by 20% with the addition of adjuvant gave the same weed-killing effect as a 100% dose.