Number Of Water Samples Research Articles

Assessment of risk for the development of non-cancirogenic effects in using water from non-centralized water suppliers in the Tomsk region

Introduction. Iron is a widespread element in groundwater, which is used for domestic and drinking water supply. When using waters from non-centralized sources, deironing of waters, as a rule, is not carried out. When such waters are used for drinking purposes, there is a likely risk of negative effects for public health. Materials and methods. Forty six sources of non-centralized water supply (private wells, water wells, springs) were studied It considered assessing the health risk with oral administration of the components through drinking water into the body. Results. For single samples in the chemical composition of waters there were determined high contents of total hardness, SO42-, Cl-, NO3-. Waters with Fe and Mn concentrations many times higher than the normative values are widespread. The main non-carcinogenic risk is iron and nitrates, which have been identified as warning and high risk levels. For other components, the values of the hazard coefficient are within the range of the minimum and acceptable levels of risk. The probability of occurrence of negative effects for the children’s age group is possible with an iron content of 5 mg/l and more, for an adult - 11 mg/l and more. Limitations. The limitation related to the incomplete route of exposure to chemical components, since only one medium (drinking water) and only one route of exposure (oral exposure) was considered on the risk assessment. This study is also limited by the number of water samples. Conclusion. The health risk associated with high iron content in water has been set for children and adults. For the children’s group (up to 6 years), the risk of developing diseases of non-infectious etiology is significantly higher, than for the adult group, as shown by the results. When iron-containing waters are used for drinking purposes, there is a risk of non-infectious pathologies.

Development of a simple, rapid multiplex PCR tool kit by using the 16S rRNA gene for the identification of faecal and non-faecal coliforms in drinking water

Abstract A multiplex method for the detection of faecal and non-faecal coliforms in drinking water was developed using three primers from the V2, V3 and V9 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. 194F, 474F and 1436R are the three primers designed for specific amplification of the V2, V3 and V9 hyper variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows for differentiation of total coliforms from faecal coliforms by specific amplicons: 1,285 bp of amplicon is specific for six non-faecal coliform genera and 1,009 bp of amplicon is specific for faecal coliform ie. E. coli. If drinking water was contaminated with both faecal and non-faecal coliforms then two amplicons of 1,285 bp and 1,009 bp by combination of the three primers are observed. A multiplex PCR assay based on the 16S rRNA gene should be a beneficial tool kit for the rapid identification of total coliforms in a large number of water samples compared with traditional methods. Results can be acquired within 3 hrs compared with the classic most probable number (MPN) method (3–4 days). This assay will be useful in diversification and detection of seven genera of total coliforms by using variable regions of 16S rRNA.

Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Groundwater Quality of Kathmandu Valley

The limited availability, accessibility and deterioration of the water quality in Kathmandu valley have led to the high demand of ground water. This study aims to evaluate ground water quality of the Kathmandu valley. In this study, the physio-chemical parameters of water samples were performed using standard procedures. Also, total coliforms were enumerated using standard membrane filtration technique to quantify the bacterial contamination. Water samples were collected from July 2017 to July 2018. The results revealed that 56% and 73% of well and boring water samples, respectively exceeded standard value of iron recommended by National Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2005. Likewise, ammonia content was higher in 41% of well water and 35% of boring water samples than standard. However, few numbers of water samples were contaminated with arsenic (0.27% and 2.6% of well and boring water samples, respectively) and nitrate (3% and 8% of well and boring water samples, respectively). Besides, 96% of well water samples and 88% of boring water samples were contaminated with total coliform bacteria. Our data indicated that groundwater quality of Kathmandu valley was poor, which was not suitable for direct drinking purposes. Therefore, regular monitoring and treatment of groundwater is recommended before using accordingly.

Sanitary and parasitological state of water bodites in the Аstrakhan region

The article analyzes the sanitary and parasitological state of water bodies in the Astrakhan region in 20152019. A total of 16683 laboratory studies of water samples were conducted during the analyzed period. The number of samples taken from various environmental objects was 15253 (91,4%), of which 2595 (17%) were water samples taken from various water bodies. Of the last 82 (3,2%), samples did not meet sanitary standards. Centralized water supply was tested for parasitic contamination in 666 (25,7%) samples, swimming pool water in 947 (36,5%) samples, open water (river water) in 696 (26,8%) and wastewater in 286 (11%) samples. Of the 635 (24,5%) water samples collected in 2015, 14 (2,2%) did not meet hygiene standards. Of the 671 (25,9%) samples taken in 2016, 32 (4,8%) samples showed positive findings. Percentage of water samples collected and examined in 2017 it accounted for 463 (17,8%) of all water samples studied during the analyzed period, of which 14 (3%) did not meet sanitary standards. The share of water samples selected and tested for parasitic indicators in 2018 was 518 (22,4%), of which 18 (3,5%) samples did not meet the hygiene standards. In 2019, compared to previous years, the number of water samples taken for parasitic indicators decreased several times and amounted to 308 (11,9%), of which positive findings were noted in 4 (1,3%) samples. The absence of positive findings in water samples taken from Central water supply facilities indicates high-quality filtration and prevention of these facilities. The presence of cysts of pathogenic intestinal protozoa, as well as eggs and larvae of helminths in water samples taken from swimming pools and open reservoirs indicates fecal contamination of these objects. The presence of positive findings in wastewater samples indicates that sewage treatment plants do not provide reliable deworming and disinfection of wastewater.

Global assessment of trihalomethanes in drinking water

BACKGROUND. Chlorination of drinking water is a major public health intervention to avoid water-borne infections. Disinfection generates undesired by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs), some of which are carcinogenic. Global information on population exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs) in water is lacking. We developed global country-wide estimates of the concentrations of THMs in drinking water as a marker of DBP exposure. METHODS. In this global study we collected information about the regulatory status of DBPs and concentrations of total and specific THMs (chloroform, bromoform, dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane) in drinking water from the latest year available. Global THM data were collected using a structured questionnaire and database from key national contacts and experts (national agencies, universities, water utilities). We conducted on-line searches of published reports, research studies, and grey literature. We calculated population-weighted average THM levels in each country. Data quality analysis considered the percentage of population covered, the number of water samples, and the source of information used. RESULTS. From the 121 countries included, 90 (74%) regulate THMs in drinking water. In countries with THM regulations, 42 (47%) conduct routine monitoring. Data collection is ongoing. Average THM levels (in μg/L) varied e.g., from 0.02 in Denmark, 0.2 in Netherlands, 24 in UK, 27 in Canada, 34 in USA to 60 in South Africa, and 72 in Australia. Very high levels above 600 were observed in certain areas in India. There were major gaps in global coverage, primarily in Africa, but also in Asia. DISCUSSION. This is the first global assessment of THM levels in drinking water. National data were available for most high and several middle income countries. Results will become open access, and are expected to promote research and policy developments, including better estimates of global burden of disease, comparative risk assessment, and will facilitate control of DBPs in drinking water.

Discrimination of mine water-inflow sources based on the multivariate mixed model and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation

The accurate discrimination of the mine water-inflow sources is one of the main focuses of mine hydrogeological work and represents the basis of coal mine water hazard prevention. To accurately discriminate the water-inflow source in the – 700-m air return tunnel of the Longgu Coal Mine, firstly, according to the water-inflow conditions of the coal mine, three water sources were preliminarily estimated: the Ordovician limestone aquifer, the No. 3 limestone aquifer, and the sandstone aquifer in the roof and floor of No. 3 coal seam. A number of water samples were then selected from each of the three aquifers as the standard comparison water samples. A sample of water inflow from the tunnel of the coal mine and nearby locations was selected as the water sample to be tested. Six conventional hydrochemical indexes (Na+ + K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42−, and HCO3−) in the water sample to be tested and standard water sample were tested and discriminated by the multivariate mixed model and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The results show that the water-inflow source in the –n700-m air return tunnel is the Ordovician limestone aquifer, and a hydraulic connection was observed between the No. 3 limestone aquifer and the Ordovician limestone aquifer. The findings provide data support for the management of the water-inflow process in the Longgu Coal Mine, and have practical guiding significance for the discriminating water sources in other coal mines affected by water hazards.

Embedded processor based automated assessment of quality of the water in an IoT background

For the life of human beings, water is necessary. While nearly 70% of the earth is drained, just 3% are known to be fresh water. Moreover, approximately 2.6% of the cooling water is not accessible to people. They are either trapped in glaciers and polar ice caps, contained in the soil or water, heavily poisoned, or unnecessarily drained below the Earth's surface. So only 0.4% of the drinkable water in the world is shared by the 7 billion inhabitants. Fresh water is therefore a valuable resource to be regulated and properly maintained. Only 80% of liquid fresh water should not be available to the public in many developing countries. By exponentially increasing the population of India, Fresh Water management in the farming, manufacturing and other fields is much more critical because of water requirements. “Physical, biological and chemical” parameters can be analyzed in determining the Fresh Water Quality. The scientists will manually carry out traditional water quality sampling. Nonetheless, this method takes a little bit of time and is cost-effective. Now, the IoT technology is used to track, capture and analyze the data in various fields of research. In this paper, we design a low-cost system to achieve water value in an IOT environment. The system consists of several sensors used for the calculation of chemical and physical water parameters. The machine learning algorithm has also been used to forecast water quality based on its data set, which were learned from a number of water samples. This system was modeled by using the U D00* 86 Ultra and Teensy++2.0 data processors at low budgets.

The Efficacy of Treated Water from Water Filtration Machines for Safe Drinking Water Supply in Bandar Baru Bangi and Kajang, Selangor

This study was conducted to determine the physicochemical properties, microbiological quality, level of consumption, and effects of treated water from paid water filtration machines on health of the residents of Bandar Baru Bangi and Kajang, Selangor. The number of water samples taken for this study was 15 from the paid water filtration machines studied. The physicochemical assessment such as determination of pH, turbidity, total dissolved solids, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen was conducted, while the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the mineral content of the treated water. The microbiological quality was determined using the pour plate method for colony count (22°C incubation for 72 hours and 37°C for 24 hours), while for coliforms and Escherichia coli, the membrane filtration method was utilized. The samples of treated water from the paid water filters were based on triplicate sampling (n = 3). The pH, turbidity, total dissolved solid values, and heavy metal concentration were within the safe level according to the Malaysian National Standard for Drinking Water Quality, Ministry of Health (MOH). The overall range for the pH values of the treated water samples was between 6.50 and 7.15, where this was within the recommended range. The total dissolved solids showed that all the treated water samples were in the range of the recommended standard (27 to 92 mg/L). The range of turbidity values for all the treated water samples was from 1.7 to 6 NTU, and the dissolved oxygen range was from 7.7 to 8.2 mg/L. The colony count results showed that most of the water samples complied with the standards of <4 log cfu/mL at 37°C and <3 log cfu/mL at 22°C of incubation temperatures. However, there was the presence of coliforms in four (4/15) of the treated water samples being at more than 4 cfu/100 mL, while E. coli was absent in all of the treated water samples. The overall results showed that all samples were safe to drink according to the Industrial Guide to Good Hygiene Practice by Automatic Vending Association of Britain (2000) and Food Act (1983) except for the four treated water samples (C, D, H, and I). For that reason, the filtered waters require quality evaluation and management, while the filters need to be replaced according to their designated schedule in order to ascertain that the drinking water is safe to be consumed by the public.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЭНДОКРИННОГО И БИОХИМИЧЕСКОГО СТАТУСА НАСЕЛЕНИЯ ГЕОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОВИНЦИИ С ПОВЫШЕННЫМ СОДЕРЖАНИЕМ МЫШЬЯКА В ПИТЬЕВОЙ ВОДЕ

The aim of research is assessing the effect of arsenic contained in water from centralized water supply sources on the parameters of the endocrine system and the biochemical profile of children and adults (ob-jects of study) living in a region with high arsenic content in drinking water. The quality of drinking water was assessed, the arsenic content in the blood, the concentration of hormones and biochemical parameters of the blood were studied. It has been established that the arsenic content in a number of water samples (4.3 mg/dm3) is 86 times higher than the MPC, while in 8% of adults and 19% of children from the ob-servation group an increased arsenic content in the blood was found. The main changes in the metabolic and biochemical contours in children who use water with a high content of arsenic are associated with a change in hepatic and renal markers, and in adults they are more changes (decreased albumin, increased bilirubin, increased not only creatinine, but also urinary acid), also in adults of the observation group, changes in a number of hormonal markers were found. Thus, the use of drinking water increased content of arsenic causes age-dependent changes in biochemical parameters and hormonal regulation, which is confirmed by the presence of causal relationships detected by adequate logistic regression models.

Evaluation of Bacteriological Quality Characteristics of Drinking Waters of few Village Sources in Coastal Areas of Bhimavaram region at West Godavari District, India

The essential requirement for human life to exist is water. After to the air, the other It has in various sources such as canals, ponds, rivers, lake, streams, reservoirs and etc. human settlers on the banks of major river systems at the earliest and has need water for drinking, bathing, cooking, laundering, and many more. But with the advancement of civilization the demand of water supply grately increased and now has such a stage to come that without well organized public water supply scheme, it is not possible to move the present human life and the develop the towns. Earlier has importance on quantity. And now today importance of quality comes to be recognized gradually in the later days. In this present study, numbers of water samples were collected various water supply schemes from 20 villages of bhimavaram region, West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. The drinking water samples are analyze its biological quality and it was found that some of the samples in the study area are exceeds or above the standard limit or permissible limit. On over all based on biological quality few drinking water sources located in and around different areas of Bhimavaram was seriously polluted by harmful bacteria and must need few treatment methods. So that need of attention not to use of supplied water and need to give suggestions and remedial measures to concerned local authorities of various disinfection treatment technologies or control measure to make supplied water free from pathogenic Bactria. Quality Assessment of drinking water from various sources (S Malhotra, S.K., Sndhu (2015), especially bacteriological quality should be periodically planned regularly to avoid and control waterborne diseases

THE MICROBIOLOGICAL STATUS OF WATER IN WATER BODIES OF THE CITY OF GOMEL AND GOMEL REGION OVER 2013-2016

During the sanitary and microbiological studies of water samples from open water objects located in the city of Gomel and Gomel region it has been found that the number of water samples containing E. coli is growing each subsequent year, which points to the poor sanitary state of these objects. A high correlation between the pairs «air temperature» and «proportion of positive samples» has been revealed.The obtained data indicate that the higher the daily (night) temperature is, the higher the content of microbiota is in water bodies.Positive trends of increasing amount of the organic matter in the water samples from the water bodies were revealed over the period of the research.

Radon and uranium concentrations in drinking water sources along the fault line passing through Reasi district, lesser Himalayas of Jammu and Kashmir State, India

ABSTRACTThe presence of radon in drinking water causes radiation-related health hazards both through inhalation and ingestion. In the present study, 28 drinking water samples from natural flowing springs, freshwater ponds, and deep hand pumps were analyzed in the fault zone of Reasi region of Jammu & Kashmir. Radon measurement was performed using the RAD7 electronic device for radon content determination. Average mean values of these samples vary from 2.80 ± 0.78 to 74.37 ± 2.76 Bq l−1. Nineteen drinking water samples analyzed have radon levels in excess of USEPA recommended maximum contamination level of 11.1 Bq l−1. The annual effective dose from radon in water due to its ingestion and inhalation per individual has also been calculated. Uranium concentration in these water samples was also analyzed for a possible correlation between different types of rocks and values of radon in water. Results obtained have been compared with the results of earlier investigators for mean radon concentration and mean annual effective dose for radon in water from different regions of northern India and Pakistan. It has been found that radon levels in a significant number of water samples collected from the region of fault line are higher than USEPA recommendations. A positive correlation is observed between the depth of the water source and the values of radon levels in water samples collected from these sources. Measurements of radon concentration in these water samples were also performed with a Smart Radon Monitor designed by Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai, India, for a comparative analysis.

Investigation of Portable Groundwater Quality and Health Risk Assessment of Selected Trace Metals in Flood Affected Areas of District Rajanpur, Pakistan

Groundwater contamination is an important issue due to its toxicological effects on ecosystems and impact on public health. In this view, 120 water samples collected from flood affected areas of district Rajanpur, Pakistan were assessed for physical parameters (colour, odour, pH, turbidity and conductivity), minerals (Alkalinity, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-, SO4 -2 and TDS), micronutrients (F-, As, Fe, Mn, Zn) and microbiological organism (total coliform and faecal coliform) to understand its suitability for human consumption and health risk associated. Analysis data revealed that 75 and 57% water samples were contaminated with total coliform and faecal coliform bacteria respectively. Other than this, a number of water samples were having high level of minerals, micronutrients and other chemical constituents. Health risk assessment due to high concentration of Fe, Mn, As and Zn was carried out by calculating chronic daily intake (CDI) and health risk index (HRI) for both adults and children separately. Calculated CDIs and HRIs were found in the order of Mn>As>Zn>Fe and As>Mn>Zn>Fe respectively. Results showed that HRI>1 for As in 46 and 37% water samples for children and adults respectively, posing serious threats to the healthy life of the local community.

Increased isolation frequency of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O1 from environmental monitoring sites in Haiti.

Since the identification of the first cholera case in 2010, the disease has spread in epidemic form throughout the island nation of Haiti; as of 2014, about 700,000 cholera cases have been reported, with over 8,000 deaths. While case numbers have declined, the more fundamental question of whether the causative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae has established an environmental reservoir in the surface waters of Haiti remains to be elucidated. In a previous study conducted between April 2012 and March 2013, we reported the isolation of toxigenic V. cholerae O1 from surface waters in the Ouest Department. After a second year of surveillance (April 2013 to March 2014) using identical methodology, we observed a more than five-fold increase in the number of water samples containing culturable V. cholerae O1 compared to the previous year (1.7% vs 8.6%), with double the number of sites having at least one positive sample (58% vs 20%). Both seasonal water temperatures and precipitation were significantly related to the frequency of isolation. Our data suggest that toxigenic V. cholerae O1 are becoming more common in surface waters in Haiti; while the basis for this increase is uncertain, our findings raise concerns that environmental reservoirs are being established.

Effect of El-Sail Drain Wastewater on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)from River Nile at Aswan, Egypt

This study demonstrates the impact of wastewater of El-Sail Drain on the health of Oreochromis niloticus collected from two sites of River Nile at Aswan Governorate. One of these sites is before (I) and the other is after (II) the disposal point of El-Sail drain. The physicochemical parameters of water (pH, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, biological and chemical oxygen demands, nitrite, nitrate and ammonia) were determined. Heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd and Ni) concentrations in water and fish tissues (gills, muscles, liver and gonads) were detected. The microbiological, parasitological and pathological conditions of fish were also investigated. Higher values of pH, EC, BOD and COD were detected in site II than from site I. In contrast to DO, nitrite, nitrate and ammonia which were lower in site II. Heavy metals concentrations in water of both sites, especially Ni, Pb and Cd exceeded the permissible limits and its abundance followed the order: Pb>Ni>Cd>Cu. Total bacterial count, total coliform, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp. and E. coli were detected in higher numbers in water samples from site II. Moreover, the fish caught from that site revealed higher bacterial and parasitic infection. The bioaccumulation of Ni and Pb exceeded the maximum permissible limit; however, Cu and Cd concentrations were below the permissible limit in different tissues. The bioaccumulation factor of Cu showed its highest value in liver. The histopathological lesions were more prominent in fish collected from site II. So, consuming fish caught from the studied sites around El-sail drain disposal point represents serious hazard on human health.

Experimental determination of drift loss from a cooling tower with different drift eliminators using the chemical balance method

The existence of cooling towers arises from the need to evacuate power to the environment from engines, refrigeration equipment and industrial processes. Water drift emitted from cooling towers is objectionable for several reasons, mainly due to human health hazards. It is common practice to fit drift eliminators to cooling towers in order to minimise water loss from the system. The presence of the drift eliminator mainly affects two aspects of cooling towers: their thermal performance and the amount of water drift loss. This paper experimentally studies the drift loss emissions from a cooling tower without drift eliminator and fitted with six different drift eliminators. Chemical Balance is the selected method and Australian Standard methodology is taken as a reference. Some modifications are proposed to reduce uncertainty by increasing the duration of the test and the number of water samples. Installation of a drift eliminator, even in the worst case, reduces the water drift level to less than half of the situation without the eliminator. The water drift losses obtained with the different drift eliminators installed at the pilot plant, from 0.0118% to 0.161%, are within the range generally reflected in the literature. Finally, a criterion for designing drift eliminators in order to optimise both the collection efficiency and the cooling tower’s thermal performance is proposed.

Application of Deuterium and Oxygen-18 to Trace Leachate Movement in Bantar Gebang Sanitary Landfill

Bantar Gebang landfill was constructed in 1986 with total area of 108 ha and approximately 6000 ton/day solid waste is disposed to this landfill. Mostly, the people living surrounding landfill get afraid of impact of the hazardous chemicals produced by waste disposal to their health. The purpose of this investigation was to study the migration of leachate to Cibitung River water and shallow groundwaters near to the river. It is possible to be done because chemical contents and isotopic characteristics of municipal landfill leachate are unique, relative to aqueous media in the most natural environments. Laser absorption method developed by the LGR (Los Gatos Research) was used to measure absolute abundances of 2 HHO, HH 18 O and HHO in a number of water samples. In-situ measurements were also conducted as an additional parameter besides their isotopes. The δ 2 H of the H 2 O in landfill leachate was significantly enriched, with values of - 22.6 ‰ to + 4.3 ‰. This deuterium enrichment was undoubtedly due to the extensive production of microbial methane within the limited reservoir of the landfill. However, the enriched deuterium value in leachate was not detected in the river which still had depleted values. It was probably caused by the amount of natural water in the river was comparatively large, with respect to limited leachate discarded to the river. The electrical conductivity of the leachate was higher (3200 to 7600 μS) and the decreasing values were still monitored in the river to approximately 12 km after streaming the landfills. The effect of the high electrical conductivity and enriched deuterium of leachate was not clearly indicated in the groundwater samples which still represented the local precipitation recharge, except a monitoring well located in Bantar Gebang landfill area which has an indication of leachate contamination. Received: 20 November 2010; Revised: 15 June 2011; Accepted: 25 July 2011

Assessment of environmental degradation of Kalar Kahar Lake, Salt Range, Pakistan due to anthropogenic activities and its remedial measures

Kalar Kahar Lake is one of the important high altitude lakes located in the Salt Range of the Pakistan. It is a famous tourist spot and got a unique status among the wetlands due to residence of a large number of migratory birds. Today this lake is facing environmental degradation due to increase in local population and tourism. A number of water samples were collected from the lake and recharging springs from April 2008 to July 2010 and analyzed by adopting the World Health Organization recommended guidelines. The results indicate that the physical and biological quality of the lake water is greatly degraded due to the sewage water entering in it mostly from the food supplying shops located in the south of the lake and runoff generated from populated area in the north and western boundary of the lake. The chemical quality of the lake is also alarming due to the increasing trend of the contaminants. The chemical quality of the lake water varies greatly over the year which is probably due to the dilution process caused by the heavy rainfall during monsoon period in the catchment area of the lake. The polluted water of Kalar Kahar Lake is a great threat to the life of migratory birds. Huge amount of sedimentation in the lake has greatly reduced the total storage capacity of the lake which is creating hindrance in safe boating facility for tourists especially during the dry season. Suggestions for rehabilitation of Lake Environment have also been given.

Assessment of environmental degradation of Kalar Kahar Lake, Salt Range, Pakistan due to anthropogenic activities and its remedial measures

Kalar Kahar Lake is one of the important high altitude lakes located in the Salt Range of the Pakistan. It is a famous tourist spot and got a unique status among the wetlands due to residence of a large number of migratory birds. Today this lake is facing environmental degradation due to increase in local population and tourism. A number of water samples were collected from the lake and recharging springs from April 2008 to July 2010 and analyzed by adopting the World Health Organization recommended guidelines. The results indicate that the physical and biological quality of the lake water is greatly degraded due to the sewage water entering in it mostly from the food supplying shops located in the south of the lake and runoff generated from populated area in the north and western boundary of the lake. The chemical quality of the lake is also alarming due to the increasing trend of the contaminants. The chemical quality of the lake water varies greatly over the year which is probably due to the dilution process caused by the heavy rainfall during monsoon period in the catchment area of the lake. The polluted water of Kalar Kahar Lake is a great threat to the life of migratory birds. Huge amount of sedimentation in the lake has greatly reduced the total storage capacity of the lake which is creating hindrance in safe boating facility for tourists especially during the dry season. Suggestions for rehabilitation of Lake Environment have also been given. Keywords: Geological & hydrological surveys, tourism, water contamination, degradation of wetland.

Potentially human pathogenic vibrios in marine and fresh bathing waters related to environmental conditions and disease outcome

In 2009, four bathing sites in The Netherlands were monitored for potentially human pathogenic Vibrio species to observe possible associations with environmental conditions and health complaints. Three slightly different enrichment procedures were used to isolate Vibrio species with different growth requirements. Waters were generally positive for Vibrio from May until October; median Vibrio concentrations ranged from 4 to 383 MPN per litre (maximum 10(5) MPN per litre). Isolated Vibrio species included V. alginolyticus (50.6%) and V. parahaemolyticus (8.5%) from bathing sites with salinities ranging between 2.8 and 3.5% and V. cholerae non-O1/O139 (6.9%) from sites with salinities ranging between 0.007 and 0.08%. Although more samples were positive for Vibrio at elevated water temperatures, a quantitative relation between Vibrio numbers in water samples and the water temperature was not observed which may be explained by maximum water temperatures of 21 ° C. Active surveillance yielded one case of a recreational water related Vibrio infection. V. cholerae non-O1/O139 was cultured from the patient's wound and the implicated recreational water; PFGE profiles of the water and patient isolates were not identical. The number of patients that contract a Vibrio infection through exposure to Dutch recreational waters seems low, but may be underestimated. The common occurrence of Vibrio species in these waters stresses the need for providing information on Vibrio to risk groups to prevent infections.