Number Of Vascular Bundles Research Articles

Magnesium Oxide nanoparticle effect on the growth, development, and microRNAs expression of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus

ABSTRACT The use of nanoparticles in the appropriate portion to increase plant growth and development is an ongoing biological process. However, its exposure in an inconsiderable proportion become stressful and plant uses diverse regulatory mechanisms such as gene expression and miRNAs regulation to attain their cellular homeostasis. This study documented the influence of MgO NPs on genes and miRNAs expression, cell morphology, chlorophyll content, and physiological changes in Ananas comosus var. bracteatus at different treatment levels. It’s found that as MgO NPs exposed to the plant's increased, the average root length, average biomass, and average leaf length significantly decreased. A low concentration of MgO NPs (1 g/mL) increased the chlorophyll content of leaves, while 2 and 4 g/mL decreased it significantly. A 4 g/mL of MgO NPs increased the expression of miR-396 and miR-398 extremely, while repressed the expression of RHS12 and XTH genes significantly. Furthermore, the number of vascular bundles of root stele decreased obviously under 4 g/mL MgO NPs. 20 nm MgO NPs may have a destructive influence on the growth and development of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus by inhibiting chlorophyll.

Türkiye'den Alysseae Tribusunun (Brassicaceae) 21 Temsilcisinin Petiyol Anatomisi

This paper presents in detail petiole anatomy of 21 representatives of tribe Alysseae, 5 of which are endemic from Turkey. In the examined taxa, differences have found in the petiole shape, arrangement and number of vascular bundles, and the presence of collenchyma. Petiole shapes are in sulcate, circular, or flat types. The most common type is sulcate with blunt or acute margins. The epidermises are in 1, 2 or more layer. The number of vascular bundles in the examined taxa varies between 1 (Berteroa mutabilis) and 9 (Alyssum strictum and A. strigosum subsp. strigosum) in total. In addition, vascular bundles in the middle are broadly or narrowly arc-shaped with 1-5 lobed. These results display that the compared petiole anatomical characteristics among the examined taxa are somewhat suitable to their delimitation in traditional rank in the Flora of Turkey.

Early ontogeny defines the diversification of primary vascular bundle systems in angiosperms

AbstractUnderstanding vascular bundle systems in angiosperms is a challenge. On the one hand, the vascular tissue is extremely important in reconstructing the evolution and survivability of plants, but on the other hand, it forms a complicated three-dimensional system of controversially discussed phylogenetic and ontogenetic origin. To increase clarity, in this paper we briefly summarize histological, phylogenetic and molecular aspects of primary vascular bundle formation in angiosperms, adding histological data on early stages of vascular bundle formation, proposing a concept combining the different views and providing simplified illustrations to improve the understanding of primary vascular systems in angiosperms. Based on the auxin hypothesis, vascular bundle formation is stimulated by the development of leaf primordia. Provascular domains appear at the base of the leaf primordia and develop into two directions (leaf, internode). The low vs. high number of internodal bundles, their circular vs. scattered arrangement and the open vs. closed bundle construction in eudicots vs. monocots can be deduced to be due to processes below the shoot apical meristem. The most important processes distinguishing monocots from eudicots are the isolated bundle initiation outside the primary meristem, the enormous expansion of the leaf bases associated with a high number of vascular bundles and the early onset of primary thickening passively dislocating vascular bundles.

Hybrid rice yield response to potted-seedling machine transplanting and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer application combined with urea topdressing

Machine transplanting and the application of slow-release nitrogen (N) fertilizer (SRNF) have played vital roles in the modernization of rice production. We aimed to determine the effects of potted-seedling transplanting—a new machine-transplanting method—and SRNF on hybrid rice yields. A 2-year split-plot experiment (2016–2017) was conducted in Meishan, Sichuan province, China, using two machine-transplanting methods (potted-seedling and blanket-seedling) and three N treatments. Total green leaf area, high-effective leaf area and its rate at heading, net photosynthetic rate of flag leaves 7 days after heading, glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamine synthase (GS) activity after heading, dry matter production, and N accumulation at heading and maturity increased under the potted-seedling method or 70% SRNF as a base + 30% urea application at the panicle initiation stage (SBUP). Stem diameter and number of small and of all vascular bundles at the neck–panicle node in potted-seedling plants increased as a result of increasing numbers of effective panicles, secondary branches, and spikelets. In potted-seedling plants, treatment with SBUP increased the number of large and total vascular bundles at the panicle–neck internode and the number of differentiated and surviving secondary branches and spikelets and decreased the number of ineffective tillers and degenerated secondary branches and spikelets. We conclude that the potted-seedling machine transplanting method and SRNF combined with urea topdressing can strengthen the source–sink relationship in rice, resulting in higher yields.

Türkiye İçin Endemik Bir Bitki Olan Cousinia foliosa Boiss. & Bal. (Asteraceae) Üzerine Anatomik ve Palinolojik Bir Çalışma

Cousinia Cass. cinsi Asteraceae familyasının en büyük cinslerinden biri olup yaklaşık 700 türle temsil edilmektedir. Bu çalışma, Stenocephalae Bunge seksiyonu içerisinde yer alan Cousinia foliosa türünün anatomik ve palinolojik özelliklerinin belirlenerek cinsin sistematiğine katkı sağlamak amacıyla yapılmıştır. C. foliosa türünün polen mikromorfolojik özellikleri çalışılmış ve türe ait fotoğraflar verilmiştir. Bu türün anatomik çalışmasında gövde, yaprak ve orta damar özellikleri tespit edilerek fotoğrafları verilmiştir. Anatomik çalışmalar için bitki kısımları parafine gömülmüş ve dokuların boyanma işlemi için safranin fast green boyama metodu uygulanmıştır. Anatomik karakterlerden orta damar şeklinin dairemsi ve orta damardaki iletim demeti sayısının 8 olmasıyla bu karakterlerin türlerin ayrımında önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Palinolojik çalışmalar için ışık mikroskobu kullanılmış ve polen şekli subprolat olarak tespit edilmiştir. SEM mikroskobu kullanılarak polen ekzin yüzey süslerinin fotoğrafları çekilmiş ve polenlerin verrukoz olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Genetic basis of vascular bundle variations in rice revealed by genome-wide association study

The vascular bundles play important roles in transportation of photoassimilate, and the number, size, and capacity of vascular bundles influence the transportation efficiency. Dissecting the genetic basis may help to make better use of naturally occurring vascular bundle variations. Here, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the vascular bundle variations in a worldwide collection of 529 Oryza sativa accessions. A total of 42 and 93 significant association loci were identified in the neck panicle and flag leaf, respectively. The introgression lines showing extreme values of the target traits harbored at least one GWAS signal, indicating the reliability of the GWAS loci. Based on the data of near-isogenic lines and transgenic plants, Grain number, plant height, and heading date7 (Ghd7) was identified as a major locus for the natural variation of vascular bundles in the neck panicle at the heading stage. In addition, Narrow leaf1 (NAL1) was found to influence the vascular bundles in both the neck panicle and flag leaf, and the effects of the major haplotypes of NAL1 were characterized. The loci or candidate genes identified would help to improve vascular bundle system in rice breeding.

NOTES ON LEAF AND STEM ANATOMY OF Thlaspi sensu lato

In this study, anatomical characteristics of leaves and stems of 19 taxa of Thlaspi sensu lato, 9 of which are endemic to Turkey, were investigated in order to determine taxonomic relationships among the studied taxa. The anatomical characteristics of all taxa were determined and assessed using the cluster analysis and the principal component analysis. The transverse sections of the leaves and stems exhibited various diagnostic characters in terms of the pattern of epidermal cell and mesophyll layers, the number and size of vascular bundles, and the thickness of the cortex and endodermis. Important differences were detected in number, size, and index of stomata, and in epidermal cell wall structures in the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The results showed that the compared anatomical characteristics among taxa are partially compatible with their sectional delimitation in their traditional rank in The Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. The results also point out that some taxonomic re-arrangements may be required.

Physiological characters and gene mapping of a dwarf and wide-leaf mutant <italic>osdwl1</italic> in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

<p indent=0mm>Plant height is one of the important factors affecting rice lodging. The semi-dwarf rice varieties possess high level of lodging resistance, and could reduce yield loss and improve grain quality. Thus, it is very important to study the molecular and physiological mechanism of dwarf formation in rice. In this study, a stable hereditary dwarf and wider-leaf mutant <italic>osdwl1</italic> was obtained from ⁶⁰Co γ-radiated <italic>indica</italic> restore line Zixuan 1, and its morphological and physiological characteristics, cytological observation, genetic analysis and gene mapping were investigated. Under field condition, the mutant <italic>osdwl1</italic> exhibited dwarf and wider-leaf after the tillering stage due to shorter length of the parenchyma cells, and its panicle length and all internodes length were significantly shorter compared with wild type plants at mature stage. Paraffin sections and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) observation revealed that the number of small vascular (SV) bundles and the distance between SVs increased significantly, resulting in wider-leaf blade in <italic>osdwl1</italic>. Moreover, the number of microhairs on the abaxial and adaxial epidermis were also increased significantly in <italic>osdwl1</italic>. In addition, starting at the 3–4 leaf seedling stage, yellowing was visible at the upper middle parts of old leaves in <italic>osdwl1</italic>. Physiological analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation indicated that the lamellar structure of chloroplast was distorted and began to collapse in some mesophyll cells, which led to the reduction of total chlorophyll contents, net photosynthetic rate and <italic>F</italic>_v/<italic>F</italic>_m ratio of the second and third leaves from top in <italic>osdwl1</italic> at the heading stage. Relative to the wild type plants, the soluble protein content, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly decreased, which in turn resulting in the accumulation of H₂O₂ and O₂^܋, and a steady increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in the mutant leaves. Genetic analysis and gene mapping showed that <italic>osdwl1</italic> was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene, located in a region of 333 kb between SSR marker RM19297 and the InDel marker ID269-2 on the short arm of chromosome 6. The results would further facilitate the cloning and functional analysis of <italic>OsDWL1</italic> gene.

Comparative petioler anatomy of tribe Mentheae subfamily Nepetoideae, Lamiaceae from Pakistan

The current study was carried out to investigate the anatomical characteristics of the petiole of eight species of tribe Mentheae collected from different phytogeographical regions of Pakistan. The transverse section was cut using Shandon Microtome (Finesse 325) to prepare slides. Cluster analysis was carried out to represent the agglomeration schedule of species viewed from the cluster point of view. The distinguishing anatomical characteristics of petioles were noted including petiole shapes, number and shape of vascular bundles, number of vessels, layers of collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Prunella vulgaris and Salvia plebeia were observed with sclerenchyma cells arranged outside the vascular bundle. The comparative anatomical characteristics of petiole provide valuable information in identifying the tribe Mentheae species. Petiole anatomy plays a significant role in future taxonomic and phylogenetic studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the taxonomical importance of the petiole anatomy in the tribe Mentheae. This work will be helpful for the taxonomist and the taxonomic importance of the petiole anatomy in this tribe specifically, and generally will provide baseline to the other studies in family Lamiaceae.

EFFECT OF ADDITION HUMIC AND PROLINE ACID IN THE PRODUCTIVITY OF CORN UNDER WATER STRESS

This study was carried out in th (Adai village) of Baquba during the spring season 2018 in order to find the effect of different concentrations of proline and humic acid and irrigation divergence intervals and their interaction in the anatomical characteristics of maize plants Zea mysa L. The experiment included spraying plants with concentrations of 0,100,200,300 mg. L-1 proline acid and the use of four concentrations of humic acid 0.1, 2, 3 gm.m-2 Irrigation intervals were spaced every 5, 10 and 15 days. This experiment involved the study of the number of vascular bundles in the leg, the number of vascular bundles in the middle race of the leaves and the stomatal coefficient of the upper and lower epidermis, and the frequency of the upper and lower epidermis of the yellow maize plants. . The results indicated the following. Significant effect was shown in the case of adding high concentrations of proline and humic acid or spraying them together. Also significant effects were due to overlap between them and reducing the negative effects of water stress due to divergence of irrigation durations.

Use of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizoglomus irregulare and compost to improve growth and physiological responses of Phoenix dactylifera ‘Boufgouss’

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an important crop in arid zones and plays significant ecological and socio-economic roles. During the last decades, date palm groves were subjected to degradation due to extensive soil exploitation and low soil fertility. The use of biological techniques is essential to improve date palm development. The present work aims at assessing the effect of two different doses of compost (5% and 20%) and inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rhizoglomus irregulare on growth and development of date palm seedlings. The treatments comprised control and application of 5 and 20% of compost with R. irregulare individually or in combination. Growth, physiological, histological, and mycorrhization traits were assessed. Obtained results showed that compost applied at a low dose (5%) alone or in combination with the AMF stimulated root length, leaf area, root dry weight, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll fluorescence and increased the number of sclerenchyma fibers, the number of vascular bundles, root diameter, and lignification of the endodermis of date palm seedlings compared to control. Compost at low doses combined or not with AMF can successfully be applied as biofertilizers for improving the growth and development of date palm.

Control of Phytophthora melonis damping-off treated with 24-epibrassinolide and a histological study of cucumber hypocotyl

The oomycete Phytophthora melonis causes a severe disease in cucumber plants in Asia. In this study, the diameter of cucumber hypocotyl in the resistant variety 'Shantou qing gua' was significantly larger than that of the susceptible variety 'Zhongnong No. 20'. The significantly lower incidence of disease and less invasive hyphae on the epidermis and transverse section of hypocotyls in P plants of the resistant variety than those in susceptible cultivars were also observed. Brassinosteroids are a class of phytohormones that affect plant growth and development and are involved in regulating plant resistance to a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. 24-Epibrassinolide root drenching significantly enhanced the thickening of cucumber hypocotyl. Thick hypocotyls showed strong resistance to P. melonis, indicating that it significantly reduced the incidence of disease and retarded the hyphae extension for both resistant and susceptible cucumbers. 24-Epibrassinolide pretreatment had no significant effect on the elongation of cucumber hypocotyl. Further histological observation showed that under the condition of infection with P. melonis, exogenous 24-epibrassinolide could induce lignin deposition in external phloem and xylem vessel cell wall of the cucumber hypocotyl vascular bundle. There is also an accumulation of callose in the external phloem sieve plate, which activates the resistance responses in cell walls. It is worth mentioning that in both inoculated and uninoculated conditions, exogenous 24-epibrassinolide enhanced lignin formation in external phloem and xylem vessel cell wall of the vascular bundle. This increased the content of lignin in hypocotyl as well as the number of vascular bundles in the hypocotyl base. The above results show that 24-epibrassinolide constitutively regulates the thickening of cucumber hypocotyl and the development of vascular bundle, hence preventing phytophthora infection and inducing plant resistance to disease.

Lodging in wheat: genetic and environmental factors and ways of overcoming

Полегание является одной из основных проблем снижения урожайности и качества зерна озимой и яровой пшеницы. Устойчивость этой культуры к полеганию в значительной степени зависит от факторов внешней среды, биологических и морфологических особенностей стебля и корневой системы. Селекция сортов на устойчивость к полеганию актуальна во многих странах мира, и в данном направлении получен ряд достижений. Высота растений – важный морфологический признак, связанный с устойчивостью к полеганию. Основным направлением для снижения риска возникновения полегания стало выведение сортов, несущих гены короткостебельности (Rht). Гены Rht-B1b, Rht-D1b, Rht8, Rht11 получили широкое распространение во всем мире среди сортов мягкой пшеницы благодаря значительному влиянию на хозяйственно ценные признаки, включая полегание. Немаловажным оказалось изучение анатомо-морфологических особенностей и химического состава тканей стебля, которые дополняют оценку устойчивости к полеганию и позволяют более полно характеризовать изучаемый сортовой материал. Особенно большую роль в прочности стебля многие исследователи отводят толщине стенок междоузлий и их анатомическому строению. Диаметр соломины, ее толстостенность и вес, большое количество сосудистых пучков и широкое кольцо механических тканей коррелируют с устойчивостью к полеганию. Важными структурными компонентами, обеспечивающими прочность стебля у пшеницы, являются содержание лигнина, кремния и целлюлозы. Большое значение в выявлении генетической основы взаимоотношений между анатомическими и морфофизиологическими признаками стебля и корневой системы и полеганием имеют молекулярно-генетический анализ и картирование генов и локусов количественных признаков. Генетические факторы, отражающие корреляции между полеганием и толщиной стенки стебля, числом проводящих пучков и другими параметрами, были картированы в хромосомах 1А, 1B, 2A, 2D, 3A, 4B, 4D, 5A, 5D, 6D и 7D. Установлено, что локусы с высоким фенотипическим эффектом в отношении толерантности к полеганию колокализуются с локусами, ответственными за высоту растения, диаметр и прочность стебля. Для повышения устойчивости к полеганию необходимы разработка комплекса агротехнических методов, снижающих влияние почвенноклиматических факторов, и создание толерантных к полеганию сортов.

Epichloë endophyte modifies the foliar anatomy of Lolium multiflorum Lam.

Systemic fungal endophytes may increase the adaptive potential of their hosts to different environmental conditions. However, the mechanisms involved in the adjustment are still an area of active inquiry. Considering that anatomical features in plants are the result of adaptation to different environments, this aspect of plants response to the symbionts deserves further research. In this work we investigated whether an asexual Epichloe endophyte modifies the foliar anatomy of symbiotic plants (E+) of its host grass with respect to endophyte-free plants (E-), using the Epichloe occultans–Lolium multiflorum system. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse and plants were grown under benign, non-stressful (controlled) conditions. Symbiotic plants showed thinner leaf blades and lower mesophyll thickness. Likewise, the endophyte is associated with a greater number of vascular bundles. The stomatal density on the lower epidermis was higher in symbiotic plants than non-symbiotic plants. Our study reveals that Epichloe occultans modifies the foliar anatomy of Lolium multiflorum. Considering that leaf anatomy exhibits characters that were selected as a result of evolution in relation to specific environmental conditions, these results are promising since they can offer information about the mechanisms involved in the adaptive adjustment of symbiotic plants.

Determining relevant petiole anatomy characters to delimit Eupolypods I families

Abstract. Tan JMP, Buot Jr. IE. 2020. Determining relevant petiole anatomy characters to delimit Eupolypods I families. Biodiversitas 21: 2721-2726. The delineation of the families under eupolypods I has been quite challenging. With that, characters that are stable and taxonomically significant are necessary. The study attempted to use petiole anatomy characters to study the taxonomy of the eupolypods I families. Fresh eupolypods I representatives were collected from the field and were fixed with formalin-acetic acid alcohol (FAA). The petioles were cut and processed into permanent mounts using alcohol dehydration series and following standard microtechnique protocols. The petiole anatomy characters of the 21 representative species of eupolypods I were first studied of their stability and subjected to multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) to determine the most taxonomically relevant character. The MCA biplot showed that four petiole anatomy characters were useful to describe and delineate families of eupolypods I. These petiole anatomy characters included, xylem shape, vascular bundle shape, and number of vascular bundles.

Seaweed extract application and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal inoculation: a tool for promoting growth and development of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv «Boufgous»

In oases ecosystems, date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a plant that has several socio-economic and environmental roles. During the last decades, the cultivation of date palm and its development are threatened by several constraints, in particular, organic and mineral matter depletion. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of a seaweed extract (SWE) derived from the brown algae Fucus spiralis and an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) strain (Rhizophagus irregularis DAOM 197198) as well as their combination on the growth and development of the date palm (P. dactylifera L.). Growth, physiological, and histological parameters were evaluated. The results show that AMF combined with SWE induced the greatest effect. Indeed this treatment significantly increased the total dry weight, leaf area, stomatal conductance, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) levels by 27, 36, 48, 377, and 94%, respectively, compared to the control. Potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) contents were highly increased by AMF compared to other treatments. The results also show an enhancement in quantum yield of the photochemistry of PSII (Fv/Fm) by the AMF, SWE, and AMF+SWE treatments. The number of sclerenchyma fibers in AMF+SWE, SWE, and AMF treatments was increased by 681, 164 and 154% respectively, while, the number of vascular bundles was improved by 24% in the SWE treatment compared to the control. Lastly, the results indicated the positive effect of SWE or AMF and, especially, their combination as an efficient practice to improve growth and development of date palm.

Flooding has more adverse effects on the stem structure and yield of spring maize (Zea mays L.) than waterlogging in Northeast China

Abstract Lodging is a major element restricting the yield and quality of spring maize (Zea mays L.). A 2-year field experiment was implemented to explore the effects of flooding and waterlogging stress on the vascular bundle structure, mechanical properties of the stem and yield of two spring maize hybrids, Demeiya1 (DMY1) and Keyu16 (KY16), in Northeast China. Flooding and waterlogging treatments were conducted for different durations (3, 6, and 9 days for flooding and 5, 10, and 15 days for waterlogging) at the seedling (V3), jointing (V6), and tasseling (VT) stages. The results showed that plant height, ear height, stem diameter, stem length, rind penetration strength and transverse bending strength of the third base internode, cortical thickness, number of vascular bundles and stem bleeding intensity all significantly decreased with increasing duration of flooding or waterlogging. These changes led to a decline in the lodging ability of stems and ultimately caused a reduction in yield in both spring maize hybrids. Both maize varieties were most vulnerable to flooding and waterlogging stress at the V3 stage, followed by the V6 and VT stages, and the longer the flooding or waterlogging duration, the more significant the effects of flooding or waterlogging stress on the stem characteristics and grain yield of both spring maize hybrids.

Anatomical examination of the petiole of eupolypods I (Polypodiales)

Abstract. Tan JMP, Banaticla-Hilario MC, Malabrigo P, Angeles MD, JR Buot IE. 2020. Anatomical examination of the petiole of eupolypods I (Polypodiales). Biodiversitas 21: 1767-1777. The efficiency of petiole anatomy characters in identifying and describing the species and families of eupolypods I (Polypodiales) were explored. Specimens of 21 species, representing 13 genera and nine families were collected and processed in the laboratory, following proper dehydration and staining protocols. Transverse sections of the basal, median, and distal portions of the petiole were examined, photographed and analyzed. The results showed five taxonomically significant characters that can serve as family markers: (i) xylem shape, (ii) vascular bundle shape, (iii) number of vascular bundles, (iv) presence and absence of circumendodermal band, and (v) presence and absence of adaxial grooves. Based on these characters, a taxonomic key to the families of eupolypods I was constructed.

A comparative anatomical study of the genus Puschkinia Adams in Turkey

In the study, Puschkinia scilloides Adams, P. bilgineri Yıldırım, and P. peshmenii Rix et B. Mathew were compared anatomically. Although the stem vascular bundles were arranged in two rows in P. peshmenii, they can observed in three rows in P. scilloides and P. bilgineri. In addition, some differences were found, such as the metaxylem number in the root, number of vascular bundles in the scape, presence of raphide crystals, and number of protruding epidermis cells at the tip of the leaf. These differences have been found to be taxonomically useful for distinguishing these species. Moreover, similarities and differences between Puschkinia Adams and the taxonomically closely related Scilla L. section Chionodoxa Boiss. and Scilla bifolia L. taxa were also discussed.

Distribution of Vascular Bundles and Physical Properties Analysis of Variety DxP Oil Palm Trunk Based on Various Zones and Trunk Heights

In an attempt to obtain a homogenous board density from the palm trunk, this research was carried out to analyze the distribution of vascular bundles and the physical properties of the oil palm trunk (moisture content, density, and specific gravity) in various zones and trunk heights. Oil palm trunk samples were used from 29 years old palm (Planted on 1991) which acquired from Aek Pancur Experimental plantation, Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute (IOPRI). The oil palm trunk sample was cut based on the trunk zones (peripheral, central, and inner), and trunk heights (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 m). The observed parameters were vascular bundles, moisture content, density, and specific gravity. The results showed that the highest number of vascular bundles in the peripheral zone (73.66 vb/cm2). In addition that, the highest density and specific gravity also found in peripheral zone with an average 0,73 gram/cm3 and 0.53, whereas the highest moisture content was found in the inner zone with an average value 141%(w/w). Furthermore, the statistical analysis ((ANOVA and regression test (R2)) in this study showed that the trunk zone factor was more significant than the trunk height for all observed parameters (distribution of vascular bundles, moisture content, density and specific gravity).