Number Of Tillers Research Articles

Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen Application at Early Tillering, Panicle Initiation and Flowering Stages on the Yield and Yield Attributes of Boro Rice

The study aimed to evaluate the impact of irrigation scheduling and nitrogen splitting on the yield and yield attributes of boro rice, with particular emphasis on critical growth stages including early tillering, panicle initiation and flowering stages. The experiment was executed at the Agronomy Field Laboratory of the Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension, University of Rajshahi, from December 2022 to May 2023. The experiment setup was demonstrated using a split plot design, incorporating three replications. Two factors were determined for the experiment: the first included three different watering schedules aiming critical growth stages: early tillering (I1), early tillering and flowering (I2), and early tillering, panicle initiation and flowering panicle initiation (I3). The second factor was distinct nitrogen splitting techniques, which consisted of four levels: control (N0), 138 kg N ha-1 as basal (N1), 69 kg N ha-1 at early tillering and flowering stages (N2), and 46 kg N ha-1 at early tillering, panicle initiation and flowering stages (N3). The highest reading of chlorophyll content was noticed in I3 along with productive tillers (15.67), grains (115.25) and yield outcome (4.44 t ha-1). Regarding nitrogen application, the greatest chlorophyll content, number of functional tillers (13.32), productive grains (112.44) panicle-1 and grain yield (4.48 t ha-1) was recorded in treatment N3. Therefore, the research finding suggest that the application of water at early tillering, panicle initiation and flowering stages along with the application of 46 kg N ha-1 will be helpful to maximize the production of rice in drought prone areas. This approach not only maximizes yield but also helps to mitigate water wastages associated with excessive irrigation.

Comparative study on productivity of Hybrid Napier CO3 and CO4 with the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers

The present study aimed to assess the growth parameters, herbage yield and chemical composition of CO3 and CO4 (Pennisetum perpureum X Pennisetum americarnum) at the Livestock farm Eastern University, Sri Lanka from July to September 2018. Four different treatments; inorganic fertilizer 100%, Organic fertilizer 100%, Control and Inorganic+Organic fertilizer 1:1 (weight basis). Plant height, leaf length, number of tillers per clump, leaf area, yield and total ash content were measured at two-week intervals from the 4th week up to the 8th week and data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The means were separated using Duncan’s multiple range test at 0.05 significance level. Results indicated that the productivity of CO3 is superior to CO4 in terms of growth and yield under (T4) CO3 with 1:1 mixture of inorganic and organic fertilizer. The highest (p<0.05) fresh matter yield of 18.07 t/ha, with a dry matter yield of 3.83 t/ha was recorded in the sole application of inorganic fertilizer. A similar yield was obtained in CO3 with the 1:1 inorganic and organic fertilizer mixture. CO3 showed the highest total ash content (18.44%) on dry matter basis. Hence, farmers can save half of the cost of inorganic fertilizer by using farmyard manure along with half of the recommended dose of inorganic fertilizer for fodder cultivation

Response of Biofertilizer and Molybdenum on Growth and Yield of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The field experiment was conducted during rabi season, 2023-24 at research farm, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur. The experiment was layout in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The treatments consisted of biofertilizers like Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) and three level of Molybdenum (400, 600 and 800 ppm) and control. The soil in the experimental area was sandy loam with pH (7.81), Organic Carbon (0.21%), Available N (132.5 kg/ha), Available P (21.13 kg/ha) and Available K (203.24 kg/ha). Seed rate is 100 kg/ha. The application of biofertilizers + PSB + 800 ppm Mo significantly increased the Plant height (110.46 cm), Dry matter accumulation (542.54 g/m2), No. of tillers/ running row meter (93.51), Number of effective tillers m-2 (199.86), Number of grains spike-1 (53.60), Grain yield (3450 kg/ha) and Straw Yield (6562 kg/ha) of barley over the control.

Effects of Different Levels of Irrigations on Yield and Yield Contributing Characters of Wheat at Bangladesh Condition

A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Agricultural University's Department of Soil Science research site to investigate the impact of varying irrigation regimes on the growth, yield, and yield-related attributes of the wheat cultivar BARI Gom 21 (Shatabdi). The study employed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. The experiments consisted of 6 treatments designated as T0 = control or no irrigation, T1 = 1/ crown root initiation (CRI), T2 = 2/CRI+ tillering, T3 = 3/ CRI+ tillering + booting, T4 = 4/ CRI+ tillering + booting + earing, T5 = 5/ CRI+ tillering + booting + earing + milking number of irrigations at different growth stages. All irrigation treatments were shallow, with a depth of 2 cm. We applied irrigation treatments five times during the crown root initiation (CRI), tillering, booting, earing, and milking. We applied all irrigation treatments in chronological order based on the numbers. Treatment T5 (5 number of irrigations) exhibited superior performance across all measured agronomic traits. It significantly outperformed other treatments in terms of the highest plant height (90.80 cm), effective tillers number hill-1 (5.20), spike length (12.40 cm), grains number spike-1 (41.03), grain yield (4.067 t ha-1), 1000-grain weight (55.11 g), straw yield (5.067 t ha-1), and yield plot-1(9.133 t ha-1). In all cases, the non-irrigated or control treatment gave the lowest result. Ultimately, the experiment suggests that five times application of irrigation showed superior results compared to other treatments for successful wheat production.

Principal Component Analysis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties for three seasons in Annamalai Nagar, an east coast region of Tamil Nadu

Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to assess genetic variability and identify key yield-contributing traits among 50 rice genotypes evaluated over three seasons under saline conditions. The study aimed to select promising donor lines for developing salt-tolerant, high-yielding cultivars suitable for coastal regions. PCA identified three principal components (PCs) that explained 73.19%, 70.34%, and 64.81% of the total genetic variation in seasons 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Key plant attributes, such as grain yield per plant, panicle grain density, total tiller number, and productive tiller count, showed significant positive associations with PC1 across various growth stages, underscoring their crucial role in explaining the genetic diversity among the genotypes. Plant height, panicle length, and hundred-grain weight also emerged as major contributors to variation. The PCA biplots consistently demonstrated positive correlations between grain yield and traits like panicle length, hundred-grain weight, and tillering ability. In contrast, days to 50% flowering exhibited a negative association with yield. Genotypes G10, G49, G36, G41, G9, G4, G22, and G21 displayed favourable combinations of grain yield per plant, identifying them as potential donor lines for breeding programs aimed at improving rice yield and associated agronomic traits. This comprehensive PCA analysis highlights the effectiveness of the approach in capturing genotypic diversity and guiding the selection of promising germplasm for targeted trait improvement in rice.

Novel nanocomposite and biochar insights to boost rice growth and alleviation of Cd toxicity

Cadmium (Cd) is an unessential and pervasive contaminant in agricultural soil, eventually affecting the food and instigating health issues. The implication of nanocomposites in agriculture attained significant attention to drive food security. Nanocomposites possess exceptional characteristics to stun the challenges of chemical fertilizers that can enhance plant yield and better nutrient bioavailability. Similarly, biochar has the ability to immobilize Cd in soil by reducing mobility and bioavailability. Rice husk biochar is produced at high temperature pyrolysis under anoxic conditions and a stable carbon-rich material is formed. To strive against this issue, rice plants were subjected to Cd (15, 20 mg kg− 1) stress and treated with alone/combined Ca + Mg (25 mg L− 1) nanocomposite and rice husk biochar. In our study, growth and yield traits showed the nurturing influence of Ca + Mg nanocomposite and biochar to improve rice defence mechanism by reducing Cd stress. Growth parameters root length 28%, shoot length 34%, root fresh weight 19%, shoot fresh weight 16%, root dry weight 9%, shoot dry weight 8%, number of tillers 32%, number of grains 20%, and spike length 17% were improved with combined application of Ca + Mg and biochar, with Cd (20 mg kg− 1), rivalled to alone biochar. Combined Ca + Mg and biochar application increased the SPAD 23%, total chlorophyll 26%, a 19%, b 18%, and carotenoids 15%, with Cd (20 mg kg− 1), rivalled to alone biochar. MDA 15%, H2O2 13%, and EL 10% were significantly regulated in shoots with combined Ca + Mg and biochar application with Cd (20 mg kg− 1) compared to alone biochar. POD 22%, SOD 17%, APX 18%, and CAT 9% were increased in shoots with combined Ca + Mg and biochar application with Cd (20 mg kg− 1) compared to alone biochar. Cd uptake in roots 13%, shoots 14%, and grains 21% were minimized under Cd (20 mg kg− 1) with combined Ca + Mg and B. pumilus application, compared to alone biochar. Subsequently, combined Ca + Mg and biochar application is a sustainable solution to boost crop production under Cd stress.

Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Yield of Barley (Hordeum vulgare.L) under North Plain Zone of Dehradun, Uttarakhand

This article as a brief review, give concise information on the “Effect of Integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of barley under north plain zone of Dehradun, Uttarakhand. The experiment was set up in a Randomized Block Design with 3 Replications and 7 Treatments. Generally analysis of variance shows significant difference between the treatments. Application of T3 75%RDF+ 100% FYM 10q per ha-1 gave higher number of tillers. The higher plant height was obtained from T3 75%RDF+ 100% FYM 10q per ha-1 .Higher spike length, Grain weight, optimum yield and economic return recommended for barley was recorded under T3 75%RDF+ 100% FYM 10q per ha-1 at Dehradun District.

Optimizing nutrient management for sustaining sugarcane yield throughintegration of biochar, digested sludge, liquid slurry and ash applicationswith inorganic fertilizers

A field experiment was laid out during 2023-24 at ICAR- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of various nutrient management options on growth performance, yield and quality of sugarcane. Optimized integration of organic sources were evaluated with inorganic nutrient sources in randomized block design with three replications. The result revealed that a significantly higher plant height (407.8 cm), number of tillers (191 × 103/ha), leaf area (511.7 dm2), leaf area index (6.81) and cane yield (91.2 t/ha) of sugarcane were obtained with the integration of 100% synthetic along with 4 t/ha solid digest, which was at par to 100% NP + K through liquid digest, 100% synthetic + 6 t/ha biochar and 100% NP + K through Ash, while the lowest were observed under treatment receiving organic manure alone i.e. 100% N through solid digestate, might be owing to very slow mineralization process of nutrients. These treatments also resulted in an effective combination of organic and inorganic nutrient sources with regard to increased 0brix reading.

Optimizing rice (Oryza sativa) growth, productivity, profitability and nutrient uptake with coated urea and organic manure in the new alluvial zone of West Bengal

A two-year field experiment was carried out at experimental farm of BCKV, Nadia, West Bengal during kharif seasons of 2019–20 and 2020–21 to study the effect of combined application of coated urea and organic manure on performance of rice. The experiment was laid-out in a randomized complete block design with four replications and treatment comprised 5 treatment combinations, such as T1 , control plot (without N); T2 , 100% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through neem-coated urea (NCU); T3 , 75% RDN through NCU + 25% RDN through FYM (farm yard manure); T4, 100% RDN through polymer sulphur coated urea (PSCU); T5, 75% RDN through PSCU+25% RDN through FYM. The results showed that 75% RDN through PSCU+25% RDN through FYM re- sulted in maximum growth attributes, viz. plant height (110.8 cm), maximum number of effective tillers per square meter (416/m2 ), highest dry-matter accumulation (DMA) (740 g/m2 ), leaf area index (LAI) (4.47) and crop growth rate (CGR) (6.56 g/m2 /day), highest yield components like panicle length (23.5 cm), panicle weight (9.95 g), num- ber of filled grains/panicle (113), test-weight (21.3 g) and maximum grain yield (4.79 t/ha) and straw yield (5.53 t/ ha). Similarly, maximum amount of total nutrient uptake by crop (99.7, 40.1 and 208 kg/ha NPK), protein yield (418 kg/ha), gross returns (` 71.8 × 103 /ha), net return (` 52 × 103 /ha) and B: C ratio (2.73) were noticed under T5 treat- ment. Therefore, it is advisable to implement a comprehensive nutrient management strategy T5 (75% RDN through PSCU + 25% RDN through FYM) in rice cultivation. This approach enhances growth, yield, nutrient absorption, and quality, ultimately boosting agricultural productivity, profitability, and sustainability.

Effect of biochar on soil chemical properties of tidal wetland in Jambi, Indonesia, and growth and yield of various rice varieties

The study aimed to determine the effect of biochar on the growth and yield of several rice varieties in a tidal wetland agroecosystem. This research used a split-plot design with the main plot was biochar application, consisting of three levels (no biochar, rice husk biochar, and coconut shell biochar), and the subplot was rice variety consisting of ten varieties (Inpara, Inpari 30, Kuning, Karya Rendah, Bujang Pelawah, Pandan Wangi, Bujang Berinai, Kwatek Tinggi, Candu, and Serai). Plant parameters observed were plant height, number of tillers, productive tillers, panicle length, number of grains per panicle, number of empty grains per panicle, milled rice weight, and weight of 1,000 grains. Results of this study showed that the application of biochar improved soil fertility by increasing organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassium, cation exchange capacity, and reducing the soluble iron in the soil. However, the application of biochar did not significantly affect the height of rice plants. The application of coconut shell biochar yielded the best results in increasing the number of productive tillers, the number of grains per panicle, grain dry weight, and reducing the number of empty grains per panicle.

Improvement of growth and nutrient uptake of upland rice grown on degraded acid soil with the application of liquid organic fertilizer

This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of several types of liquid organic fertilizer (LOF) derived from plant waste and the dose of P fertilizer on the growth and yield of upland rice on degraded acid soil. The treatments consisted of two factors. The first factor (A) was several types of LOF consisting of A1 (control), A2 (LOF containing isolates of P-solubilizing bacteria), A3 (LOF-banana waste), and A4 (A2+A3). The second factor (B) was fertilizer doses consisting of B1 (50% of the recommended dose of P fertilizer), B2 (75% of the recommended dose of P fertilizer), and B3 (100% of the recommended dose of P fertilizer). The treatment combinations were arranged in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. The research results showed that applying either LOF-banana waste or the mixture of LOF-banana waste and LOF-containing isolates of P-solubilizing bacteria improved plant height, the number of tillers, and N and P uptake by the plant. The rice grain yields among the treatments were not significantly different, but the highest rice grain yield (139.8 g/pot) was obtained at the treatment of the mixture of LOF-P isolate + LOF-banana waste (A2+A3 treatments). The 75% of the recommended dose of P fertilizer was not significantly different from 100% P fertilizer with LOF on growth and yield upland rice and nutrient uptake by the plant.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Endophytic Bacteria in Controlling Rice Sheath Blight: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Rice production is highly susceptible to various pathogens, including Rhizoctonia solani, Curvularia lunata, and Epicoccum rostratum, which are major threats in Asia. Exploring biological control methods using endophytic bacteria offers promising opportunities to enhance rice resilience against these lethal diseases. Using 16S RNA sequencing, we identified four endophytic isolates of Bacillus spp. from rice roots, stems, and leaves. We evaluated the antagonistic activity of these endophytic bacterial isolates against rice pathogens both in vitro and in vivo. These isolates inhibited the growth of C. lunata by 82%, R. solani by 79%, and E. rostratum by 88% in vitro. The detached leaf assay for sheath blight (ShB) disease severity in strains ranged from 10.4% to 73.3%. In vivo results showed that B. amyloliquefaciens (R-19) exhibited the lowest disease intensity at 7.2% and the highest disease suppression at 78.8%. The fungicide propiconazole at 0.1% treatment showed the lowest disease intensity of 7.7% and the highest disease suppression of 73.4%, compared to the infected control. Besides biocontrol efficacy, endophytic isolates enhance plant growth parameters, including shoot height, root length, fresh and dry weights, number of tillers, and grains per tiller. Plant hormones abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acids (GA3) increased by 35% and 53%, respectively, due to B. subtilis (R-20) and B. amyloliquefaciens (R-19), while flavonoid and indole acetic acid (IAA) concentrations surged by 30%–80%. Similarly, chlorophyll (a, b), carotenoids, antioxidant enzymatic activity, phenolic content, carbohydrates, and proline contents were higher compared to the control. This study provides a foundation for future studies on novel and eco-friendly biocontrol agents. In addition, our study recommends the integration of endophytic bacteria into sustainable agriculture for enhancing rice production and reducing disease impacts.

Relative Benefits of Aqueous Extract of Sorghum Residues with Herbicide on Weed Control and Yield of Wheat Varieties

Reducing herbicide use in agriculture is key for sustainability, addressing costs, environmental issues, and resistance problems. Using non-chemical methods like allelopathy in weed management offers a viable alternative. In this phenomenon, a field study was carried out at the Agronomy Field Laboratory (AFL) of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, from November 2021 to March 2022, to assess the phytotoxic effects of herbicides combined with aqueous extract of sorghum (AES) on weed management and yield of wheat. This study used three wheat varieties viz. BARI Gom (wheat)-32, BARI Gom-33, and BWMRI Gom-1 and six treatment levels such as, no weeding, recommended dose of herbicide (RDH), 90% RDH + AES (1:20 w/v), 80% RDH + AES (1:20), 70% RDH + AES (1:20), and 60% RDH + AES (1:20). The experiment followed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The RDH with AES and wheat variety significantly influenced weed population (WP) and dry weight (DW) of weeds. BARI Gom-32 produced the highest grain yield (GY) and other yield-contributing characteristics. The best results, including the highest numbers of tillers (NET) hill-1 (6.47), spike length (SL) (15.10 cm), number of spikelet spike-1 (NSS) (19.38), 1000-grain weight (TGW) (57.67g), GY (5.10 t ha-1), and straw yield (SY) (7.07 t ha-1) and harvest index (HI) (41.95%) were observed in plots treated with the RDH and the BARI Gom-32 variety, followed closely by those receiving 90% RDH + AES (1:20). The results demonstrate that varying concentrations of AES crop residue can effectively suppress weed growth and enhance wheat yield, suggesting that sorghum residues might be utilized to manage weeds effectively and sustainably while boosting wheat production. The study supports the potential of AES crop residue as an effective means to control weeds and significantly improve wheat yields. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 22(3): 326-334, 2024

Influence of various organic nutrient management technologies on microbial abundance, growth, and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) under field conditions

A field study (three years) was carried out to evaluate the outcome of various organic nutrient management technologies including farmyard manure (FYM) and poultry manure (PM) integrated with chemical fertilizers for microbial dynamics and growth and yield of rice at Experimental Farm of Nuclear Institute of Agriculture (NIA), Tandojam, Sindh, Pakistan. The most broadly grown rice variety, NIA-Shandar was selected for this study. The experiment involved integrating organic technologies, specifically Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and Poultry Manure (PM), each applied at 10 tons per hectare. These organic technologies were combined with varying levels of inorganic fertilizers: half (60 kg N ha-1 and 45 kg P2O5 ha-1) and full (120 kg N ha-1 and 90 kg P2O5 ha-1) recommended doses. Additionally, zinc was applied at 10 kg ha-1. The study employed a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to assess treatment effects. Both organic technologies perform better for microbial dynamics and rice growth and yield enhancement either alone technology or combined with chemical fertilizers during three rice seasons. The maximum general microbial abundance (9.70 log10 CFU g soil-1), N2 fixing (7.37 log10 CFU g soil-1), P solubilizing (7.97 log10 CFU g soil-1) and Zn solubilizing(6.75 log10 CFU g soil-1) population was recorded in FYM alone or with half N and P2O5 fertilizer application. The highest plant height (106 cm), tiller numbers(17.10), panicle numbers (26.53), panicle length (26.32 cm), one thousand grainweight (26.53 g) and rice grain yield (7.92 t ha-1) were perceived in FYM with full rate N and P2O5 fertilizer application. Both technologies along with chemical fertilizer induced soil properties and soil nutrients which reflected to increase soil microbial abundance and growth and yield of rice however, FYM showed higher potential than poultry manure during the three years rice cultivation seasons. Hence, it was indicated that a significant contribution to the development of sustainable agricultural technologies that prioritize soil health,environmental stewardship, and food security.

Influence of Grass Pea Residues Extract on Weed Control Efficacy and Performance of Boro Rice

The agriculture sector is constantly adopting environmentally friendly and sustainable methods to reduce the harmful effects of herbicides on crop production. In this respect, an experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory (AFL), Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh to assess the allelopathic effects of grass pea crop residues on weed suppression and the growth performance of Boro rice from December 2021 to May 2022. The experiment consisted of four cultivars of Boro rice i.e. BAU dhan3, BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan81, BRRI dhan96 along with four different treatments of weed control viz. no extract and no weeding (control), hot water extract of Grass pea residues as pre-emergence application at 3 DAT (days after transplanting), hot water extract of Grass pea residues as pre-emergence application at 3 DAT+ post- emergence at 10 DAT, hand weeding 3 times at 15, 30 and 45 DAT. The highest weed growth was noticed when no extract was added and the lowest was found when three times hand weeding was performed. The highest number of effective tillers (NET) hill-1, number of spikelets panicle-1 (NSP) and grain yield (GY), straw yield (SY) and biological yield (BY) were recorded from the rice variety BAU dhan3. The highest NET hill-1, NSP, 1000-grain weight (TGW), GY, SY and BY were recorded from three hand weeding which was followed by hot water extract of grass pea as pre-emergence application at 3 DAT+ post-emergence application at 10 DAT. From the interaction it is observed that the highest NET hill-1, NSP, SY and BY were obtained from BAU dhan3 with three hand weeding which was followed by BAU dhan3 with hot water extract of grass pea as pre-emergence application at 3 DAT+ post-emergence application at 10 DAT. The findings of this study reveal that hand weeding, followed by the application of grass pea crop residues, effectively suppresses weed growth. Our research suggested leveraging the allelopathy-weed inverse relationship to address weed problems. This approach holds significant promise for weed management in the twenty-first century. J Bangladesh Agril Univ 22(3):360-368, 2024

Interaction Effects of Phosphorus and Zinc Application on Their Availability and Growth of Rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em>) in an Alfisol of Sri Lanka

This study investigated the interactive effects of phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) application on P and Zn availability, and growth of rice (Oryza sativa) in an Alfisol. In a laboratory incubation experiment, soil samples were supersaturated with treatment solutions with all possible combinations of four P levels (0, 6, 12, and 24 mg kg-1 equivalent to 0, 10, 20, and 40 kg ha-1, respectively) and three Zn levels (0, 1.2, and 2.4 mg kg-1 equivalent to 0, 2, and 4 kg ha-1, respectively), and then allowed to air-dry. Available P and Zn contents in soil increased as the application rates were increased but P×Zn rate interaction effect was not significant. In a pot experiment, rice (var Bg 358) was grown for 10 weeks with all possible combinations of three P levels (0, 5.5, and 16.5 mg kg-1) and three Zn levels (0, 1, and 2 mg kg-1). Initial soil P was higher than the critical level (12 mg kg-1), but available Zn was below the critical level (1.5 mg kg-1). The main effect of P rate did not significantly affect the number of tillers and shoot dry matter content while Zn application decreased them. Root dry matter, and root and shoot P concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) influenced by P×Zn rate interaction effect. While, plant P uptake was significantly decreased due to P and Zn application, plant Zn uptake was not affected. Therefore, for a better growth of rice plant, the soils with high available P and low Zn contents should be carefully fertilized with P and Zn fertilizers.

Improving sugarcane productivity on marginal soil in Takalar, Indonesia, through the application of sugarcane factory waste

Marginal soil with low nutrient content is a crucial problem in reducing crop productivity, including sugarcane. This study aimed to elucidate the possible improvement of the physical and chemical properties of marginal soil through the application of organic waste from sugar factories, namely kettle ash and press mud. Nine treatment combinations of 0, 10, and 20 t ha-1 of each kettle ash and press mud were arranged in a two-factor randomized factorial design with three replications. Soil organic matter, N, P, and K, soil aggregate stability, and sugarcane productivity were measured after planting sugarcane for five months. The results showed that the application of kettle ash and press mud, especially with a ratio of 20 t ha-1 kettle ash and 10 t ha-1 press mud, was able to reduce the leaching of organic matter and improve sugarcane growth, particularly increasing the number of tillers by 16%, stem height by 14%, and diameter by 16%. The sugarcane productivity obtained was 58.02 t ha-1. Other portions of kettle ash and press mud did not have a favorable effect on sugarcane productivity. This study provided practical insights for increasing agricultural productivity, especially in sugarcane plantations.

Analysis of the Application of Vitamin B1 on the Response of Salinity Stress Resistance in Several Varieties of Rice (Oryza Sativa L.)

One of the most common stresses in rice cultivation is salinity. Rice plants stressed by salinity exhibit changes such as yellowing leaves, drying tips, and chlorosis. The efforts made by the government and farmers so far include implementing cultivation scheduling techniques, planting patterns, and using stress-resistant varieties, as well as improving soil to increase water-holding capacity through lime application. Each of these efforts comes with its own risks. Another approach to enhance the growth and yield of rice plants is the application of vitamins. Providing vitamins can stimulate the growth of plant organs, as they play a crucial role in the growth process by acting as catalysts for metabolism. Research has indicated that vitamin B1 can significantly promote plant growth under stressful conditions. This study aims to investigate the positive effects of various concentrations of vitamin B1 on the growth and yield of rice plants while also reducing salinity stress. The method used involved planting three varieties of rice—IR-46, Inpari-32, and Pokkali—in planting buckets using the TABELA system. Vitamin B1 was applied at concentrations of 0, 5, and 10 mM during the peak vegetative phase, with salinity stress of 6 dS/m introduced one day after vitamin application. The plants were maintained under salinity stress conditions until harvest, during which morphological and phytochemical analyses were conducted. Morphological analysis included measurements of plant height, number of tillers, number of productive tillers, number of grains per panicle, and percentage of healthy grains. Biochemical parameters measured included total chlorophyll and electrolyte leakage analysis. The results indicate that vitamin B1 can effectively reduce stress in plants affected by salinity.

Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Padi (Oryza sativa L) Menggunakan Berbagai Sistem Tanam Pada Varietas Yang Berbeda

Rice is the most important food crop in Indonesia. Indonesian people use rice as a daily staple, because rice contains a source of carbohydrates and energy. The aim of the research is to determine the planting systems, varieties and interactions between planting systems and varieties that provide the highest growth and production in rice plants. This research uses a 2 factor factorial design, the first factor is the planting system (S) which consists of 3 treatments: 20 x 20 cm tile planting system (S1), 25 x 25 cm tile planting system (S2), and legowo planting system 2 :1 (S3), the second factor is Variety (V) which consists of 2 treatments, namely the Ciherang Variety (V1) and the Mekongga Variety (V2). The observation parameters are plant height, number of tillers, number of productive tillers, number of perennial seeds, weight of permalai seeds, weight of 1000 grains, and weight of grain per unit. The research results showed that the Jajar Legowo 2:1 planting system gave the highest average number of tillers, namely 24.8 stems, and the highest number of productive saplings with an average of 18.9 stems. The Ciherang variety has a higher plant height and number of perennial seeds than the Mekongga variety. There is no interaction between planting system and variety.

Delineation of Selection Criterion Using Correlation and Path Analysis in Forage Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) in North Gujarat Condition

Knowledge of genetic and phenotypic association among economic traits helps plant breeders in outlying efficient breeding strategies for development of high yielding forage pearl millet variety. An experiment was conducted at the research farm of Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat to evaluate plant characteristics associated with green forage yield and its attributes in forage pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] genotypes in north Gujarat condition through correlation and path analyses during 2023. Twelve independent and 1 dependent variables were evaluated for the character association analysis of the 30 forage pearl millet genotypes. The evaluation was performed in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Data collection was done from 5 randomly selected plants and this data was used for analysis using R Studio. The green forage yield per plant had positive and significant correlation with plant height, number of tiller per plant, stem thickness, leaf length, leaf width, and dry fodder yield per plant at both genotypic and phenotypic level. Path analysis revealed the importance of leaf width and dry fodder yield per plant by showing high and positive direct effects towards green forage yield per plant. These characters also exhibited significant and positive association with green forage yield per plant at the genotypic and phenotypic. Hence, these traits could be considered as the vital component characters for development of high yielding genotypes in forage pearl millet.