Number Of Sprints Research Articles

Variability of peak speed and sprinting actions during the same small-sided games: within- and between-player variations inspected over four consecutive weeks.

This study aimed to analyze within- and between-player variations of peak speed and sprinting actions occurring in small-sided games (SSGs: 1 v 1 and 5 v 5). The study followed a cohort study design. Twenty male youth soccer players (age: 17 years old) from the same team were observed over four consecutive weeks. Each week, the players participated in two sessions (day one and day two) during which SSGs were applied. The 1 vs. 1 format was employed with four repetitions of thirty seconds interspaced with two-minute rest intervals, while the 5 vs. 5 format with four repetitions of four minutes and two-minute rest intervals between them. The players were monitored during all training sessions with the Polar Team Pro. The peak speed attained in each game, and the number of sprints were extracted as the primary outcomes. The between-player variability revealed a lower coefficient of variations for peak speed in the 1 vs. 1 (13.9%) and 5 vs. 5 (10.9%) formats than for sprints (1 v 1: 64.7%; 5 v 5: 65.5%). Considering the within-player variability, it was observed that sprints were more variable (1 vs. 1: 62.1%; 5 v 5: 65.7%) than peak speed (1 vs. 1: 16.4%; 5 v 5: 14.0%). The between-session analysis revealed that during week 1 (day 1), peak speed was significantly higher than during week 3 (day 1) in the 1 vs. 1 format (+3.0 km/h; p = 0.031; d = 1.296). Moreover, peak speed during week 3 (day 2) was considerably lower than during week 1 (-5.9 km/h; p < 0.001; d = 1.686) and week 2 (-5.0 km/h; p = 0.001; d = 1.639). The between-session analysis showed no significant differences in the sprint between the sessions on day 1 (p > 0.05). However, on day two, the sprint was substantially higher during week one than during week four in the 5 vs. 5 format (+5.40 n; p = 0.002; d = 2.571). In conclusion, this study revealed that peak speed presents lower within- and between-player variability than the number of sprints. Considering these two measures, there are no considerable variations between the weeks. Coaches should consider identifying strategies to stabilize the stimulus regarding the number of sprints if this represents one of the targets for employing SSGs.

Association Between Physical Performance Tests and External Load During Scrimmages in Highly Trained Youth Ice Hockey Players.

To investigate the relationship between physical performance tests and on-ice external load from simulated games (scrimmages) in ice hockey. A total of 14 players completed a physical performance test battery consisting of 30-m sprint test-run and 30-m sprint test-skate (including 10-m split times and maximum speed), countermovement jump, standing long jump, bench press, pull-ups, and trap bar deadlift and participated in 4 scrimmages. External load variables from scrimmages included total distance; peak speed; slow (< 11.0km/h), moderate (11.0-16.9km/h), high (17.0-23.9km/h), and sprint (> 24.0km/h) speed skating distance; number of sprints; PlayerLoad™; number of high-intensity events (> 2.5m/s); accelerations; decelerations; and changes of direction. Bayesian pairwise correlation analyses were performed to assess the relationship between physical performance tests and external load performance variables. The results showed strong evidence (Bayes factor > 10) for associations between pull-ups and high-intensity events (τ = .61) and between maximum speed skate and peak speed (τ = .55). There was moderate evidence (Bayes factor >3 to <10) for 6 associations: both maximum speed skate (τ = .44) and countermovement jump (τ = .44) with sprint speed skating distance, countermovement jump with number of sprints (τ = .46), pull-ups with changes of direction (τ = .50), trap bar with peak speed (τ = .45), and body mass with total distance (τ = .49). This study found physical performance tests to be associated with some of the external load variables from scrimmages. Nevertheless, the majority of correlations did not display meaningful associations, possibly being influenced by the selection of physical performance tests.

Understanding the impact of hamstring injuries on match performance in Spanish professional soccer players

This study aimed to analyze the changes in match physical demands in professional soccer players after sustaining a hamstring injury, which was categorized based on injury severity. Seventy-two hamstring injuries involving sixty-four professional soccer players from the Spanish LaLiga™ were considered for this study. All injuries were classified according to their severity as moderate (resulting in eight to 28 missed days) and major (resulting in more than 28 missed days). Mediacoach video-tracking system collected time and external load variables and subsequently compared them between the pre-injury and return-to-play periods. The analyzed variables included distance covered at different velocities (i.e., total distance, at 18-21 km.h−1, at 21-24 km.h−1, and at more than 24 km.h-1), the number of sprints, accelerations, decelerations, and high metabolic load distance (HMLD). The results showed that players with both moderate and major injuries played fewer minutes after injury (p&amp;lt;.001 to p&amp;lt;.05) and experienced a decrease in maximum speed (p&amp;lt;.01 to p&amp;lt;.05), covering less total distance (p&amp;lt;.05) and exhibiting a decrease (p&amp;lt;.05) in average speed (only observed in players with major injuries). Additionally, moderately injured players experienced a reduction in the number of maximum accelerations (p&amp;lt;.05) and decelerations (p&amp;lt;.05), high metabolic load distance/min (p&amp;lt;.05), and average accelerations (p&amp;lt;.05). Furthermore, a significant reduction in the magnitude of maximum decelerations was observed in players with major injuries (p&amp;lt;.05). These findings highlight the importance of implementing strategies that enable the attainment of initial levels of high-intensity actions and maximum speed in reconditioning programs following hamstring injuries.

The short-term recovery of sprint cycling performance

Short-term sprint cycling performance recovery was investigated, with consideration to the Match Sprint. Fifteen strength-trained men (age: 24 ± 6 years; height: 1.81 ± 0.08 m; body mass: 83.4 ± 8.4 kg) were first familiarised with an 18 s sprint. During the baseline trial, blood lactate concentration, tissue saturation index, and oxygen uptake were monitored following a single sprint. In the remaining trials, the recovery duration (45, 90, 135, 180, 360, and 720 s) between two sprints was varied. Peak (PPO) and mean (MPO) power output were computed for each sprint. The recovery percentage of MPO and the recovery time-course of the physiological variables were modelled using one- and two-phase exponential functions. Statistical significance was set a priori at p &lt; 0.05. Effects of sprint number, recovery time, and a sprint number × recovery time interaction were found for both PPO and MPO. Post hoc tests revealed significant differences between sprints at all time-points for both variables. The time constant (τ), 130.6 ± 95.6 s, of the one-phase exponential function (asymptotic amplitude [A0] = 97.4 ± 2.5%), suggested that performance recovery had stabilised within 12 minutes. However, the parameters of the two-phase function indicated that recovery was incomplete (A0 = 87.7 ± 6.4%, A1 = 11.9 ± 5.2%, τ0 = 56.3 ± 33.3 s, τ1 = 458.2 ± 283.3 s). The τ for MPO recovery was not significantly correlated with any of the physiological variables. The reduction in sprint cycling performance throughout the tested time-period could be meaningful for athletes competing in the Match Sprint.

Match Loads May Predict Neuromuscular Fatigue and Intermittent-Running Endurance Capacity Decrement after a Soccer Match.

How the match-derived load metrics relate to post-match fatigue in soccer is scarcely researched. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the associations between soccer match-related internal and external loads, neuromuscular performance decrease and intermittent-running endurance capacity decrement immediately post-match. Vertical jump (countermovement jump), straight-line sprinting (10- and 20-m sprint), change of direction ability (T-test) and intermittent-running endurance capacity (YO-YO intermittent recovery level 2) were measured one day before and immediately after a friendly match in male soccer players. During the match, players' internal and external loads were also monitored, including heart rate-derived indices, total distance at various speed thresholds, average running velocity, maximal running velocity, number of sprints and number of accelerations and decelerations at various intensity thresholds. The results show that match-induced fatigue was reflected on neuromuscular performance and intermittent-running endurance capacity immediately post-match (p &lt; 0.05). The quantification of percentage change of match external-load metrics, particularly accelerations and decelerations, provides a useful non-invasive predictor of subsequent neuromuscular fatigue status in soccer players immediately post-match (p &lt; 0.05). However, only internal load metrics present a practical application for predicting intermittent-running endurance capacity impairment (p &lt; 0.05). In summary, internal and external load metrics may allow for predicting the extent of acute fatigue, and variability between halves may represent a valuable alternative to facilitate the analysis of match-related fatigue both for research and applied purposes.

Short-Term Creatine Supplementation and Repeated Sprint Ability-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of short-term creatine supplementation on repeated sprint ability. Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria of adopting double-blind randomized placebo-controlled designs in which participants (age: 18-60years) completed a repeated sprint test (number of sprints: 4 < n ≤ 20; sprint duration: ≤10s; recovery duration: ≤90s) before and after supplementing with creatine or placebo for 3-7days in a dose of ∼20g/day. No exclusion restrictions were placed on the mode of exercise. Meta-analyses were completed using random-effects models, with effects on measures of peak power output, mean power output, and fatigue (performance decline) during each repeated sprint test presented as standardized mean difference (δ), and with effects on body mass and posttest blood lactate concentration presented as raw mean difference (D). Relative to placebo, creatine resulted in a significant increase in body mass (D = 0.79kg; p < .00001) and mean power output (δ = 0.61; p = .002). However, there was no effect of creatine on measures of peak power (δ = 0.41; p = .10), fatigue (δ = 0.08; p = .61), or posttest blood lactate concentration (D = 0.22L/min; p = .60). In conclusion, creatine supplementation may increase mean power output during repeated sprint tests, although the absence of corresponding effects on peak power and fatigue means that more research, with measurements of intramuscular creatine content, is necessary to confirm.

Match activity profile of professional female soccer players during a season.

It is necessary to understand movement characteristics of elite female soccer players during a match to develop effective training program. The purpose of this study is to analyze the physical demands of Korean female professional soccer players during a competitive season. Twenty-four female professional players (age: 27.8±3.9 years; height: 165.7± 5.1 cm) from a team, belonging to the women's professional soccer league in South Korea participated in the study. The players participated in 11 home matches and 10 away matches from April 26 to November 9 of the 2011 season. Body weight and body mass index decreased during the first half-season compared to the preseason (P<0.05), and the decreased values were maintained until the second half-season. Total distance covered by the players was more than 9.5 km per match. No difference was found in the total distance, movement distance by exercise intensities, number of sprints and accelerations, and maximum speed between the first half- and second half-seasons. Midfielders covered the most distance during a match compared to other positions (P<0.05). Wing forward covered the most distance of high-intensity exercise. Maximum speed during the match was higher among wing forward and forward than in other positions (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between home and away matches in all variables (P>0.05). In conclusion, in order to improve the performance of female soccer players and prevent injuries, a training program should be constructed that considers the characteristics of each player and playing position rather than uniform training in a team.

Minutes Played Should be Used for the Calculation of Session Rating of Perceived Exertion During Matches in NCAA Division I Women’s Soccer

Introduction: Monitoring Training Load in soccer is used to achieve the best individualized performance outcomes and to prevent injuries. However, there is no clear recommendation for which ‘match duration’ should be used in the calculation of match Session Rating of Perceived Exertion Training Load (sRPE-TL) in NCAA DI women’s soccer. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to establish a duration standard to be used in the calculation of sRPE-TL in collegiate NCAA DI women’s soccer matches. A secondary aim was to investigate whether multiple positions require the use of different durations for the calculation of sRPE-TL. Methods: Seventeen athletes (means ± standard deviations: age 20 ± 1.1 yrs., height 170 ± 6.6 cm, weight 64.6 ± 7.0 kg) participated in this study. Repeated measures correlations were used to determine the relationship between the different sRPE-TL calculations and objective variables (e.g., GPS variables and HR-based variable). Data was analyzed using the rmcorr package in R Studio executing R. Alpha was set a-priori at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The s-RPE-TL using the four ‘minutes played’ durations (‘minutes played only’, ‘warm-up added’, ‘halftime added’, and ‘warm-up and halftime added’) were strongly correlated with TLS (r = .773, .776, .789, .786), total distance (r = .825, .813, .811, .798), number of sprints (r = .716, .717, .712, .711), HSD (r = .608, .615, .609, .612), and mechanical load (r = .738, .738, .734, .732). When separated by positions, the correlations between sRPE-TL and objective data were similar across all four ‘minutes played’ durations. Conclusions: Any of the ‘minutes played’ durations should be used to calculate match sRPE-TL values for the entire team. Multiple positions do not require the use of different durations for the calculation of sRPE-TL which facilitates sRPE-TL comparisons across positions.

Validity of a Wheelchair Rugby Field Test to Simulate Physiological and Thermoregulatory Match Outcomes.

The purpose of the study was to verify the criterion-validity (concurrent) of an existing and reliable, submaximal wheelchair Rugby (WCR) field test by examining the correlations of selected measures of physical performance between the field test and real games. Therefore, ten WCR athletes were observed during two WCR real games and during completing the field test two times. Total distance, mean and peak velocity, playing time, number of sprints, sprints per minute, mean and maximal heart rate, body core temperature (Tc), sweat rate, body weight loss, rate of perceived exertion and thermal sensation were measured. Values were correlated with the data observed by completing the field test two times separated by seven days. The results showed significant correlations between games and field tests for sweat rate (r = 0.740, p < 0.001), body weight loss (r = 0.732, p < 0.001) and the increase of Tc (r = 0.611, p = 0.009). All other correlations were not significant. For perceptual responses Bland–Altman analysis showed data within the limits of agreement. Descriptive statistics showed similarity for mean velocity and total distance between tests and games. In conclusion the study provides the first indications that the submaximal field test seems comparable with the game outcomes in terms of increase in Tc, covered distance, mean velocity and perceptual responses. Nevertheless, more research and additional validation are required.

Differences across Playing Levels for Match-Play Physical Demands in Women's Professional and Collegiate Soccer: A Narrative Review.

Advancements in sport technology have made quantifying match-play external load (e.g., total distance, sprint distance, number of sprints) a popular option for athletics personnel. These variables of volume and intensity are useful for both objectively monitoring training in field-based sports and for designing training programs. As physical abilities differ across playing levels, match-play demands likely also differ. This narrative review compiles and compares the match-play external load data for women’s soccer at the professional and collegiate levels. Databases were searched through July 2022, yielding 13 primary articles that assessed the match-play demands of women’s soccer (3 professional, 8 Division I, 1 Division II, and 1 Division III). The results indicate that the average total distance covered were similar between the professional, Division I and Division III levels, but the variability was greater among Division III compared to professional and Division I players. Data for Division II are scarce, but the total distance covered appears to be less than for professional, Division I and Division III. There was also large variability for sprint distance and number of sprints across data at all playing levels. Considering the lack of studies of Division II and Division III players, more research is necessary to determine how playing level may affect external load profiles, as isolated studies likely only reflect data from isolated teams.

The Oxidative-Glycolytic Balance Influenced by Sprint Duration Is Key during Repeated Sprint in Hypoxia.

This study investigates the effects of normobaric hypoxia on repeated sprint exercise (RSE) with different balance between oxidative (phosphocreatine and oxidative pathway) and glycolytic contributions. Therefore, performance and psychophysiological responses were compared during RSE to exhaustion with the same exercise-to-rest ratio (1:2) but different sprint durations (5, 10, or 20 s) either in normoxic (RSN) or hypoxic (RSH; F io2 = 0.13) conditions. On separate visits, 10 active participants completed in random order three cycling RSN (5:10; 10:20 and 20:40) and three similar RSH sessions to exhaustion. Vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation was recorded by near-infrared spectroscopy. Blood lactate concentration, limb and breathing discomfort, and ratings of perceived exertion were measured. Total sprint number was smaller in hypoxia than in normoxia for 5:10 (20.8 ± 8.6 vs 14.7 ± 3.4; P = 0.014) and 10:20 (13.7 ± 6.3 vs 8.8 ± 2.5; P = 0.018) but not 20:40 (5.6 ± 1.9 vs 5.6 ± 2.5). The fatigue index was larger in hypoxia only for 5:10 (-43.5%, P < 0.001). Irrespective of condition, blood lactate concentration increased with the sprint duration with higher values for 20:40 than 5:10 (13.1 ± 2.7 vs 11.5 ± 2.2 mmoL·L -1 ; P = 0.027). Limb and breathing discomfort and ratings of perceived exertion did not differ in all RSE. Muscle oxygenation was mainly impacted by sprint duration (i.e., main effect of sprint duration on [HHb] min, [tHb] max, Δ[HHb], and Δ[tHb]) but not by hypoxia. The normoxia-to-hypoxia percentage decrease for total sprint number for 5:10 was correlated with the highest power output over 5 s ( R2 = 0.55; P = 0.013) and 10 s ( R2 = 0.53; P = 0.016). Hypoxia impairs repeated sprint ability when the oxidative but not the glycolytic contribution is substantial. The oxidative-glycolytic balance, influenced partly by sprint duration, is key during repeated sprint in hypoxia.

Effects of small-sided games vs. simulated match training on physical performance of youth female handball players.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different Small-Sided games (SSG) formats and simulated match handball training (SMHT) on handball player's physical performance and game activity profile. Twenty-four youth female handball players (age: 16.2 ± 1.5 years) participated in this study. The study was conducted during the first part of the competitive handball season and lasted for 10 weeks with 2 sessions per week in non-consecutive days: 1 week of pretesting, 8 weeks of specific training, and 1 week of post-testing. A two-group parallel randomized, pre- to post-test design was used to compare 2 different training groups: SSG training group (n = 12) and SMHT group (n = 12). The results showed larger improvements in drop jump height, jump power, absolute and relative anaerobic alactic power and 10 m sprint performances following the SSG training compared with the SMHT (p<0.05, ηp2 = ranging from 0.219 to 0.368). Game performance characteristics showed significant effect in SSD training in average sprint distance, total number of sprints and time between sprints (p<0.05, ηp2 = ranging from 0.08 to 0.292). The results of this study show that handball SSGs represent an adequate in-season strategy to promote a wide range of physical adaptations with improvements in running and jumping performance. This represents important information for coaches, since SSGs develop handball players' physical profiles while replicating tactical and technical features of the game. Nevertheless, simulated match training may be judiciously used to improve players' aerobic performance.

The Effects of Sprint Interval Training on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Hall, AJ, Aspe, RR, Craig, TP, Kavaliauskas, M, Babraj, J, and Swinton, PA. The effects of sprint interval training on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 37(2): 457-481, 2023-The present study aimed to synthesize findings from published research and through meta-analysis quantify the effect of sprint interval training (SIT) and potential moderators on physical performance outcomes (categorized as aerobic, anaerobic, mixed aerobic-anaerobic, or muscular force) with healthy adults, in addition to assessing the methodological quality of included studies and the existence of small study effects. Fifty-five studies were included (50% moderate methodological quality, 42% low methodological quality), with 58% comprising an intervention duration of ≤4 weeks and an array of different training protocols. Bayesian's meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) identified a medium effect of improved physical performance with SIT (ES 0.5 = 0.52; 95% credible intervals [CrI]: 0.42-0.62). Moderator analyses identified overlap between outcome types with the largest effects estimated for anaerobic outcomes (ES 0.5 = 0.61; 95% CrI: 0.48-0.75). Moderator effects were identified for intervention duration, sprint length, and number of sprints performed per session, with larger effects obtained for greater values of each moderator. A substantive number of very large effect sizes (41 SMDs > 2) were identified with additional evidence of extensive small study effects. This meta-analysis demonstrates that short-term SIT interventions are effective for developing moderate improvements in physical performance outcomes. However, extensive small study effects, likely influenced by researchers analyzing many outcomes, suggest potential overestimation of reported effects. Future research should analyze fewer a priori selected outcomes and investigate models to progress SIT interventions for longer-term performance improvements.

Utilizing Countermovement Jumps As A Measure Of Match Preparedness In NCAA Division I Women’s Soccer

PURPOSE: Training load quantification and monitoring is used in collegiate athletics to help coaches and supporting staff to determine whether players are prepared for upcoming matches. The purpose of this study was to assess the within-subjects correlation of matchday countermovement jump (CMJ) height and the 7-day sum of training load variables preceding matchday in NCAA Division I women’s soccer athletes. The authors hypothesized that matchday CMJ height would show negative moderate correlations with the 7-day sum of training load variables. METHODS: A total of 23 female soccer players (20 ± 1.1 years; 1.70 ± 0.07 m; 64.6 ± 7.0 kg) participated in this study. Data from seven matches from the 2020 season were included in this analysis. Repeated measures correlations (rmcorr) were used to determine the within-subjects correlations of matchday CMJ height and total distance covered (TD), training load score (TLS; using training impulse [TRIMP] calculations), number of sprints, and distanced covered at high-speed (< 9.32 mph; HODO). Alpha was set a priori at p ≤ 0.05 and the data was analyzed using R Studio (version 1.4.1106, R Studio, Boston, MA, USA) executing R (version 4.0.4, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA). RESULTS: The correlations between training load variables and matchday CMJ height were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The matchday CMJ height showed very weak nonsignificant relationships with TD (r = -0.071, p = 0.450, 95% CI = -0.254, 0.116), TLS (r = -0.016, p = 0.874, 95% CI = -0.191, 0.223), number of sprints (r = -0.116, p = 0.218, 95% CI = -0.296, 0.071), and HODO (r = -0.011, p = 0.904, 95% CI = -0.175, 0.197). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the CMJ height may not be a good indicator of matchday preparedness in collegiate Division I women’s soccer as it did not correlate with the 7-day sum of training load variables preceding matchday. Future research should aim to address other strategies to assess matchday preparedness in collegiate women’s soccer in order to enhance training periodization to better prepare the athletes for competition.

Competition Stress Prolongs Exercise Recovery In Collegiate Soccer Players

Athlete conditioning is vital to success in collegiate soccer. Effective conditioning programs incorporate adequate rest between exercise sessions. The duration of an athlete's recovery may be sensitive to variables beyond training load, including emotional and psychological factors. PURPOSE: To determine the effect of competition stress on recovery time in female collegiate soccer players. METHODS: We monitored 30 Division 1 female soccer players for 35 consecutive days. All athletes wore Polar Team Pro devices (Polar Electro Inc., Bethpage, NY), which recorded duration of exercise, total distance covered, kcals burned, number of sprints performed, average and maximum speed achieved, average and maximum heart rate (HR), and Polar calculations of training load, cardio load, and recovery duration in hours. Data were captured for 20 practices and 7 games, resulting in 858 observations. Linear regression tested the effect of formal competition on recovery duration holding constant time of day and all significant workload variables. RESULTS: Players were 20.1 ± 1.1 years of age. Across all practice and competition sessions, the mean duration of exercise was 59.0 ± 38.8 min, total distance covered was 2,518.9 ± 2,074.5 m, and estimated energy consumption was 381.7 ± 284.8 kcals. Athletes performed 5.9 ± 7.9 sprints per session, maintained an average speed of 2.8 ± 1.2 km/h, and achieved a maximum speed of 20.7 ± 7.3 km/h. Average HR was 131.9 ± 24.3 bpm, maximum HR was 177.4 ± 32.7 bpm, training load was 70.1 ± 59.3, and cardio load was 76.0 ± 62.2. Recovery duration was 12.8 ± 15.7 hr following practice sessions and 51.3 ± 59.6 hr following competitions (p < 0.001). Holding constant all significant predictors (time of day, exercise duration, total distance covered, estimated kcals, number of sprints, average speed, average HR, training load, and cardio load), formal competition corresponded to 33.8 additional hours of recovery (p < 0.001; 95% CI of β = 27.7 to 39.9; model r2 = 0.691; adjusted r2 = 0.687). CONCLUSION: Sufficient recovery is a crucial component of optimal performance in collegiate athletics. Our data indicate prolonged recovery duration following formal competition settings, which could not be explained by workload. Further research on psychological contribution to allostatic load is warranted.

GPS-derived External Workloads Vary By Position And Match Result In Professional Soccer Players

PURPOSE: Professional soccer is a physically demanding sport that requires players to be highly trained in order to meet the demands of gameplay. Recent advances in global positioning systems (GPS) have made it possible to track external workload measures for individual players in practice and competition, however, there is a lack of evidence on how these measures may relate to match results. Therefore, we sought to analyze external workloads by player position and determine if they vary depending on the result of competitive matches. METHODS: External workloads (total distance, high-speed running distance, accelerations, decelerations, number of sprints, sprint distance, impacts, high-intensity bursts) were analyzed in male professional soccer players (n = 23) across a competitive season (28 games). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine if workloads varied by position (striker - ST, wide midfielder - WM, central midfielder - CM, wide defender - WD, central defender - CD) or across games won (n = 8), lost (n = 13) or tied (n = 7). Additionally, repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess any potential differences in workloads specific to each position across all categories. Statistical significance was set at p = <0.05 and results presented as mean ± SD. RESULTS: Across all games, positional analysis revealed more high-speed running was done by ST (473 ± 91 m) and WD (473 ± 191 m) in comparison to CM (361 ± 77 m, both p = 0.02) and CD (335 ± 122 m, p = <0.001; p = 0.02 respectively). ST and WD also performed more sprints than CD (30.3 ± 21, p = <0.001; 30.1 ± 21, p = <0.001 respectively). Whole-team data showed no differences in any external workload variable with respect to match result (p= >0.05), however, in games won ST did more high-speed running than in games lost (542.8 ± 81.7 vs. 445.1 ± 75.9 m, p = 0.03) and WD performed more highest-speed running (7-11 m/s) in games tied vs. those lost (141.1 ± 70 vs. 81.8 ± 25.2 m, p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Whole-team external workload measures do not vary depending on the result of matches; however, high speed running may be a differentiating factor at the positional level. Coaches should consider position-specific analysis when examining player workloads and match results.

벌점화 회귀분석을 이용한 English Premier League의 승점 예측모형 개발 및 경기력 요인 탐색

Advancements in Information Communication Technology during the Fourth Industrial Revolution have led to rapid progress in soccer-related industries and research. Various countries have professional soccer leagues devoted to securing victory. These activities include studies that identify the performance factors that significantly influence the outcome of matches. Researchers often use linear regression analysis based on least-squares estimation for this process, but this method has several issues. As an alternative to this, penalized regression analysis that minimizes the penalty-pointed residual sum of squares has been developed as an alternative. However, there are few studies using the penalty point regression analysis to predict points in soccer. Therefore, in this study, theoretical contents were introduced to activate the penalty point regression analysis, and further examples of application were presented by empirically analyzing 2020-2021 EPL(EPL: The Football Association Premier League Limited) data. It was found to be a statistical predictive model. According to the results, the LASSO model and elastic net models were more suitable statistical prediction models from the perspective of the root mean square error (RMSE). Additionally, among the 19 variables used in the analysis, defensive factors such as tackles, clean sheets, and saves were identified as critical performance factors that impacted the score. Based on the results of this study, in order to enable more in-depth research in the future, the researchers hope that the EPL website will provide activity data, such as the total distance traveled, number of sprints, instantaneous speed, and distance between attackers and defenders.

Associations between Training Load and Well-Being in Elite Beach Soccer Players: A Case Report.

The current case study aimed to quantify within-subjects correlations between training load and well-being in elite male beach soccer players. Data were obtained over three consecutive days during the preparation camp for the FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Russia 2021. The session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) and external training load metrics using global positioning system (GPS) were recorded. Eleven players reported perceived well-being (sleep quality, fatigue, muscle soreness and stress) using a Likert scale (Hooper Index) before breakfast. Within-subjects correlation coefficients between workload and well-being were calculated. Workload metrics and perceived well-being indices were significantly lower on day three than on days one and two. The Hooper Index presented a very large positive correlation with s-RPE (r = 0.86 [0.67, 0.94], 95% confidence interval, CI), exposure time (r = 0.88 [0.71, 0.95]), total distance (r = 0.83 [0.60, 0.93]), high-speed distance (r = 0.77 [0.50, 0.91]), and number of sprints (r = 0.75 [0.47, 0.90]). Sleep quality presented a moderate to large positive correlation with s-RPE (r = 0.51 [0.11, 0.77]), exposure time (r = 0.50 [0.10, 0.76]), high-speed distance (r = 0.53 [0.15, 0.78]), number of sprints (r = 0.62 [0.28, 0.83]) and total distance (r = 0.41 [0.18, 0.78]). Fatigue presented a large to very large positive correlation with s-RPE (r = 0.85 [0.66, 0.94]), exposure time (r = 0.90 [0.78, 0.96]), total distance (r = 0.86 [0.68, 0.94]), high-speed distance (r = 0.65 [0.31, 0.84]) and number of sprints (r = 0.56 [0.18, 0.79]). Muscle soreness presented a large to very large positive correlation with s-RPE (r = 0.79 [0.56, 0.91]), exposure time (r = 0.83 [0.62, 0.93]), total distance (r = 0.81 [0.59, 0.92]), high-speed distance (r = 0.75 [0.47, 0.89]) and number of sprints (r = 0.59 [0.22, 0.81]). Overall, workload presented a meaningful correlation with perceived well-being indices in elite male beach soccer players during a training camp. These findings suggest that workload metrics and perceived well-being indices can be implemented into the daily routine of an elite beach soccer team, which may assist coaches, sports scientists, and practitioners in better preparing players for beach soccer competitions.

Upaya Meningkatkan Kemampuan Teknik Dasar Atletik Nomor Lari Sprint Siswa SMP melalui Penggunaan Media Audiovisual

ABSTRACT&#x0D; This study aims to determine the extent to which efforts to improve basic athletic technical skills in the sprint number of junior high school (SMP) students through audiovisual media. This research method used experiments. The population used in this study were students of Islamic Junior High School Sahabat Ilmu Karawang. Likewise, the samples used were all students of class VII SMP Islam Sahabat Ilmu Karawang. With a total sample of 6 students. Data collection techniques using pre-test and post-test. The results of this study indicate that there is an increase in using audiovisual media. Namely, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test results with the Shapiro-Wilk test &gt; 0.05. It can be interpreted that the data is usually distributed, and the results of the calculation of the paired sample test obtained sig. (2-tailed) of 0.00 where if sig. (2-tailed) &lt; 0.05 The conclusion is that audiovisual media affects efforts to improve basic athletic techniques in sprint running numbers.&#x0D; Keywords: Athletics, audio visual, sprints

Influence of Repeated-Sprint Ability on the in-Game Activity Profiles of Semiprofessional Rugby Union Players According to Position

This study investigated the influence of repeated-sprint ability (RSA) on the activity of rugby union players in a competitive situation according to their position. Thirty-three semiprofessional rugby union players (age, 25.6 ± 4.3; height, 184.0 ± 8.0 cm; weight, 98.9 ± 13.9 kg, ~20 h training a week), divided into two position subgroups (forwards n = 20, backs n = 13) or four positional subgroups (front row and locks n = 13, back row n = 7, inside backs n = 6, outside backs n = 7), were tested. Their RSA was assessed with a 12 × 20 m sprint test over a 20 s cycle. GPS data (distance, acceleration, number of sprints, maximum velocity, and high-velocity running) and technical data were collected on 18 semiprofessional division rugby union games. In forwards, players with lower cumulated sprint time in the RSA test produced significantly more accelerations (ρ = −0.85, p < 0.001) and more combat actions per match minute (ρ = −0.69, p < 0.001). In backs, RSA was significantly correlated with high-intensity running [distance (ρ = −0.76), Vmax (ρ = −0.84), sprints frequency (ρ = −0.71), high-velocity running (ρ = −0.76), all p < 0.01]. Then, the players were divided into four subgroups (front row and locks, back row, inside backs and outside backs). RSA was significantly associated with the number of accelerations (ρ = −0.96, p <001) and combat actions in front row and locks (ρ = −0.71, p = 0.007). In the back row, RSA was correlated with distance (ρ = −0.96, p = 0.003) and the frequency of combat actions (ρ = −0.79, p = 0.04). In inside backs, RSA was significantly (all p < 0.01) correlated with distance (ρ = −0.81), number of accelerations (ρ = −0.94) and high-velocity running (ρ = −0.94), while in outside backs, RSA was associated with sprint frequency (ρ = −0.85) and the maximal in-game velocity reached (ρ = −0.89). These results demonstrate that RSA is associated with match running and combat activity performance (i) regardless of the position on the pitch and (ii) specifically for each player's position by improving the corresponding activity profile.