Number Of Side Effects Research Articles

Assessment of antibody titer and side effects after third doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination in healthy volunteers

Abstract Objectives Third dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was started from December 1, 2021 in Japan. However, data on the precise analysis of the side effects after third vaccination, remain scarce. Here, we examined the side effects and the levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in healthy volunteers who underwent BNT162b2 vaccination. Methods Forty-one healthy volunteers were assessed for the side effects of the vaccination for the third dose, and samples were used for the measurement of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody with chemiluminescent assays against the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) of the virus. Results We analyzed the humoral responses and found that the IgG levels showed clear declining trends with age. Commonly reported side effects in the participants after the third dose were similar to those in second dose, such as, generalized weakness/fatigue (65.9%), headache (58.5%), and sore arm/pain (87.8%). The frequency of the fever was slightly less (39.0%), compared to the second dose (57.5%), but localized symptoms, such as itching (14.6%) and lymphadenopathy (14.6%) were not negligible, which were not seen at the second dose. The number of side effects were tended to be decreased with age. Conclusions The production of IgG after the third doses of BNT162b2 vaccination decreases age-dependently. The number of side effects were tended to be decreased with age. The high frequencies of generalized weakness/fatigue, fever, and sore arm/pain were not negligible, after the third dose.

Drug Safety in Episodic Migraine Management in Adults. Part 2: Preventive Treatments.

The aim of this review is to aid in decision-making when choosing safe and effective options for preventive migraine medications. In Part 2, we have compiled clinically relevant safety considerations for commonly used migraine prophylactic treatments. Preventive treatment of episodic migraine includes nonspecific and migraine-specific drugs. While medications from several pharmacological classes-such as anticonvulsants, beta-blockers, and antidepressants-have an established efficacy in migraine prevention, they are associated with a number of side effects. The safety of migraine-specific treatments such as anti-CGRP monoclonal antibodies and gepants are also discussed. This review highlights safety concerns of commonly used migraine prophylactic agents and offers suggestions on how to mitigate those risks.

Principles of therapy of vascular occlusion in facial area provoked by introduction of calcium hydroxyapatite

The use of dermal fllers based on calcium hydroxyapatite has become widespread among cosmetologists. These fllers are considered highly effective in the fght against age-related skin changes, have a high safety profle and are not prone to cause an autoimmune response of the body. Due to specifcs of the fller, calcium hydroxyapatite provides both restoration of soft tissue volume loss and stimulation of neocollagenesis. Having a long experience of use, the fller has frmly taken its place in aesthetic medicine and is successfully used by many doctors around the world. However, with the increase in the use of fllers, the number of side effects also increases. Currently, there are no clear guidelines for the treatment of complications of injection by calcium hydroxyapatite, unlike fllers based on hyaluronic acid. Despite the low risk of developing serious complications as a result of unintentional vascular occlusion, a number of doctors are afraid to use calcium hydroxyapatite preparations due to lack of knowledge on its elimination. This article describes the basic principles of therapy for occlusive syndrome and can help doctors to take effective and timely therapeutic measures to correct it.

Frequency and Nuisance Level of Adverse Events in Individuals Receiving Homologous and Heterologous COVID-19 Booster Vaccine

This study aimed to compare the occurrence and nuisance of adverse events following administration of each COVID-19 vaccine dose between two groups: individuals given three doses of mRNA vaccine (homologous group, 3 × mRNA, n = 252) and those given two doses of adenoviral vector vaccine further boosted with mRNA vaccine (heterologous group, 2 × AZ + 1 × mRNA, n = 205). Although the studied groups differed significantly in the frequency and number of side effects after the first and second vaccine dose, no relevant differences were seen following the booster administration. Arm pain and fatigue were the most common effects, regardless of the vaccination group and vaccine dose. In the homologous group, female sex, lower BMI, and no history of regular influenza vaccination were associated with a higher frequency of side effects of a booster dose. In the heterologous group, the history of COVID-19 was associated with an increased number of side effects seen after a booster. In both groups, the number of side effects related to the first and second dose correlated with the number observed after administration of a booster dose. Individuals receiving a homologous booster reported a higher nuisance of side effects than the heterologous group. It was similar to the level reported after the second dose in both groups. The use of pharmaceuticals to counteract the side effects was more frequent after a first dose in the 2 × AZ + 1 × mRNA group, but higher after second dose in individuals receiving the 3 × mRNA vaccination scheme. The frequency of pharmaceutical use after a booster dose was similar in both groups (approx. 60%). Paracetamol was most frequently chosen, regardless of the group and vaccine dose. In addition, the vast majority of participants (93%) declared to accept future doses of the COVID-19 vaccine if their administration would be recommended. This study provides an overview of the response to homologous and heterologous mRNA vaccine booster dose that may be valuable in shaping accurate and honest communication with vaccinated individuals, especially in those regions which are yet to pursue booster strategies.

A Novel Photoswitchable Azobenzene-Containing Local Anesthetic Ethercaine with Light-Controlled Biological Activity In Vivo.

Pain is a common symptom that impairs the quality of life for people around the world. Local anesthetics widely used for pain relief have a number of side effects, which makes the development of both new drugs and new ways to control their activity particularly important. Photopharmacology makes it possible to reduce the side effects of an anesthetic and control its biological activity in the body. The purpose of this work was to create a new light-controlled local anesthetic and study its biological activity in animals. A compound with a simple scheme of synthesis was chosen to shift the UV-Vis absorption band towards the visible range of the spectrum and was synthesized for the first time. Some computer calculations were performed to make sure that the aforementioned changes would not lead to loss of biological activity. The micellar form of the new compound was prepared, and in vivo biological studies were carried out in rabbits. The existence of a local anesthetic effect, which disappeared almost completely on irradiation with light (λ = 395 nm), was shown using the surface anesthesia model. Moreover, the possibility of multiple reversible changes in the biological activity of ethercaine under the action of light was demonstrated. The latter compound manifests no local irritating effect, either. The data obtained indicate the prospects for the development of new compounds based on azobenzene for light-controlled local anesthesia.

Орофациальная боль в период пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19)

Doctors of various specialties face orofacial pain in their practice: dentists, maxillofacial surgeons, neurologists, otorhinolaryngologists, therapists, traumatologists, ophthalmologists, psychotherapists, physiotherapists, aesthetic medicine doctors, neurosurgeons, anesthesiologists, plastic surgeons and other specialists. The novel coronavirus infection (COVID-19) pandemic, spread by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has become a challenge for all medical specialties and health care systems around the world. We searched the literature for the period from the beginning of the pandemic until June 15, 2022, on the study of the association of orofacial pain with a new coronavirus infection COVID-19 in the electronic search engines PubMed and Scopus. An analysis of the sources found indicates an increase in the frequency of various types of orofacial pain during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is due both to the SARS-CoV-2 infection itself and to a complex of biopsychosocial factors directly related to the pandemic. A number of used drugs, primarily non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, can cause a number of side effects that complicate both dental treatment and negatively affect concomitant comorbid pathology. In this regard, the issues of drug safety and pharmacological "correction" of side effects – protective or protector therapy – become relevant. The use of the universal gastro- and enteroprotector rebamipide is especially important during the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19).

Гетеротопическая оссификация как побочный эффект применения рекомбинантных человеческих костных морфогенетических белков

Introduction Heterotopic ossification (HO), also known as myositis ossification, paraosteoarthropathy, or heterotopic calcification, among others, is a common pathological condition that refers to ectopic bone formation in soft tissues. Although the molecular mechanism of HO is not fully understood, it is believed that signaling of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) plays a key role in the overall process of HO. Today, recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) and recombinant human BMP-7 (rhBMP-7) have been already actively used in clinical practice in the treatment of bone defects. However, despite the positive sides of using rhBMPs, there are a number of side effects, one of which is HO. Purpose In this study, we demonstrate cases of HO following the use of rhBMPs in both clinical and preclinical studies and make an attempt to explain the relationship between the signaling pathways of BMPs and the HO process, as well as the possibilities of preventing and treating the HO process. Materials and methods PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Database, and Google Scholar were comprehensively searched for original articles, literature reviews, case reports, and meta-analyses demonstrating a causal relationship between therapeutic rhBMPs and HO as a complication. Results This review analyzes the potential for therapeutic use of rhBMPs in neurosurgery and traumatology and orthopedics, demonstrated by both clinical and preclinical studies. In particular, the studies confirm that ectopic bone formation is one of the side effects following administration of rhBMPs. Moreover, the molecular mechanisms of the HO process were highlighted, and the possibilities of modern methods of prevention and treatment of HO were discussed. Conclusion According to the FDA safety database for rhBMPs, the rates of adverse effects related to HO range from 1 % to 10 %. However, to date, the clinical use of rhBMPs is justified, especially when there are no alternative substitutes for bone grafting.

Inclusion of Immunotherapy in the Management of Primary and Metastatic Malignant Tumours of the Kidney Including Adult Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Review and Update

Inclusion of Immunotherapy in the Management of Primary and Metastatic Malignant Tumours of the Kidney Including Adult Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Review and Update

Determination of ionization constants for sequinidazole in aqueous solutions and mixtures of water with isopropanol, acetonitrile and ethanol

Seknidazole is a drug from the 5-nitroimidazole group with a number of side-effects. This drug is virtually unexplored from the point of view of chemico-toxicological analysis (CTA). Therefore, the development of a set of methods for the detection and quantification of secnidazole in biological fluids for use in CTA is an urgent task. Aim. To study the acid-base equilibrium of secnidazole in aqueous solutions and mixtures of water with amphiphilic solvents and determine the corresponding ionization constants. Materials and methods. Spectrophotometric measurements were performed using a SPEKOL®1500 single-beam spectrophotometer. An EV-74 ionomer was used to control the pH of the solutions. Seknidazole solutions in the concentrationof 1000 μg/ml were used in the experiment. Results and discussion. Absorption spectra of secnidazole in water and mixtures of water and amphiphilic solvents in the pH range studied showed four isobestic points characterizing two protolytic equilibria (equilibrium 1 – 240 and 295 nm, equilibrium 2 – 261 and 297 nm). The position of the isobestic points of equilibrium 2 fluctuated in the range ± 3 nm; it was due to the presence of tautomeric transformations for the molecular form of secnidazole. Conclusions. The acid-base equilibria of secnidazole in aqueous solutions and mixtures of water with amphiphilic solvents have been studied. It has been shown that in a strongly alkaline medium there is an anionic form of secnidazole R–, with further decrease in the pH value the molecular form HR appears, in a strongly acidic medium the final product – a protonated form H2R+ – is formed. The ionization constant 1 has been determined for aqueous solutions of secnidazole, mixtures of water with isopropanol, acetonitrile and ethanol. It is impossible to determine the equilibrium constant 2 by the method specified.

Expiratory Muscle Strength Training for Drooling in Adults with Parkinson’s Disease

One of the most debilitating symptoms of advanced Parkinson’s disease is drooling. Currently, the main treatment that is offered for drooling is botulinum toxin injections to the saliva glands which have a number of side effects and do not treat the causes of drooling, such as impaired swallowing and lip closure. This study explored the effect of an alternative therapy approach for drooling that aimed at improving the swallow, expiratory muscle strength training (EMST). Sixteen participants received EMST over a 6- to 8-week period. Measurements were taken pre- and post-training for drooling (Sialorrhea Clinical Scale for Parkinson’s Disease; SCS-PD), swallowing, lip strength and peak cough flow. Measures of drooling, swallowing and peak cough flow were stable over pre-training assessments and improved following training (p < 0.01). The most conservative estimate of the within-group change for SCS-PD was − 2.50 (95% confidence interval − 3.22 to − 1.22). No adverse effects were reported and participants gave high satisfaction ratings for the training. A programme of EMST offers promise as a therapy to reduce drooling for people with Parkinson’s disease. Adequately powered randomised controlled trials of EMST are now needed.

Пролонгована паравертебральна аналгезія для знеболювання у хворих після торакотомії

Актуальність. Торакотомія відноситься до одного з найбільш травматичних втручань в хірургії, що супроводжується вираженим гострим болем після операції та розвитком хронічного больового синдрому у віддаленому післяопераційному періоді. Мета дослідження. Порівняти ефективність та безпечність різних методів знеболювання хворих після торакотомії. Матеріали та методи. Після торакотомії 85 хворих було розподілено на три дослідні групи. Знеболювання проводили за допомогою пролонгованої паравертебральної аналгезії (ПВА) (19 хворих) і пролонгованої епідуральної аналгезії (ЕДА) (36 хворих) 0,2% розчином ропівакаїну зі швидкістю 6 мл/год (у паравертебральний або епідуральний простір). У контрольній групі (30 хворих) знеболювання проводилось внутрішньовенною, контрольованою пацієнтом аналгезією розчином морфіну. Як ад’ювантний анальгетик у всіх трьох дослідних групах використовували нестероїдний протизапальний препарат кеторолаку трометамін внутрішньом’язово. У ранньому післяопераційному періоді оцінювали рівень болю в стані спокою та під час фізичного навантаження дихальної мускулатури (виконання спірометрії), показники функції зовнішнього дихання (ФЗД), а також частоту та тип ускладнень застосованих методів знеболювання. У віддаленому післяопераційному періоді оцінювали частоту виникнення хронічного болю. Результати. У групах з пролонгованою ПВА і ЕДА інтенсивність больового синдрому протягом трьох діб післяопераційного періоду за візуальною аналоговою шкалою (ВАШ) у стані спокою була меншою порівняно з контрольною групою. У групі ПВА рівень болю був від 29,1 бала через чотири години після операції до 18,7 бала в кінці третьої доби; у групі ЕДА — від 24,2 до 20,3 бала відповідно; у контрольній групі — від 48,8 до 38,0 бала відповідно. Під час дослідження ФЗД інтенсивність болю в групах ПВА і ЕДА також була нижчою порівняно з контрольною групою і становила 33,8 бала в групі ПВА, 38,7 бала — в групі ЕДА, 61,2 — у контрольній групі. Частоту виникнення хронічного больового синдрому оцінювали через 6 місяців після операції. Було відібрано по 15 хворих із кожної групи. У контрольній групі хронічний больовий синдром розвинувся у 8 хворих (53 %), у групі ЕДА — у 5 хворих (33,3 %), у групі ПВА — у 3 хворих (20 %). Найменша кількість ускладнень і технічних невдач спостерігалась у групі ПВА. Висновки. У групі з пролонгованою ПВА порівняно з пролонгованою ЕДА рівень болю за ВАШ був нижчим, частота випадків хронічного болю меншою, а кількість побічних ефектів мінімальною. Пролонгована паравертебральна блокада у хворих після торакотомії дає змогу ефективно контролювати гострий післяопераційний біль та зменшує розвиток хронічного больового синдрому.

Adenosine Associated Pre- and Postconditioning in Real Medical Practice

It has been established that adenosine is a universal trigger of the processes of preparation (conditioning) of the myocardium for ischemic injury, which is confirmed by randomized clinical trials AMISTAD II, TIMI-4, TIMI-9B. Adenosine is included in the guidelines of the ESC Task Force (European Society of Cardiology) as a means of basic therapy, as a representative of the class of potassium channel stimulants (2019) [1]. However, the use of adenosine as an injectable form for intracoronary or intravenous administration is associated with a number of side effects - rapid degradation of the drug in the bloodstream, the need for careful monitoring of systemic hemodynamics (hypotension, tachy- or bradyarrhythmia, ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular block), frequent development of undesirable gastrointestinal manifestations. All this prompted the search for an alternative form of adenosine use, which would allow wider use of the potentially beneficial effect of adenosine on ischemic pre- and post-conditioning in real medical practice.&#x0D; More recently, on the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine for the first time appeared a pharmacological agent - Advocard, as a drug with the ability to start the processes of pre- and post-conditioning, with sublingual (oral) form of application. Advocard is an original combined polypill drug with three components: adenosine-5-triphosphate-gluconate-magnesium (II) trisodium salt (magladen) – 18,6-29,25 mg, molsidomine – 0,3 mg and folic acid - 0,45 mg. Recommendations for the use of the Advocard in medical practice are based on the results of clinical studies, which proved that the oral (sublingual) form of adenosine is not only effective and appropriate, but also safe with long-term use.&#x0D; The therapeutic efficacy of Advocard in chronic coronary syndromes [stable, vasospastic, microvascular angina (pain of small coronary vessels), painless myocardial ischemia] and acute coronary syndromes (STEMI / NSTEMI, instability to stenocardia) before or immediately after coronary stenting is in counteracting the mechanisms of reperfusion injury.&#x0D; Clinical practice has shown that Advocard is appropriate for the prevention of NO-REFLOW after opening the epicardial coronary artery, even with the result of TIMI-3. Thus, the Advocard opens the prospect of improving the effectiveness of coronary interventions and is an adjunct to complete myocardial revascularization.

Validity of a single-item indicator of treatment side effect bother in a diverse sample of cancer patients

PurposeWith higher efficacy of cancer therapies, the numbers and types of side effects experienced by patients have also increased, evidencing a need for brief assessments of side effect bother. The Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) includes the item “I am bothered by side effects of treatment” (GP5). This study aimed to confirm GP5’s validity in a large, diverse, real-world patient sample.MethodsReal-world data were drawn from 10 Adelphi Disease Specific Programmes (DSP™) conducted between 2015 and 2019 in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the UK and the USA, covering 10 cancer sites. We examined correlations between GP5 responses and varied measures of patient-reported global health and the number of side effects experienced. We explored whether more advanced patients and those with worse Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status Rating (ECOG PSR) reported greater side effect bother. Finally, we conducted differential item functioning (DIF) assessment using the Mantel–Haenszel approach.ResultsThe sample included 6755 advanced cancer patients. GP5 responses were distributed similarly across most cancer sites. A moderate, negative correlation (rpolyserial = − 0.43) between GP5 responses and global health evidenced convergent validity. Known groups validity was evidenced by dichotomised distributions of GP5, showing expected results between cancer stage 2 vs. 3 and 4 and with ECOG PSR (p < 0.001). Little evidence of DIF was found.ConclusionGP5 exhibited evidence of validity across cancer sites and countries and appeared to measure the same construct across these countries. GP5 has significant promise as a summary indicator of side effect bother.

Extraction and Identification of Active Components from Herbs for their Application for Prevention of Poly Cystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecological endocrine disorder that causes reproductive and metabolic disturbances. PCOS is more common in females who have obesity and it can also be a genetic disorder in some females. During a study on teen age 17-19 years aged girls in Thailand, the prevalence rate of PCOS syndrome was 5.29 %. While, the studies in Iran had shown the prevalence rate to be 8.3% to 11.4% (Naz et al, 2019). PCOS can be treated by allopathic medicines but they have number of side effects in women like acne and menstrual irregularity. Therefore, in this study an alternative solution has been taken to prevent PCOS by the application of herbs. In this study, 7 samples of herbs were considered. Sample of Cinnamon (dalchini) was collected from a field of Punjab Agriculture University Ludhiana; Curcuma longa (turmeric), Mentha piperita (pippermint) and Allium sativum (garlic) were taken from Gurudwara Bhora Sahib (Jagraon); Ocimum sanctum (tulsi), Azadirachta indica (neem) and Casearia esculanta (saptrangi) were collected from Farm house of CT university campus (Mullanpur). These samples were dried for 48 hours at temperature 38˚C. The process of solvent extraction was used to extract the active components. To identify the extracted constituents from herbs, thin layer chromatography (TLC) was done. Some biochemical tests were performed, to confirm the presence of the identified components. From these 7 samples the active components that were successfully identified were cinnamaldehyde, allicin, estradiol and diterpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids. These components will be further used for the preparation of herbal medicine against

Rishyagandha: A Powerful Herb to Reverse Prameha

Objective: India is well recognized for its traditional medicine system based on the medicinal plants with long therapeutic history. Rishyagandha (Withaniacoagulans) is one such plant traditionally used for curing various aliments particularly diabetes. Diabetes is silent killer affecting quality of life, characterized by life-long medication associated with the number of side effects. Thus, traditional healing medicinal system such as Ayurveda is often recommended. Data Source: Ayurvedic texts referred include Charaka samhita, Nighantu, Chikitsa Grantha, and Astanghridaya. Different published review articles in journals, evidence-based online published articles, and various websites were explored. Review Methods: Literary reviews, including qualitative, experimental, and observational researches highlighting the therapeutic, pharmacological benefits of Rishyagandha were analyzed. Conclusion: Rishyagandha (Withaniacoagulans), also known as Indian cheese maker, is a rich source of coagulan, withacoagin, withasomidienone, and withaferin. It has shown to exert antibacterial, wound healing, cytotoxic, free radical scavenging, hypoglycemic, antitumor, and hypolipidemic effects. Hence, the present review article aims to project botanical, morphological description, traditional uses, and pharmacological studies of Rishyagandha. The pharmacological action of the plant is well established due to the presence of different phytochemicals. The extensive review advocates that the fruits may be prescribed as accompaniment in the drug treatment and dietary therapy for the management of diabetes mellitus.

The curious case of Neuropathic Pain and its management: An overview

Abstract Neuropathic pain is a condition that occurs as a result of neural system damage or lesions. It could be peripheral or central neuropathic pain, depending on the location of the damage. Diabetes, spinal cord injury, numerous infections, cancer, and autoimmune illnesses are all potential causes of this condition. According to estimates, chronic pain has a prevalence rate of roughly 3% -17% worldwide. In most cases, neuropathic pain is stated to be “idiopathic” in origin, which means that its specific etiology is unknown; hence, pharmaceutical care of this condition is limited to treating its symptoms. The medications used to treat neuropathic pain fall into three categories: tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentinoids, and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Anticonvulsants, opioids, and topical medications are examples of different types of medications. Strong opioids, neurotoxins, and surgical alternatives are also used in treatment. In general, pharmacotherapy is frequently accompanied with accompanied with high doses, which results in a number of side effects. These medications are typically delivered orally, and drug absorption in systemic circulation leads to dispersion throughout the body, resulting in high peripheral circulation and concomitant side effects. Enzymatic degradation reduces bioavailability, while hepatic metabolism converts medicines to inactive metabolites. In such circumstances, an adequate amount of drug is unable to reach the brain due to the blood brain barrier, which hinders drug molecule permeability.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DIFFERENT TREATMENT REGIMENS FOR DRUG-RESISTANT TUBERCULOSIS IN PRYKARPATTIA. CHALLENGES OF OUR TIME

The aim: To study the structure of adverse drug reactions and the effectiveness of treatment among patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis who follow the modified short-term and individualized treatment regimens. Materials and methods: The analysis of 138 inpatient medical records, outpatient health cards and electronic database of the patient register was conducted. Resistant strains of MTB were microbiologically verified in all the patients. All the patients underwent clinical-laboratory, instrumental microbiological, genetic-molecular (GeneXpert MTB / RIF) methods of examination, both for diagnosis and monitoring of the effectiveness of treatment. In order to prevent complications and control adverse reactions, all the patients were briefly screened for peripheral neuropathy, basic audiometry, the QTc interval was determined, visual acuity and color perception were checked. Results: At individualized treatment regimen of tuberculosis, adverse reactions were 3.5 times more common than in patients with modified short-term therapy, in 65 (68.4%) cases and in 8 (18.6%) cases, respectively. Accordingly, the effectiveness of treatment differed in both groups. Prevailing in long-term treatment were: treatment interruption treatment gap, treatment failure, continued treatment. In patients receiving short-term regimens, the cured rate was almost twice as common as in the second group. Conclusions: Timely detection cases of resistant tuberculosis and using linear probe analysis (LPA) - GenoType MTBDRplus for diagnosis of fluoroquinolone resistance, will allow the use of modified short-term treatment regimens for tuberculosis. Which in turn will reduce the number of side effects and improve the outcome of treatment.

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF DEXDOR AND DIPRIVAN FOR SEDATION IN UROLOGICAL OPERATIONS UNDER SPINAL ANESTHESIA

Currently, anesthesiologists-resuscitators have a large number of sedatives (hypnotics, general anesthetics, anxiolytics), but many of them, in addition to the main action, give a number of side effects or do not provide optimal sedation. On the other hand, there are new modern drugs for sedation, thus, the need to correct existing regimens of sedative therapy is quite timely and necessary. The aim of the study was to examine the advantages and disadvantages of different sedation methods in patients with urological profile operated under spinal anesthesia. 80 patients (54 men and 26 women) who underwent urological surgery under balanced anesthesia (spinal anesthesia in combination with drug sedation) were examined. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 40) – sedation with dexdor, group 2 (n = 40) – sedation with diprivan. The level of sedation was assessed using the RAMSEY scale, the degree of post-anesthesia recovery on the Bidway five-point scale, and anesthesia satisfaction was assessed using the Lowa Satisfaction with Anesthesia Scale (ISAS). The degree of hemodynamic disorders was determined by continuous monitoring of heart rate, blood pressure and ECG. The normality of the distribution was checked using the Shapiro–Wilk method. The Mann–Whitney test was used to assess the statistical significance of the difference between the two independent groups. Results. The study showed that a deeper level of sedation during surgery was observed in the second group (sedation with diprivan). In this group, postoperative drowsiness was also higher both during the first 15 minutes and 30 minutes after surgery. Despite the fact that patients receiving dexdor had more superficial sedation, they generally showed significantly higher overall satisfaction with anesthesia. The study proved the effectiveness and safety of both drugs for sedation in urological patients under spinal anesthesia. However, a number of important advantages of dexdor were found as compared to diprivan. Dexdor, due to its ability to cause mild to moderate sedation, allows the patient to contact staff, almost does not suppress respiration, lets the patient feel comfortable and causes sufficient retrograde amnesia.

Current research status of alkaloids against breast cancer.

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in women worldwide. Surgery, chemotherapy, and targeted drugs are the main methods currently used in clinical treatment of breast cancer. Although they can improve the symptoms of patients, they are also accompanied by a large number of side effects. Because of its multiple targets, traditional Chinese medicine can improve the quality of life of breast cancer patients and reduce the side effects associated with chemotherapy, which plays an important role in the treatment of breast cancer. To a certain extent, traditional Chinese medicine has advantages that modern medicine does not have in the treatment of breast cancer. Alkaloids are active ingredients widely distributed in traditional Chinese medicine, which have a variety of pharmacological effects including anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antitumor effects. The author reviewed the literature on the treatment of breast cancer with alkaloids extracted from traditional Chinese medicine in recent years, and discussed the unique advantages of alkaloids in the treatment of breast cancer.

Вакцинація від COVID-19 в Україні. Безпечність вакцин

COVID-19 is a life-threatening disease that can be asymptomatic in the form of a common ARVI, or in extremely severe forms, with serious long-term consequences. Vaccination against COVID-19 is critically important to restrain the pandemic. The purpose of the study was to analyze and systematize the data of pharmacological supervision of the use of vaccines against COVID-19. For this, methods of analysis, systematization and generalization of information were used using the databases of the State Expert Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, Food and Drug Administration, World Health Organisation in the period from February 24, 2021 to October 31, 2021. Currently, such vaccines are registered and approved for use in Ukraine as AstraZeneca (Covishield, SKBio), Comirnaty / Pfizer-BioNTech, Moderna, CoronaVac / Sinovac Biotech. According to official data, the effectiveness of all these vaccines is quite high. They are especially effective in preventing severe course of disease, hospitalization, and death. Sometimes the vaccination process can be with the development of a number of side effects. Responsibility for the risks associated with the production and use of vaccines dictates the need for constant monitoring of these side effects. That is why we analyzed the data of the State Expert Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine about adverse events after immunization from COVID-19 in Ukraine. Thus, the analysis of adverse events reported showed that they took place in 0.018% cases of the total number of vaccine doses that were administered. In the context, for each vaccine separately, the number of adverse events reported were: Covishield – 1128 cases (0.23%), CoronaVac – 419 (0.008%), Comirnaty – 854 (0.02%), AstraZeneca – 540 (0.02%), Moderna – 393 (0.02%), respectively. It should be noted that most of the reported cases of adverse events reported in Ukraine during vaccination against COVID-19 are mild predictable reactions (88.72 – 93.38%). This result allows us to speak of a fairly high predictability of the adverse events reported after COVID-19 vaccination. This is confirmed by the data of world literature. After analyzing the presented data of the State Expert Center of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, we found that the most of adverse events reported after COVID-19 vaccination are so-called general disorders and disorders at the injection site (fever, fatigue, chills, redness, pain and swelling at the injection site). Neurological disorders ranked second in terms of the number of adverse events reported, and musculoskeletal disorders ranked third. Adverse events reported manifestations from other organs and systems had isolated cases. After using all of the above vaccines, the percentage of adverse events reported was significantly higher in women than in men, which coincides with the data of the world literature. Conclusion. Thus, the analysis of the safety of vaccines against COVID-19, registered and authorized for use in Ukraine, shows that the risks of adverse events reported after COVID-19 vaccination are rare; the most of them are mild and predictable. At the same time, these manifestations of adverse events reported cannot be compared with the health and life risks associated with the COVID-19 disease itself. Ensuring continuous monitoring of the safety of vaccine use and identifying potential side effects will further reduce and manage the risks associated with vaccine use