Number Of Search Terms Research Articles

Repeat Spreaders and Election Delegitimization

This paper introduces and presents a first analysis of a uniquely curated dataset of misinformation, disinformation, and rumors spreading on Twitter about the 2020 U.S. election. Previous research on misinformation—an umbrella term for false and misleading content—has largely focused either on broad categories, using a finite set of keywords to cover a complex topic, or on a few, focused case studies, with increased precision but limited scope. Our approach, by comparison, leverages real-time reports collected from September through November 2020 to develop a comprehensive dataset of tweets connected to 456 distinct misinformation stories from the 2020 U.S. election (our ElectionMisinfo2020 dataset), 307 of which sowed doubt in the legitimacy of the election. By relying on real-time incidents and streaming data, we generate a curated dataset that not only provides more granularity than a large collection based on a finite number of search terms, but also an improved opportunity for generalization compared to a small set of case studies. Though the emphasis is on misleading content, not all of the tweets linked to a misinformation story are false: some are questions, opinions, corrections, or factual content that nonetheless contributes to misperceptions. Along with a detailed description of the data, this paper provides an analysis of a critical subset of election-delegitimizing misinformation in terms of size, content, temporal diffusion, and partisanship. We label key ideological clusters of accounts within interaction networks, describe common misinformation narratives, and identify those accounts which repeatedly spread misinformation. We document the asymmetry of misinformation spread: accounts associated with support for President Biden shared stories in ElectionMisinfo2020 far less than accounts supporting his opponent. That asymmetry remained among the accounts who were repeatedly influential in the spread of misleading content that sowed doubt in the election: all but two of the top 100 ‘repeat spreader’ accounts were supporters of then-President Trump. These findings support the implementation and enforcement of ‘strike rules’ on social media platforms, directly addressing the outsized role of repeat spreaders.

Systematic Review of Literature Documenting the Link between BMI, Sperm Parameters, and Leptin

Background: Leptin administration to rats causes adverse effects on sperm that resemble those reported in obese males. The purpose of this review is, therefore, to examine whether human and animal studies have taken this information on board and have attempted to link the poor sperm quality in obese or overweight individuals to leptin in their methodology, data analysis, and discussion. The review also documents the link between low sperm quality in the obese and leptin. Method: A search was made for articles reporting body mass index (BMI), sperm parameters, and leptin, published until September 2020 in PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Springer Link using a number of search terms. Results: Forty-four of the 53 human and animal studies on BMI and sperm parameters reported abnormal sperm parameters in the obese but only 9 of those had measured serum leptin. None, however, attempted to link sperm abnormalities to leptin. Nine animal studies report of adverse effects of leptin on sperm in normal weight rats that were found to be similar to those reported in obese males. Conclusion: Although none of the human studies had actually linked the raised leptin to sperm abnormalities in the obese, there is nevertheless, convincing evidence linking leptin to obesity-related poor sperm quality and male infertility. There is a need, therefore, to include measures that will help reduce the impact of raised leptin levels on male reproductive function, particularly, in obese infertile or subfertile males.

What are the highest yielding search strategy terms for systematic reviews in atopic dermatitis? A systematic review.

The impact of search strategies on systematic reviews (SR) of atopic dermatitis (AD) is unknown. The purpose of this review wasto evaluate search strategies used in SR of AD and their impact on the frequency of manuscripts identified. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for SR related to AD. Simulations were performed by running combinations of search terms in MEDLINE and EMBASE. Overall, 250 SR met inclusion criteria, of which 225 specified search strategies. SR using 5-6 terms (20.0% to 12.1%) or ≥ 7 (40.0% to 18.8%) terms decreased, whereas SR using 3-4 terms numerically increased (18.8% to 30.2%) and 1-2 terms remained similar (37.5% to 38.9%) from 1999-2009 to 2015-2019. The most commonly searched terms were "atopic dermatitis" (n = 166), followed by "eczema" (n = 156), "dermatitis atopic'" (n = 81), "atopic eczema" (n = 74), "neurodermatitis" (n = 59), "Besniers prurigo" (n = 29), "infantile eczema" (n = 27), and "childhood eczema" (n = 19). Simulations revealed that "eczema" and "atopic dermatitis" yielded the most hits. The number of search terms that maximized hits in MEDLINE and EMBASE was 5 and 4, respectively. Search strategies for AD were heterogeneous, with high proportions of search strategies providing few search hits. Future studies should use standardized and optimized search terms.

The 100 most influential manuscripts in andrology: a bibliometric analysis

BackgroundAs the specialty of Andrology expands it is important to establish the most important studies that have shaped, and continue to shape, current research and clinical practice. Bibliometric analysis involving a citation rank list is an established means by which to identify the published material within a given field that has greatest intellectual influence. This bibliometric analysis sought to identify the 100 most influential manuscripts in Andrology, as well as the key research themes that have shaped contemporary understanding and management of andrological conditions.MethodsThe Thompson Reuters Web of Science citation indexing database was interrogated using a number of search terms chosen to reflect the full spectrum of andrological practice. Results were ranked according to citation number and further analysed according to subject, first and senior author, journal, year of publication, institution and country of origin.ResultsThe Web of Science search returned a total of 24,128 manuscripts. Citation number of the top 100 articles ranged from 2819 to 218 (median 320). The most cited manuscript (by Feldman et al., The Journal of Urology 1994; 2819 citations) reported the prevalence and risk factors for erectile dysfunction (ED) in the Massachusetts Male Ageing Study. The Journal of Urology published the highest number of manuscripts (n = 11), followed by the New England Journal of Medicine (n = 10). The most common theme represented within the top 100 manuscripts was erectile dysfunction (n = 46), followed jointly by hypogonadism and male factor infertility (n = 24 respectively).ConclusionErectile dysfunction should be considered the most widely researched, published and cited field within andrological practice. This study provides a list of the most influential manuscripts in andrology and serves as a reference of what comprises a ‘highly citable’ paper for both researchers and clinicians.

Tick-borne zoonoses in the Order Rickettsiales and Legionellales in Iran: A systematic review.

BackgroundTick-borne zoonoses in the Order Rickettsiales and Legionellales cause infections that often manifest as undifferentiated fevers that are not easy to distinguish from other causes of acute febrile illnesses clinically. This is partly attributed to difficulty in laboratory confirmation since convalescent sera, specific diagnostic reagents, and the required expertise may not be readily available. As a result, a number of tick-borne zoonoses are underappreciated resulting in unnecessary morbidity, mortality and huge economic loses. In Iran, a significant proportion of human infectious diseases are tick-borne, with anecdotal evidence suggesting that tick-borne zoonoses are widespread but underreported in the country. Epidemiological review is therefore necessary to aid in the effective control and prevention of tick-borne zonooses in Iran. The aim of this review is to provide an in-depth and comprehensive overview of anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, spotted fever group rickettsioses and coxiellosis in Iran.MethodsUsing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, all relevant publications on tick-borne zoonoses in the Order Rickettsiales and Legionellales in Iran were searched using a number of search terms. The search was confined to authentic resources from repositories of popular data bases among them PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Science Direct, SpringerLink and SCOPUS. The search items included peer reviewed journals, books and book chapters published between 1996 and 2017.ResultsA total of 1 205 scientific publications and reports were sourced, of which 63 met the search criteria and were reviewed. Of the 63 articles reviewed, 36 (57.1%) reported on coxiellosis, 15 (23.8%) on anaplasmosis, 11 (17.5%) on ehrlichiosis and 1(1.6%) on spotted fever group rickettsiae in a large scale study involving four countries, among them Iran. The existence of tick-borne pathogens in the Order Rickettsiales and Legionellales was confirmed by molecular, serological and microscopic techniques conducted on samples obtained from sheep, cattle, goats, camels, poultry, animal products (milk and eggs), dogs, ticks and even human subjects in different parts of the country; pointing to a countrywide distribution.DiscussionBased on the review, coxiellosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, and SFG rickettsiae can be categorized as emerging tick-borne zoonotic diseases in Iran given the presence of their causiative agents (C. burnetii, A. phagocytophilum, A. marginale, A. bovis, A. ovis, A. central, E. canis, E. ewingii, E. chaffeensis and R. conorii) collectively reported in a variety of domestic animals, animal products, arthropods and human beings drawn from 22 provinces in Iran.ConclusionGiven the asymptomatic nature of some of these zoonoses, there is a high likelihood of silent transmission to humans in many parts of the country, which should be considered a public health concern. Presently, information on the transmission intensity of tick-borne zoonoses caused by pathogens in the Order Rickettsiales and Legionellales to humans and its public health impact in Iran is scanty.

The potential risk of toxoplasmosis for traffic accidents: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Toxoplasmosis is a prevalent infectious disease. Although most people infected by Toxoplasma gondii are asymptomatic, evidence has suggested that this disease might affect some aspects of a host's behavior and associate with schizophrenia, suicide attempt, changes in various aspects of personality, and poor neurocognitive performance. These associations may play roles in increasing the risk of a number of incidents, such as traffic accidents, among infected people. In this regard, this study aimed to provide summary estimates for the available data on the potential risk of toxoplasmosis for traffic accidents. To this end, using a number of search terms, i.e. toxoplasmosis, Toxoplasma gondii, traffic accident, road accident, car accident, crash, and prevalence, literature searches (up to October 1, 2017) were carried out via 6 databases. The meta-analysis was conducted using the StatsDirect statistical software and a P-value less than 0.05 was regarded as significant in all statistical analyses. Out of 1841 identified studies, 9 studies were finally considered eligible for carrying out this systematic review. Reviewing results of these studies indicated that 5 out of 9 studies reported a significant relationship between Toxoplasma gondii and traffic accidents. Additionally, data related to gender showed significant differences between infected and control men and women. Considering age, reviewing the results of these studies revealed a significant difference between the infected people and the Toxoplasma-negative subjects under 45 years of age. However, no significant difference was found between the two groups aged 45 or older. Given these results, it can be concluded that Toxoplasma gondii significantly increases the risk of having traffic accidents.

Managing Institutional Bibliographies using the ADS API: A new workflow using Google Sheets

Curating institutional bibliographies with the ADS web interface is currently a manual process that scales with the number of search terms. Long author lists and institutions with multiple sub-organizations or name variations increase the workload. Review work is monotonous and can take significant time depending on the size of the institution and the frequency of reviews. Consequently, bibliographies generated in this way are costly and may suffer from human error. We propose a semi-automated workflow that uses an iterative approach to discovery with ADS’s new search engine and a recently developed Google Sheets add on. First, affiliation strings from a user created spreadsheet are searched with the ADS API and for each result the matched affiliation and the paired author are retrieved. Next, each author name string is searched and items where that author is paired with an empty affiliation field are retrieved. The results from both queries are then compiled into output sheets with pertinent information for manual review. Finally, the selected items can be added to an ADS library from the Google Sheets interface. The tool can also use previously rejected affiliation strings to flag false positives in subsequent queries. Curators do not need to have extensive technical skills in order to use the workflow and they can help improve the ADS by opting to share ORCIDs, author synonyms, and affiliation synonyms.

Evaluation of a new method for librarian-mediated literature searches for systematic reviews.

ObjectiveTo evaluate and validate the time of completion and results of a new method of searching for systematic reviews, the exhaustive search method (ESM), using a pragmatic comparison.MethodsSingle‐line search strategies were prepared in a text document. Term completeness was ensured with a novel optimization technique. Macros in MS Word converted the syntaxes between databases and interfaces almost automatically. We compared search characteristics, such as number of search terms and databases, and outcomes, such as number of included and retrieved references and precision, from ESM searches and other Dutch academic hospitals identified by searching PubMed for systematic reviews published between 2014 and 2016. We compared time to perform the ESM with a secondary comparator of recorded search times from published literature and contact with authors to acquire unpublished data.ResultsWe identified 73 published Erasmus MC systematic reviews and 258 published by other Dutch academic hospitals meeting our criteria. We pooled search time data from 204 other systematic reviews. The ESM searches differed by using 2 times more databases, retrieving 44% more references, including 20% more studies in the final systematic review, but the time needed for the search was 8% of that of the control group. Similarities between methods include precision and the number of search terms.ConclusionsThe evaluated similarities and differences suggest that the ESM is a highly efficient way to locate more references meeting the specified selection criteria in systematic reviews than traditional search methods. Further prospective research is required.

Identifying Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Search Terminology: A Systematic Review of Health Systematic Reviews.

Research on the health of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations can provide important information to address existing health inequalities. Finding existing research in LGBT health can prove challenging due to the plethora of terminology used. We sought to describe existing search strategies and to identify more comprehensive LGBT search terminology. We iteratively created a search string to identify systematic reviews and meta-analyses about LGBT health and implemented it in Embase, PubMed/MEDLINE, and PsycINFO databases on May 28–29, 2015. We hand-searched the journal LGBT Health. Inclusion criteria were: systematic reviews and meta-analyses that addressed LGBT health, used systematic searching, and used independent coders for inclusion. The published search terminology in each record and search strings provided by authors on request were cross-referenced with our original search to identify additional terminology. Our search process identified 19 systematic reviews meeting inclusion criteria. The number of search terms used to identify LGBT-related records ranged from 1 to 31. From the included studies, we identified 46 new search terms related to LGBT health. We removed five search terms as inappropriate and added five search terms used in the field. The resulting search string included 82 terms. There is room to improve the quality of searching and reporting in LGBT health systematic reviews. Future work should attempt to enhance the positive predictive value of LGBT health searches. Our findings can assist LGBT health reviewers in capturing the diversity of LGBT terminology when searching.

What Searches Do Users Run on PEDro? An Analysis of 893,971 Search Commands Over a 6-Month Period.

Clinicians must be able to search effectively for relevant research if they are to provide evidence-based healthcare. It is therefore relevant to consider how users search databases of evidence in healthcare, including what information users look for and what search strategies they employ. To date such analyses have been restricted to the PubMed database. Although the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) is searched millions of times each year, no studies have investigated how users search PEDro. To assess the content and quality of searches conducted on PEDro. Searches conducted on the PEDro website over 6 months were downloaded and the 'get' commands and page-views extracted. The following data were tabulated: the 25 most common searches; the number of search terms used; the frequency of use of simple and advanced searches, including the use of each advanced search field; and the frequency of use of various search strategies. Between August 2014 and January 2015, 893,971 search commands were entered on PEDro. Fewer than 18 % of these searches used the advanced search features of PEDro. 'Musculoskeletal' was the most common subdiscipline searched, while 'low back pain' was the most common individual search. Around 20 % of all searches contained errors. PEDro is a commonly used evidence resource, but searching appears to be sub-optimal in many cases. The effectiveness of searches conducted by users needs to improve, which could be facilitated by methods such as targeted training and amending the search interface.

The Utilization of Wireless Handheld Computers with MEDLINE is an Effective Mechanism for Answering Clinical Questions at the Point of Care

A Review of: 
 Hauser, Susan E., Dina Demner-Fushman, Joshua L. Jacobs, Susanne M. Humphrey, Glenn Ford, and George R. Thoma. “Using Wireless Handheld Computers to Seek Information at the Point of Care: An Evaluation by Clinicians.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 14.6 (Nov./Dec. 2007): 807-15.
 
 
 Abstract
 
 Objective – To assess the effectiveness of wireless handheld computers (HHCs) for information retrieval in clinical environments and the role of MEDLINE in answering clinical questions at the point of care.
 
 Design – A prospective single-cohort study.
 
 Setting – Teaching rounds in the intensive care units and general medicine wards in two hospitals associated with a university’s school of medicine in the United States. 
 
 Subjects – Five internal medicine residents with training in evidence-based practice. 
 
 Methods – While accompanying medical teams on teaching rounds for approximately four consecutive weeks, each resident used MD on Tap (an application for handheld computers) on a TreoTM 650 PDA/cell phone to find answers in real time, to questions that were raised by members of the medical teams. Using a special version of MD on Tap, each resident initialized a UserID. Serving as evaluators, the residents described and categorized clinical scenarios and recognized questions. They also formulated search terms, searched MEDLINE and identified citations determined to be useful for answering the questions. An intermediate server collected details of all MEDLINE search query transactions, including system response time, the user (based on UserIDs), citations selected for viewing, the saving of citations to HHC memory, as well as use of the Linkout and Notes features. In addition evaluators submitted daily summaries. These summaries included information on the scenarios, clinical questions, evidence-based methodology (EBM) category, the team member who was the source of the question, the PubMed Identifiers (PMIDs) of relevant citations, and comments. At the end of the data collection period, each evaluator submitted a summary report consisting of a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of his experience using MEDLINE via the handheld device to find relevant evidence based information at the point of care. The report also focused on the usefulness of MD on Tap features, along with suggestions for additional features. 
 
 Data analysis encompassed matching the text of daily summaries to transaction records in order to identify sessions (containing a scenario, clinical question, one or more search queries, citation fetches and selected PMIDs). A senior medical librarian/expert indexer reviewed all the citations selected by evaluators and graded each citation as A (useful for answering the question), B (provided a partial answer) or C (not useful for answering the question). Only those graded A were regarded as “relevant.” For the purpose of analysis a session was deemed to be successful “if at least one of the citations selected by the evaluator as relevant was also classified as Relevant” (810) by the expert indexer. Similarly, an individual query was successful “if at least one of the citations among the results of the query was Relevant, that citation was viewed by the evaluator during rounds, and it addressed the clinical question as recorded in the daily summary” (810). Various types of relationships were analyzed including the characteristics of clinical questions vis-a-vis successful sessions, search strategies in relation to successful queries, and the association between MD on Tap features and successful queries. SAS/SUDAAN version 9.1 was used for statistical analysis. 
 
 Main Results – Evaluators answered 68% (246 of 363) clinical questions during rounding sessions. They identified 478 “relevant” citations, an average of 1.9 per successful session and 1.3 for each successful question. Session lengths averaged 3 minutes and 41 seconds. Characteristics of the evaluator (training, interest, experience and expertise) were a significant predictor of a session’s success. The significant determinants of query success were “the number of search terms that could be mapped to Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)” (812), the number of citations that were found for a query, and the use of MD on Tap’s auto-spellcheck feature. Narrative comments from the evaluators indicated that using MEDLINE on a HHC at the point of care contributed positively to the practice of evidence -based medicine. 
 
 Conclusion – Wireless handheld computers are useful for retrieving information in clinical environments. The application of several MeSH terms in a query facilitates the retrieval of MEDLINE citations that provide answers to clinical questions. The MD on Tap program is a valuable interface to MEDLINE at the point of care.

Analysis of the query logs of a Web site search engine

AbstractA large number of studies have investigated the transaction log of general‐purpose search engines such as Excite and AltaVista, but few studies have reported on the analysis of search logs for search engines that are limited to particular Web sites, namely, Web site search engines. In this article, we report our research on analyzing the search logs of the search engine of the Utah state government Web site. Our results show that some statistics, such as the number of search terms per query, of Web users are the same for general‐purpose search engines and Web site search engines, but others, such as the search topics and the terms used, are considerably different. Possible reasons for the differences include the focused domain of Web site search engines and users' different information needs. The findings are useful for Web site developers to improve the performance of their services provided on the Web and for researchers to conduct further research in this area. The analysis also can be applied in e‐government research by investigating how information should be delivered to users in government Web sites.

Arthroscopic subacromial decompression with a holmium:YAG laser: review of the literature.

The Australian Safety and Efficacy Register of New Interventional Procedures-Surgical (ASERNIP-S) undertook to systematically review the literature regarding arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASD) using a holmium:YAG laser for patients with impingement syndrome, with respect to the safety and efficacy of the procedure. Studies on ASD with a holmium:YAG laser were identified using MEDLINE (1984 to July 2000), EMBASE (1974 to August 2000) and Current Contents (1993 to week 33 2000). A number of search terms were used: (laser and shoulder) and (surgery or arthroscop* or acromioplasty or orthopaed* or orthoped* or subacromial decompression or impingement syndrome). The Cochrane Library was searched from 1966 to issue 3 2000, using the search terms 'shoulder and surgery'. Human studies were included for patients with impingement syndrome but without full-thickness rotator cuff tears or rheumatological disorders, and where shoulder pain had been experienced for more than 3 months. A surgeon and reviewer independently assessed the retrieved articles for their inclusion in the review. Seven papers were identified that related to ASD with a holmium:YAG laser. None of the papers for review offered high-quality evidence. There were no properly designed randomized controlled studies. The highest level of evidence came from time series studies. No quantitative analysis could be undertaken for this review. Given the extremely low level of evidence available for this procedure it was recommended that further research be conducted to establish the safety and efficacy of the technique. This reinforces the conclusion reached in the Cochrane review of interventions for shoulder pain where insufficient evidence was found to either support or refute the efficacy of other interventions for shoulder pain.

Image searching on the Excite Web search engine

A growing body of research is beginning to explore the information-seeking behavior of Web users. The vast majority of these studies have concentrated on the area of textual information retrieval (IR). Little research has examined how people search for non-textual information on the Internet, and few large-scale studies has investigated visual information-seeking behavior with general-purpose Web search engines. This study examined visual information needs as expressed in users’ Web image queries. The data set examined consisted of 1,025,908 sequential queries from 211,058 users of Excite, a major Internet search service. Twenty-eight terms were used to identify queries for both still and moving images, resulting in a subset of 33,149 image queries by 9855 users. We provide data on: (1) image queries – the number of queries and the number of search terms per user, (2) image search sessions – the number of queries per user, modifications made to subsequent queries in a session, and (3) image terms – their rank/frequency distribution and the most highly used search terms. On average, there were 3.36 image queries per user containing an average of 3.74 terms per query. Image queries contained a large number of unique terms. The most frequently occurring image related terms appeared less than 10% of the time, with most terms occurring only once. We contrast this to earlier work by P.G.B. Enser, Journal of Documentation 51 (2) (1995) 126–170, who examined written queries for pictorial information in a non-digital environment. Implications for the development of models for visual information retrieval, and for the design of Web search engines are discussed.

Real life, real users, and real needs: a study and analysis of user queries on the web

We analyzed transaction logs containing 51,473 queries posed by 18,113 users of Excite, a major Internet search service. We provide data on: (i) sessions — changes in queries during a session, number of pages viewed, and use of relevance feedback; (ii) queries — the number of search terms, and the use of logic and modifiers; and (iii) terms — their rank/frequency distribution and the most highly used search terms. We then shift the focus of analysis from the query to the user to gain insight to the characteristics of the Web user. With these characteristics as a basis, we then conducted a failure analysis, identifying trends among user mistakes. We conclude with a summary of findings and a discussion of the implications of these findings.

Real life information retrieval: a study of user queries on the Web

We analyzed transaction logs of a set of 51,473 queries posed by 18,113 users of Excite, a major Internet search service. We provide data on: (i) queries --- the number of search terms, and the use of logic and modifiers, (ii) sessions --- changes in queries during a session, number of pages viewed, and use of relevance feedback, and (iii) terms --- their rank/frequency distribution and the most highly used search terms. Common mistakes are also observed. Implications are discussed.

Developing monitoring techniques for an on-line information retrieval system

One of the least understood and most ignored aspects of implementing on-line software is the problem of effective monitoring. This problem takes on many facets: gathering data on user interactions and errors, storing and processing these data, and generating summary reports which can be used to pinpoint deficiencies and to suggest modifications and improvements. Northwestern University has developed techniques to monitor an on-line information retrieval system, by using that system both to monitor itself and to process the data collected. RIQS (Remote Information Query System) is both a batch and on-line generalized, information retrieval system which operates on the CDC 6400. It is used by faculty and students for developing and searching data bases in medicine, political science, computer science, anthropology, astronomy, university administration and planning, etc. An on-line monitor program was developed to produce a RIQS-compatible data base of user interactions with RIQS-ONLINE. Using RIQS, this data base can then be interrogated and searched to generate reports, to create plots, or to produce input for a statistical package. Typical parameters which are studied include total real-time per user access to RIQS, real time and central processor time per query, number of records searched, number of records retrieved, number of search terms used, type and size of reports generated, number and type of language or syntax errors made by user, etc. This paper illustrates the use of these techniques by providing summary reports and plots from use of RIQS-ONLINE during the current academic year. System improvements are suggested from analysis of these reports.