Number Of School Years Research Articles

Vocational identity of deaf and hard of hearing adolescents

Vocational identity development represents the key aspect of identity development and it is one of the most significant issues in the period of adolescence. The persons with strong vocational identity have clearer understanding of their own career goals and they are characterized by greater self-confidence and dedication to their career choices, which is the reason why they decide on their future profession more quickly and more easily than the persons whose vocational identity is weaker. The career development of deaf and hard of hearing adolescents takes place under conditions of auditory deprivation, which may have a negative effect on the stability of their vocational identity and thus on their choice of profession, employment and assimilation into the working environment. This study examines the connection between vocational identity of deaf and hard of hearing adolescents and the number of completed school years and age, as well as the effect of gender, the level of hearing impairment, primary mode of communication, and general performance at school at the end of a school term on vocational identity. The sample comprised 97 deaf and hard of hearing students attending seventh and eighth grades of primary school as well as all grades of secondary school, who are educated in segregating conditions in the territory of Serbia. 'My Vocational Situation' (MVS, Holland et al., 1980-a) was used as the instrument. The results of the study, following the data analysis, point to the connection between vocational identity of deaf and hard of hearing adolescents and the number of school years completed and age, as well as the effect of gender on vocational identity, while the effect of the level of hearing impairment, primary mode of communication, and general performance at school on vocational identity of the examinees has not been confirmed. Comparing these results with the results of studies conducted on the population of typically developing students, it can be concluded that the key factors for stability of vocational identity do not change with regard to the hearing status of the individual.

Impact of access to water and sanitation services on educational attainment

Children are prone to the contagion of waterborne diseases without adequate water and sanitation services. When not sick, children and their caregivers without proper access to such services have to allocate their leisure time in order to meet their water and sanitation needs. It is through these health and leisure time use changes that access to water and sanitation services impacts the educational attainment of children. This paper proposes a household utility maximization model in which access and sanitation services determine the child's health, which in turn affects the child's education and the household welfare. Comparative statics indicate that households consider the health gains to the market value of their leisure time, and the changes in the consumption of other goods. The model is applied to data from Brazil. In order to sort out the endogeneity between provision of water and sanitation services, and educational attainment, the paper uses an instrumental approach, based on the technical features of the water systems and an instrument that measures a proxy of water availability within the municipality territory. Estimates suggest that access to water and sanitation services has a positive and significant effect on schooling, when measured by the completed number of school years. These positive effects call for the expansion of the laggard sewerage systems in the country, both at home and at school.

Maternal characteristics of pregnancies with intrauterine fetal demise.

To identify maternal characteristics independently associated with pregnancies resulting in intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD). This was a population-based cohort study of all births taking place at the McGill University Health Centre in Montreal, Canada, between 2001 and 2007, using the McGill University Obstetrics and Neonatal Database. Maternal characteristics were compared between pregnancies that resulted in IUFD and control pregnancies resulting in live newborns. A logistic regression analysis was constructed to identify parameters independently associated with IUFD. We identified 20,744 births during the study period, 87 of which were complicated by IUFD. Mothers with IUFD were more likely to be younger, with less formal education, higher rates of smoking during pregnancy, and more fetal anomalies (42.5% vs. 7.5%, P<0.001). After exclusion of pregnancies with congenital and/or chromosomal abnormalities, less formal education (7 vs. 13.6 school years, P<0.001) and smoking during pregnancy (24% vs. 7.7%, P<0.001) remained significantly more common in pregnancies resulting in IUFD. In the multivariable regression analysis both smoking and number of maternal school years were independently associated with IUFD pregnancies (OR 2.22 for smoking, P=0.007 and OR 0.865 for number of school years, P<0.001). Lower levels of education and smoking during pregnancy are independent predictors of IUFD.

Does Timing of Health and Family Planning Services Matter? Age at First Birth and Educational Attainment in Indonesia

This paper examines empirically whether midwifes, as an integral part of the health and family planning programs in Indonesia, are effective in advising young women to delay their first birth and also influence the decision on post-primary school attendance. Using the Indonesian Family Life Survey, I investigate the extent to which the exogenous expansion of a midwife program affects the age at first birth and the number of school years of women. My findings suggest that women who were exposed to a midwife when they have to decide on further school attendance (age 13-20) delay their first birth and also stay longer in post-primary school. According to the average returns of education in Indonesia, I conclude that family planning services provided by midwifes can generate large socioeconomic benefits by allowing young women to postpone their first birth.

Does ethnic ancestry play a role in smoking?

The higher proportion of smokers among Black people in Brazil has been attributed to socioeconomic disparities, but genetic factors could also contribute for this finding. This study aimed at investigating associations between smoking status with genetically defined ethnic ancestry and socioeconomic features in Brazilians. Blood samples were collected from 448 volunteers (66.7% male; age: 37.1 ± 11.4 years) classified as current smokers (CS: 60.9%), former smokers (FS: 8.9%) and never smokers (NS: 30.1%). Individual interethnic admixtures were determined using a 48 insertion-deletion polymorphisms ancestry-informative-marker panel. CS showed a lower amount of European ancestry than NS (0.837 ± 0.243 X 0.883 ± 0.194, p ≤ 0.05) and FS (0.837 ± 0.243 X 0.864 ± 0.230, p ≤ 0.05), and a higher proportion of African Sub-Saharan ancestry than FS (0.128 ± 0.222 X 0.07 ± 0.174, p ≤ 0.05) and NS (0.128 ± 0.222 X 0.085 ± 0.178, p ≤ 0.05). NS reported a higher number of years in school than CS (11.2 ± 3.7 X 8.9 ± 3.8, p ≤ 0.001). CS were less common in economic Class A (30%) and more common in Class B (56.8%). In multivariate analysis, only lower number of school years and lower economic class were associated with higher chances for CS. The use of genetic molecular markers for characterizing ethnic background confirmed that socioeconomic disparities are the main determinants of higher smoking rates among Blacks in Brazil.

School adjustment among Spanish adolescents: influence of parental socialization / El ajuste escolar en los adolescentes españoles: influencia de la socialización parental

The values and attitudes toward education that parents transmit to their children considerably affect their school adjustment. The aim of this study was to analyse the relationships between academic adjustment in Spanish adolescents and parental socialization styles. Participants in the study were 487 adolescents (53.9% females) between 12 and 14 years old (M = 13.13, SD = 0.79). Based on their responses on a parental socialization scale, families were classified according to the classic four parenting styles typology (authoritative, indulgent, authoritarian or neglectful). Academic performance, number of school years repeated, academic self-concept and disruptive school behaviour were evaluated as adjustment criteria. Unlike the findings from studies conducted in other cultural contexts, results of the present study indicated that the best academic adjustment corresponded to adolescents from indulgent families, highlighting the importance of parental involvement, support, affection and dialogue for the optimal academic adjustment of children in the Spanish cultural context.

Differential effect of race, education, gender, and language discrimination on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes.

Discrimination has been linked to negative health outcomes, but little research has investigated different types of discrimination to determine if some have a greater impact on outcomes. We examined the differential effect of discrimination based on race, level of education, gender, and language on glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. Six hundred two patients with type 2 diabetes from two adult primary care clinics in the southeastern United States completed validated questionnaires. Questions included perceived discrimination because of race/ethnicity, level of education, sex/gender, or language. A multiple linear regression model assessed the differential effect of each type of perceived discrimination on glycemic control while adjusting for relevant covariates, including race, site, gender, marital status, duration of diabetes, number of years in school, number of hours worked per week, income, and health status. The mean age was 61.5 years, and the mean duration of diabetes was 12.3 years. Of the sample, 61.6% were men, and 64.9% were non-Hispanic black. In adjusted models, education discrimination remained significantly associated with glycemic control (β=0.47; 95% confidence interval, 0.03, 0.92). Race, gender and language discrimination were not significantly associated with poor glycemic control in either unadjusted or adjusted analyses. Discrimination based on education was found to be significantly associated with poor glycemic control. The findings suggest that education discrimination may be an important social determinant to consider when providing care to patients with type 2 diabetes and should be assessed separate from other types of discrimination, such as that based on race.

Santé, éducation et retraite, un modèle stylisé

Cet article analyse comment les gains de long terme de productivité peuvent être utilisés par les agents, au cours de leur cycle de vie, pour modifier leur allocation optimale entre la consommation, les dépenses de santé et les activités non marchandes. Nous développons un modèle stylisé où le nombre d’années de scolarité, de retraite et la durée de vie sont endogènes. Nous comparons ensuite deux allocations : la première est la solution du problème du planificateur qui lisse la consommation intertemporelle des agents, alors que la seconde est le résultat d’un système d’assurance interpersonnel, basé sur les transferts intergénérationnels. Des étalonnages basés sur des données américaines et françaises permettent premièrement de prévoir les dynamiques de long terme de la durée de vie et son partage entre l’éducation, le travail et la retraite, et deuxièmement, celles des taux d’imposition dans le cas d’une économie avec des transferts intergénérationnels.

The social context of adolescent women's use of modern contraceptives in Zimbabwe: a multilevel analysis.

BackgroundEfforts aimed at reducing maternal mortality as per the Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG 5) include reducing early childbearing through increased adolescent contraceptive use. Despite a substantial attempt to study factors influencing adolescent contraceptive use in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), few studies have explored the role of community level characteristics on adolescent modern contraceptive use. This study examines the influence of both individual, household and community variables in influencing adolescent contraceptive use in Zimbabwe. This study posits that community characteristics are more critical predictors of adolescent contraceptive use in Zimbabwe than other individual and household characteristics.MethodsData from the 2010/11 Zimbabwe Demographic Health Survey (ZDHS), supplemented by additional data from the Measure DHS consultants were used. A total weighted sample of 457 non-pregnant adolescent women aged 15 to 19 years who had their last sex within 12 months preceding the 2010/11 ZDHS was analysed. Univariate, bivariate and multilevel binary logistic regression analysis were performed using generalized linear mixed models (GLMM).ResultsThe odds of contraceptive use were higher for adolescent women with one or more children ever born (Odds Ratio (OR), 13.6) and for those ever married (OR, 2.5). Having medium and high access to media also increased the odds of using contraceptives (OR, 1.8; 2.1 respectively). At community level, the odds of modern contraceptive use decreased with an increase in the mean number of children ever borne per woman (OR, 0.071), an increase in the mean number of school years per women (OR, 0.4) and an increase in the proportion of women with at least secondary education (OR, 0.5). It however increased with an increase in the proportion of women experiencing at least one problem accessing health care (OR, 2.0). Individual and community level variables considered successfully explained the variation of adolescent contraceptive use across provinces.ConclusionsBoth individual and community characteristics were important predictors of adolescent contraceptive use in Zimbabwe. Reproductive program interventions aimed at increasing adolescent contraceptive use should take into account both individual and community factors. There is need for further research that examines other community characteristics influences that include political and cultural factors.

Does Timing of Health and Family Planning Services Matter? - Age at First Birth and Educational Attainment in Indonesia

This paper examines empirically whether midwifes, as an integral part of the health and family planning programs in Indonesia, are effective in advising young women to delay their first birth and also influence the decision on post-primary school attendance. Using the Indonesian Family Life Survey, I investigate the extent to which the exogenous expansion of a midwife program affects the age at first birth and the number of school years of women. My findings suggest that women who were exposed to a midwife when they have to decide on further school attendance (age 13-20) delay their first birth and also stay longer in post-primary school. According to the average returns of education in Indonesia, I conclude that family planning services provided by midwifes can generate large socioeconomic benefits by allowing young women to postpone their first birth.

Global determinants of mortality in under 5s: 10 year worldwide longitudinal study

Objective To assess at country level the association of mortality in under 5s with a large set of determinants.Design Longitudinal study.Setting 193 United Nations member countries, 2000-09.Methods Yearly data between...

The Use of Bayesian Latent Class Cluster Models to Classify Patterns of Cognitive Performance in Healthy Ageing

The main focus of this study is to illustrate the applicability of latent class analysis in the assessment of cognitive performance profiles during ageing. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to detect main cognitive dimensions (based on the neurocognitive test variables) and Bayesian latent class analysis (LCA) models (without constraints) were used to explore patterns of cognitive performance among community-dwelling older individuals. Gender, age and number of school years were explored as variables. Three cognitive dimensions were identified: general cognition (MMSE), memory (MEM) and executive (EXEC) function. Based on these, three latent classes of cognitive performance profiles (LC1 to LC3) were identified among the older adults. These classes corresponded to stronger to weaker performance patterns (LC1>LC2>LC3) across all dimensions; each latent class denoted the same hierarchy in the proportion of males, age and number of school years. Bayesian LCA provided a powerful tool to explore cognitive typologies among healthy cognitive agers.

Factors associated with help‐seeking behaviors in Mexican older individuals with depressive symptoms: a cross‐sectional study

Depression in the older individuals is associated with multiple adverse outcomes, such as high health service utilization rates, low pharmacological compliance, and synergistic interactions with other comorbidities. Moreover, the help-seeking process, which usually starts with the feeling "that something is wrong" and ends with appropriate medical care, is influenced by several factors. The aim of this study was to explore factors associated with the pathway of help seeking among older adults with depressive symptoms. A cross-sectional study of 60-year or older community dwelling individuals belonging to the largest health and social security system in Mexico was carried out. A standardized interview explored the process of seeking health care in four dimensions: depressive symptoms, help seeking, help acquisition, and specialized mental health. A total of 2322 individuals were studied; from these, 67.14% (n = 1559) were women, and the mean age was 73.18 years (SD = 7.02); 57.9% had symptoms of depression; 337 (25.1%) participants sought help, and 271 (80.4%) received help; and 103 (38%) received specialized mental health care. In the stepwise model for not seeking help (χ(2) = 81.66, p < 0.0001), significant variables were female gender (odds ratio (OR) = 0.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.511-0.958, p = 0.026), health-care use (OR 3.26, CI 95% 1.64-6.488, p = 0.001). Number of years in school, difficulty in activities, Short Anxiety Screening Test score, and indication that depression is not a disease belief were also significant. Appropriate mental health care is rather complex and is influenced by several factors. The main factors associated with help seeking were gender, education level, recent health service use, and the belief that depression is not a disease. Detection of subjects with these characteristics could improve care of the older individuals with depressive symptoms.

Alcohol use in early and late adolescence among the Birth to Twenty cohort in Soweto, South Africa

Background: Alcohol is a risk factor for the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among young people Globally. Youth drinking, initiated in early adolescence and continued into early adulthood, is influenced by maternal socio-demographic factors and maternal education. Limited prospective data exists in South Africa on the prevalence of alcohol use during adolescence and adolescent and maternalsocio-demographic correlates.Objective: To examine the prevalence of lifetime alcohol use during early (13 years) and late (18 years) adolescence in Soweto, South Africa, and its association with child and maternal socio-demographic factors.MethodsData on alcohol use in early adolescence (age 13 years) and late adolescence (age 18 years) werecollected using self-completed pen and paper and self-completed computer-based questionnaires, respectively.Univariate analyses were conducted on child (gender and number of school years repeated by grade 7),maternal socio-demographic correlates (education, marital status, and age), and household socioeconomicstatus (SES). Bivariate logistic regression analyses examined associations between alcohol use and all childand maternal socio-demographic factors. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted on all thevariables found to be significantly (pB0.10) associated with alcohol use to examine the predictive value onalcohol use at early and late adolescence.Results: Lifetime alcohol use increased from 22% at early adolescence to 66% at late adolescence. In multivariate analyses, gender, maternal education, and SES predicted lifetime alcohol use at early adolescence, while gender, maternal education, marital status, and SES were predictive of the same at late adolescence.Conclusion: This study aids researchers and practitioners to identify maternal and child socio-demographicrisk profiles for alcohol use to inform policies and programmes.

Functional improvement and social participation through sports activity for children with mental retardation

While the positive effect of sports and exercise on physical and psychological well being is well documented within the general population, the effects of sports on the functional ability of a child with mental retardation are limited. To determine if sports activities have been detrimental in improving functional ability in sample of children with mental retardation based in Kolkata, a metropolis in India. Field level study. Six sports associations registered under the Sports Authority of India for training children with mental retardation were shortlisted on the basis of four criteria. From the register, every third name (gender irrespective) belonging to the second (12-15 years) and third (15-21 years) subclasses (out of the four categories laid down in the Special Olympics participation rules) against a constraint of at least two years active attendance in the sports facility for the child was selected. A sample of 31 children was drawn and the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0) 12-item version was administered to the caregiver-teacher-coach team of the sample. Relative changes in scores between the point when the survey was conducted and the point when the child joined the sports facility was used as the dependent variable for regression analysis. The number of years in active sports, in school age of the respondent and base score of the children when they joined school were the independent variables. For seven of the WHODAS 2.0 12-item attributes, the number of years in sports activities was found to have a statistically significant effect (p < 0.01) on the functional well being of children with mild to moderate mental retardation. The number of years in school was also another statistically significant factor (p < 0.01) responsible for this improvement. The children, however, perceived of being not welcome in community activities, but participated in activities meant exclusively for them. This small study showed that the proposition that number of years in sports activities was a significant factor responsible for improving the functioning of children with mild to moderate mental retardation.

Association of Relative Age Effects in Sports with Number of Years in School

The present study investigated the association of the relative age effect, a biased distribution of birth dates, with a high school versus university background in Japanese professional soccer and baseball players. The number of athletes born in the first quarter (April-June) was larger than the number born in the fourth quarter (January-March) for both soccer and baseball; however, the magnitude of the relative age effect differed with years in school. The skew of birth dates was stronger among players who only graduated high school than those who graduated university or college. This phenomenon was confirmed in both baseball and soccer players. The findings suggest relative age effects in professional sports to be related to years of age and years in school.

FARMERS' WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICE: EVIDENCE FROM NIGERIA

AbstractThe study was undertaken to investigate how willing would farmers be to pay for agricultural extension service in Nigeria. A multistage random sampling technique was used to select 268 respondents. Results showed that most farmers (95.1 per cent) were willing to pay for improved extension service as long as the service remained relevant to their needs. Farmers were willing to pay N1000 annually as their own share of the service cost. The most important factors that influenced farmers' willingness to pay were states of origin, items originally paid for, major occupation, minor occupation, number of years in school and sale of farm produce. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

경기도 낙농업자의 주요 인수공통감염증 인지도

Methods: We designed questionnaires to evaluate awareness of 3 major zooneses. We conducted a questionnaire survey to assess knowledge of the general characteristics of them, information sources for the awareness of zooneses, and the mode of transmission. Subjects were 716 workers from 482 dairy farms in Gyeonggi province. Results: The awareness levels for brucellosis, Q fever, and EHEC were 90.2%, 2.5% and 56.6%, respectively. Awareness of brucellosis and EHEC were tended to increase with higher number of school years. Television was the most common route of information for these zoonoses. Most common responses for questions concerning the method of transmission for each zoonoses, 'Contact with parturient fluid or placenta of animal' was 63.2% for brucellosis, 'Ingestion of raw meat or residual product' was 66.7% and 64.2% for Q fever and EHEC, respectively. The most common reason why dairy farmers think that it is difficult to prevent zoonoses was the inconvenience of wearing protection. Conclusions: Education programs for zoonoses, especially Q fever, are needed for dairy farmers. In addition, publicity information activities about prevention of zoonoses are needed for high risk groups, such as the dairy farmers surveyed.

Knowledge and perceptions of cervical cancer and healthcare in Vanuatu

There is increasing evidence of unacceptably high levels of cervical cancer abnormalities in Vanuatu. The purpose of this research was to determine cervical health awareness in local women from rural and urban environments. Women from hospitals, health clinics and small local villages were invited to participate in a health survey. This investigated health knowledge, current information sources and perceived limitations in accessing health information. A total of 422 surveys were undertaken, a response rate of 93% in urban centres and 95% in rural areas. There was a direct relationship between the number of school years completed and awareness of cancer. Nurses, doctors and village health workers all played a vital role in providing women's health care information. General embarrassment and a lack of knowledge were the greatest limitations reported to affect the ability and confidence for women to investigate health concerns. Vanuatu women are poorly educated regarding health issues, particularly cervical cancer. Strategies to improve cervical cancer awareness may include travelling workshops, an active media campaign and the introduction of culturally sensitive education programs tailored to formal and non-formal environments. Programs should inform whole communities and health care professionals.

Overrepresentation of Black Americans in Psychiatric Inpatient Care

Overrepresentation of Black Americans in Psychiatric Inpatient Care