Number Of Ripe Fruits Research Articles

ANÁLISIS DEL CRECIMIENTO DE Carica papaya L. BAJO INFECCIÓN POR PRSV-P

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Papaya (<em>Carica papaya</em> L.) is cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions of the world for its nutritious and healthy fruits intended mainly for fresh consumption. Mexico was the world's leading papaya exporter in 2020 with 167,500 t. <em>C. papaya</em> is attacked by several viral diseases, the ring spot virus (PRSV-P) is the one that causes the most damage to the crop and the greatest production losses. <strong>Objective.</strong> To establish the phenology of a <em>Carica papaya</em> L. ‘Maradol Roja’ population infected with PRSV-P, to quantify its growth, and to relate its phenological steps with the accumulated degree days (DD). <strong>Methodology.</strong> The emissions of leaves, flower buds, flowers and fruits, apparent height of the plant, stem diameter and biomass were evaluated, based on the DD accumulated during the growth cycle. <strong>Results.</strong> The growth cycle is divided into nine phenological stages, where the leaf or flower bud formation requires ≈ 18 DD. In plants, the number of leaves is approximately equal to the number of flower buds. However, the number of ripe fruits is variable due to the adverse conditions that can occur throughout the growth period. To some extent, the roots typically present two growth peaks, although the available moisture in the soil could change this pattern. The apparent height of the plant and the stem diameter present a double sigmoid growth curve, with a maximum apparent height of 180 cm, and a diameter at the base of 11 cm. <strong>Implications.</strong> The infection by PRSV-P reduced the productivity and commercial quality of the fruits. <strong>Conclusions.</strong> PRSV-P infection reduced apparent height, stem diameter, number of leaves, flowers, and fruits, decrease in biomass gain, and shortened life cycle of plants.</p>

Growth and Physiological Characteristics of Strawberry Plants Cultivated under Greenhouse-Integrated Semi-Transparent Photovoltaics.

The integration of semi-transparent photovoltaics into the roof of greenhouses is an emerging technique used in recent years, due to the simultaneous energy and food production from the same piece of land. Although shading in many cases is a solution to maintain the desired microclimate, in the case of photovoltaic installations, the permanent shading of the crop is a challenge, due to the importance of light to the growth, morphogenesis, and other critical physiological processes. In this study, the effect of shade from semi-transparent photovoltaics on a strawberry crop (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) was examined, in terms of growth and quality (phenolic and flavonoid concentration of fruits). According to the results, in non-shaded plants, there was a trend of larger plants, but without a significant change in leaf number, while the total number of flowers was slightly higher at the end of the cultivation period. Moreover, it was found that the percentage change between the number of ripe fruits was smaller than that of the corresponding change in fruit weight, implying the increased size of the fruits in non-shaded plants. Finally, regarding the antioxidant capacity, it was clearly demonstrated that shading increased the total phenolic content, as well as the free-radical-scavenging activity of the harvested fruits. Although the shading from the semi-transparent photovoltaics did not assist the production of large fruits, it did not affect their number and increased some of their quality characteristics. In addition, the advantageous impact of the semi-transparent photovoltaics in the energy part must not be neglected.

Early rootstock selection under ‘tahiti’ acid lime crown in Capitão Poço, Pará State, Brazil

Citrus represents one of the main fruit crops grown in the world, highlighting the ‘Tahiti’ acid lime tree. The objective was to compare rootstock varieties combined with this scion to identify those with the best agronomic performance and precocity of production, in addition to Phytophthora gummosis resistance. The experiment was carried out in Capitão Poço, northeast region of Pará, and the following seven rootstock genotypes were evaluated: ‘Sunki Tropical’, ‘BRS O S Passos’, ‘BRS Bravo’, ‘BRS Donadio’, ‘Citrandarin Indio’, ‘BRS Matta’, and ‘LVK x LCR-038’. A randomized block experimental design was used, with three replications and 10 plants per plot. The evaluated characteristics were: plant height (m); crown volume (m3); number of ripe fruit per plant; total yield of ripened fruit per plant (kg plant-1); cumulative fruit yield (fruit kg plant-1); and average productive efficiency (fruit kg m-3 of crown). The average productive efficiency was high. For early selection, the best rootstocks in terms of yield, stability and adaptability were Sunki Tropical, BRS O S Passos, and Cintradarin Indio. The fruit number had the greatest direct effect on fruit yield, and crown pruning was directly harmful. Further studies to understand the complex interaction of G x E for BRS Donadio and Sunki Tropical should be carried out.

English

Boron sources and doses can positively increase fruit quality and tomato yield. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of boron doses and sources on the development and yield of industrial tomatoes under irrigation. A randomized block design with four replications in a 3x4x2 factorial scheme was used. Three boron sources, boric acid, borax, and ulexite; four boron doses (0, 1, 2, and 3 kg/ha); and two locations, Goianésia, GO (AE I) and Vila Propício, GO (AE II) were evaluated. Stem diameter (SD), plant height (PH), the total number of fruits (TNF), the number of ripe fruits (NRF), the number of green fruits per plant (NGF), the number of lateral branches per plant (NLB), longitudinal fruit diameter (LFD), transversal fruit diameter (TFD), yield (YLD), total soluble solids content (°BRIX), pH, and titratable acidity (TA) were evaluated. There was no significant difference for the evaluated boron sources, while boron doses statistically influenced the increase in the TNF, NRF, °BRIX, and YLD. The dose of 1.23 kg ha-1 provided the highest values of ºBRIX (4.75%). The dose of 1.89 kg/ha provided the highest yield (119001.5 kg/ha), regardless of sources and locations. Boron sources did not significantly affect tomato crops, so both can be used for the study conditions

Growth performance and fruiting of breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) clonal plantation at vertic soil area in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta for conservation strategy

Breadfruit is one of the tree species with a wide distribution in the Indonesian archipelago and shows variations in growth morphology, leave, and fruits. Therefore, the breadfruit clonal test plantation was carried out from several origin distributions at vertisol land in Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, with a spacing of 5 x 5 m. This study aimed to identify the variation in growth and fruit production of 12 breadfruit cultivars at 10 years old. They were collected from Gunungkidul, Kediri, Banyuwangi, Sukabumi, Banten, Bali, Mataram, Lampung, Bone, Malino, Sorong, and Manokwari. The study was conducted by selecting 4 trees from each cultivar that have average growth and replicated five times. The growth characters of breadfruit trees were observed, namely height, stem diameter at breast height, canopy width, and a number of fruits. The observation results showed that there is a significant influence of origin distribution of breadfruit on growth and fruiting performance. The average tree height was 6.1-9.7 m, stem diameter 14.2-22.0 cm, canopy width 3.2-6.1 m, and the number of ripe fruit 3-21 fruit/tree. Breadfruit clones from South Sulawesi (Bone, Malino) and Papua (Sorong, Manokwari) were relatively stable, showing the best performance in all the characters observed. It is indicated that cultivars from South Sulawesi and Papua were adaptable in vertic soil.

Castor bean cake in top-dressing application as a source of nitrogen on the production and quality of zucchini organic seeds

Studies in vegetables show that fertilization influences seed production positively, however, when the quality of the seeds is analyzed, the results are mostly inconsistent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of castor bean cake (CBC) dose splitting in top-dressing application on the production and quality of zucchini organic seeds, as well as its effect on the macronutrient content of fruits and seeds. The experimental design was a randomized block design and four replications. There were 13 treatments with four doses of CBC in top-dressing (1.7, 3.4, 5.1 and 6.8 t ha-1) per three applications (33.3-33.3-33.3%, 50-50% and 33-50-17%) and the control treatment without any kind of top-dressing fertilization. The study evaluated the number of ripe fruits per plant, the production (number and mass) of seeds per fruit and per plant, the mass of one hundred seeds, seed germination, first germination count, and macronutrient content in the diagnosis leaf, in mature fruits (without seeds) and seeds. The number of ripe fruits per plant was not affected by the CBC doses in top-dressing, neither by the splitting of the applications. It was observed that the number of seeds per fruit, mass of seeds per fruit and mass of seeds per plant showed quadratic behavior. Regarding seed quality, only the 1.7; 3.4 and 5.1 t ha-1 doses produced seed with superior quality than the other doses. In conclusion, the CBC doses increased the number of seeds per fruit, mass of seeds per fruit and per plant up to the 4.5t ha-1 dose, approximately.

Espaçamento para produção de sementes de Malva (Urena lobata L.) em terra firme na região de Manaus-AM

Malva (Urena lobata L.) is the most important crop for production of natural fibers in the state of Amazonas. However, commercial seed production has so far been based on extractive collection systems in areas where the species spontaneously grows in northeastern Para municipalities. Therefore, the objective of this work is to contribute to the definition of technical recommendations for the development of seed production systems, by evaluating the effect of different spacing on plant growth and seed productivity. The work was conducted at the experimental farm of the Federal University of Amazonas, in Manaus, with propagation material from the municipality of Capitao Poco - PA. The experiment had a randomized block design with three treatments: (T1) 1.0 x 1.0 m; (T2) 1.5 x 0.5 m (T3) 1.0 x 0.5 m, with 8 repetitions of five plants. The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height (cm), stem diameter (cm), number of branches, flowers and fruits (green and ripe), seed/plant weight (g) and dry weight of plants (g). The data were submitted to analysis of variance by F test and pairwise comparisons of means through the Tukey test. There were significant differences between treatments for the variables: number of flowers, plant dry weight, number of green fruits, number of ripe fruits, and the dry weight of the seeds. The T2, with a sowing density of 1.33 plants/m2 and average productivity of 60 g of seeds per plant, is the most recommended for the production of Malva seed in the Manaus region.

Fertilización orgánica – mineral y orgánica en el cultivo de fresa (Fragaria x ananasa Duch.) bajo condiciones de invernadero

Una buena combinación de abonos orgánicos y fertilizantes minerales puede permitir una reducción en el uso de agroquímicos, en beneficio del ambiente y de la salud de los consumidores, al obtenerse cosechas y productos inocuos y con menor contenido de residuos químicos. En el presente trabajo, se valorará el efecto de la fertilización orgánica y orgánica mineral en el cultivo de fresa cv. Festival, utilizando un diseño de tratamientos factorial 3x23 con un total de 24 tratamientos en un diseño experimental en bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones, en condiciones de invernadero en Atlixco, Puebla. Los factores y sus niveles de estudio fueron: fertilización química (FQ), a tres niveles de N-P2O5–K2O 0-0-0, 45-20-20 y 90-35-35 kg ha-1 ; nutriente orgánico comercial (Activador QF®) elaborado con ácidos fúlvicos (AF) a una concentración de (13.58%) con niveles de estudio 0 y 450 ml ha-1 ; regulador de crecimiento (RC) vegetal comercial (Biozyme® conformado por 78.87% de extractos vegetales y fitohormonas, y 1.86% de microelementos) a niveles de 0 y 20 l ha-1 y vermicomposta (V) de estiércol vacuno a 50 y 100 g/maceta. El experimento se dividió en dos periodos febrero-mayo y junio-septiembre del 2011. Las aplicaciones de los tratamientos fueron de forma edáfica (FQ y V) y foliar (AF y RC), en ambas etapas las aplicaciones de los tratamientos se realizaron a los 10, 40 y 60 días después del trasplante. Las variables analizadas fueron número de estolones, largo de estolones, diámetro polar, ecuatorial, número y peso de frutos por semana, periodo, y el total de los dos periodos. Dos veces por semana se contó el número de frutos maduros, se midió el diámetro polar y ecuatorial y se pesaron los frutos. Cada 8 días; a partir de la formación de los primeros estolones, se contaron y midieron. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando el programa SAS (SAS, 2004). En el periodo febrero-mayo el tratamiento FQ50-AF1-RC1-V50 presentó diferencias estadísticas (Tukey, p ≤ 0.05%.) para las variables diámetro polar (2.95 cm), diámetro ecuatorial (3.76 cm), peso de fruto por semana (11.31 g) y periodo (135.69 g). En el periodo junio-septiembre FQ50-AF1-RC1-V50 se observaron diferencias estadísticas para diámetro polar (2.93 cm); FQ100-AF0-RC1-V50 y FQ100-AF1-RC1-V100 registraron diferencias significativas respectivamente para el peso de fruto por semana (7.08 g) y periodo (73.84 g). FQ100-AF0-RC1-V50 logró mayores valores para el peso total de frutos (189.42 g). En ambos periodos, la fertilización orgánica-mineral mostró mejores resultados, en comparación con la fertilización orgánica.

Factors constraining fruit set in Mandevilla pentlandiana (Apocynaceae)

The reproductive success ofMandevilla pentlandianawas studied to disclose its reproductive strategy, and to determine the links between nectar production, breeding system, fruit set and inflorescence size. The plant produces many inflorescences with a large number of flowers but initiates few fruits (9%). This vine is self-compatible but not autogamous. Given that no significant differences could be detected considering many traits (ripe and abortive fruit sets, fruit quality, and seedling survival) between the pollination treatments (self-, cross- and natural-), the low natural fruit set was not related to pollen limitation. Fruits were not distributed at random within inflorescences (earlier fruits had the highest probability of maturation) but there were no significant differences in fruit quality according to different fruit positions. Conversely, the time of fruit initiation influenced most of the fruit-traits. Many developing fruits were aborted (20%). An increase in the probability of abortion was detected when the whole inflorescence was hand pollinated. In addition, a positive correlation was detected between the abortions and the number of ripe fruits which developed before them. Looking at our data from an evolutionary perspective, we argue that a theoretical inflorescence size, corresponding to the intersection point between the mean values of fruit number and fruit set per inflorescence, can be assumed to indicate the optimum inflorescence size that maximizes equally both female and male functions. Comparison between the theoretical and the observed mean inflorescence size suggests, that forM. pentlandiana, pollen donation may be the primary evolutionary factor behind excess flowers.

Factors constraining fruit set inMandevilla pentlandiana(Apocynaceae)

The reproductive success ofMandevilla pentlandianawas studied to disclose its reproductive strategy, and to determine the links between nectar production, breeding system, fruit set and inflorescence size. The plant produces many inflorescences with a large number of flowers but initiates few fruits (9%). This vine is self-compatible but not autogamous. Given that no significant differences could be detected considering many traits (ripe and abortive fruit sets, fruit quality, and seedling survival) between the pollination treatments (self-, cross- and natural-), the low natural fruit set was not related to pollen limitation. Fruits were not distributed at random within inflorescences (earlier fruits had the highest probability of maturation) but there were no significant differences in fruit quality according to different fruit positions. Conversely, the time of fruit initiation influenced most of the fruit-traits. Many developing fruits were aborted (20%). An increase in the probability of abortion was detected when the whole inflorescence was hand pollinated. In addition, a positive correlation was detected between the abortions and the number of ripe fruits which developed before them. Looking at our data from an evolutionary perspective, we argue that a theoretical inflorescence size, corresponding to the intersection point between the mean values of fruit number and fruit set per inflorescence, can be assumed to indicate the optimum inflorescence size that maximizes equally both female and male functions. Comparison between the theoretical and the observed mean inflorescence size suggests, that forM. pentlandiana, pollen donation may be the primary evolutionary factor behind excess flowers.

Fruiting phenology of animal‐dispersed plants in response to winter migration of frugivores in a warm temperate forest on Yakushima Island, Japan

AbstractThe fruiting phenology of animal‐dispersed plants was observed in a warm temperate, evergreen forest on Yakushima Island. The number of ripe fruits was counted for 22 trees, four lianas and one parasitic epiphyte species with sapfruit. These fruits were consumed by birds and Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui). Birds with small gapes (e.g. Japanese white‐eye [Zosterops japonica]) consumed only small fruit less than 6 mm in diameter, while birds with large gapes (e.g. red‐capped green pigeon [Sphenurus formosae]) and Japanese macaques consumed a wide range of fruits from 4 to 16 mm in diameter. The larger animals did not ignore the smaller fruits. Brown‐eared bulbul (Hypsipetes amaurotis) and Japanese white‐eye were the main consumers of sapfruit in terms of frequency in winter. Some of the observed consumers were year‐round residents, but most of the consumers migrated to Yakushima Island from the main islands of Japan to overwinter (from November to March), and their abundance in winter was four times as high as during the rest of the year (from May to October). In 23 of the 27 plant species investigated, sapfruit production coincided with their immigration season, whereas tree species bear capsules and nuts during autumn from September to November. We suggest that sapfruit species set their ripe period to the season when frugivorous birds are most abundant.

Competition and the compensatory regulation of fruit and seed set in the perennial herb Epilobium dodonaei (Onagraceae)

I studied the effects of competition and soil fertilization on variation of seed yield components of the outcrossing perennial Epilobium dodonaei Vill. using a randomized complete block design. Fertilization as a main effect was not significant. Competition, however, reduced the number of flower buds per shoot (-29%), the number of ovules per fruit (-12%), and the number of ripe fruits per shoot (-51%). In addition, competition caused an increase in abortion of flower buds. Consequently the fruit/flower bud ratio decreased from 0.71 to 0.47. Average seed mass was not reduced significantly by competition. Some of the negative effects of competition on fruit production were mitigated by fertilization. However, competition considerably reduced the proportion of late-aborted seeds, which resulted in an increase of the seed/ovule ratio from 0.31 to 0.49 (+58%). As a consequence of this compensation, the reduction in the number of seeds per shoot due to competition was not significant. At the level of the genet, competition had a strong effect on seed yield due to decreases in the number of shoots produced. I discuss patterns of regulation at consecutive levels of reproduction. Shoots of plants suffering from competition initially invested less in reproductive structures than the control and showed a higher abortion rate of less costly structures early in reproductive development, but also had a lower abortion rate later in their development. The observed compensatory pattern in yield components illustrates the fine-tuning regulation capacity at different levels of reproductive development in plants.

Plant Spatial Arrangement and Density Effects on Small- and Medium-vined Processing Tomatoes

Abstract ‘Heinz 2653’ and ‘Heinz 722’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown at four plant populations (21,530, 28,700, 43,050, and 57,400 plants/ha) in both single and twin rows. Plant density had no influence on ripe fruit yields of ‘H-2653’. The twin-row configuration did result in increased yields from ‘H-2653’, but not ‘H-722’. Density had no influence on yield of ‘H-722’ in 1984, but yield was reduced at the highest density of the twin-row configuration in 1983. Shoot dry matter, ripe fruit yields, and total yields per hectare of ‘H-2653’ were higher from the twin rows than from the single rows. There were no yield advantages for ‘H-722’ in twin-row arrangements. The ‘H-2653’ yield increases in twin rows were due to an increase in number of ripe fruit per plant. As population pressures increased, the number of ripe fruit per plant, ripe fruit size, and clusters per plant decreased. Plants grown in twin rows covered a greater percentage of their allotted space than those in single rows, regardless of cultivar. As the population density increased, the canopy coverage also increased. Plants at high densities and those in twin-row arrangements intercepted more light than those at low density and single-row plantings.

Regulation of ripening by chemicals in ‘Alphonso’ mango

Post-harvest dip treatment of ‘Alphonso’ mango with cycocel, alar, gibberellic acid and menadione bisulphite significantly retarded ripening, as judged by the number of ripe fruits, during storage at 28°C. However, after cycocel treatment, retardation of ripening was observed in the early part of storage only. The value for the Brix/acid ratio was low and that for firmness was high in fruits treated with gibberellic acid and menadione bisulphite, indicating their unripe character. The results suggest that mango ripening can be controlled by the use of chemicals.

SELECTION OF AN "OPTIMUM" TIME TO HARVEST LOWBUSH BLUEBERRY FRUIT

A field study at Nappan, Cumberland County, Nova Scotia, was conducted over a 3-year period, 1969–71, to determine the optimum date of harvest for the lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.). For each of the 3 years, from 70 to 80% of the fruits were ripe by August 10 and by August 30 more than 90% were ripe. The data obtained suggest that the total yield by number of ripe fruit would not appreciably be reduced, particularly in years with above-normal heat units, by advancing the season approximately 5 days earlier than has normally been done. Earlier picked fruit has tougher skin that would result in a greater number of whole fruits in processed products. Raking early would increase the percentage of green fruit and therefore increase cleaning costs slightly. Data were also collected during the years 1953–71 at Avondale, Newfoundland. These show a great variation between years in the maturity date of the fruit, but 80% are usually ripe in that province by mid-September.

Seed Production of eggplant under different climatic condition

Eggplants, variety“Kitta”, were grown in three different localities in 1955 and 1957 to study the effect of climatic conditions on seed production. These localities and their elevations are as follows:Locality Height above sea levelHiratsuka (Dept. Hort., Nat. Inst.Agr. Sci., Kanagawa Pref.) 8 metersRyuo (Yamanashi Agr. Exp. Sta., Yamanashi Pref.) 260 (Yamanashi Agr. Exp.Sta., Yamanashi Pref.) 703 All plants used in the experiments were raised from the same seed source each year, planted in seed bed at Hiratsuka, and the seedlings were transported to the other localities from Hiratsuka on the same date in late May, about 70 days after planting, and then they were planted in Wagner pots (1/2000 are). To reduce the effects of difference in soil conditions, the soil used was prepared at Hiratsuka and transported to the other localities with the seedlings. The same amounts of fertilizers were applied to each pot according to the fixed schedule. The plants were trained to three main stems. Fruits were thinned to three per plant in one plot and were unthinned in the other.The vegetative growth of plants, especially the height of plants and number of leaves in both thinned and unthinned plots at Ryuo were far superior to those at the other localities every year. Similar trends were observed on the weight and number of ripe fruits and seed yield per plant in both plots.During the experiment periods for these years, Ryuo had wider daily temperature ranges than the other localities, and daily mean temperatures at Ryuo and Hiratsuka were approximately the same, while they were lower at Yatsugatake than at Ryuo and Hiratsuka.Thus the favorable effect on the growth and seed production of eggplant at Ryuo may be attributed to higher day temperatures and lower night temperatures, or wider ranges of daily temperature during the growing season. Yatsugatake has a wider daily temperature range than Hiratsuka, but the daily mean temperatures are lower and unfavorable for eggplant growth. This seemed to be the reason why the growth of plants, fruiting, and seed yield at Yatsugatake were inferior to those at Ryuo and Hiratsuka. The daily temperature ranges at Hiratsuka, the coastal area, are small, and the climatic conditions are fairly favorable for the growth and seed production of eggplant, but the plants at this locality showed generally less growth and seed yield than those at Ryuo.These differences in fruiting and seed yield of eggplant among localities are indicated to be more marked in the unthinned plants than in the thinned. The results at Ryuo in 1955 showed that the weight and germination percentage of the seeds produced from earlier three fruits on each plant in unthinned plot were approximately the same as those in thinned plot. However, the seeds produced from later three fruits in unthinned plot were inferior to those from earlier three fruits in unthinned plot and in thinned plot.These results suggest that, if daily mean temperature is optimal, wide daily temperature range is favorable for the growth and seed production of eggplant.